Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Davidson Black" - New World
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| − | + | '''Davidson Black''' (born July 25, 1884 – died March 15, 1934) was a [[Canada|Canadian]] paleoanthropologist, best known for his discovery of ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'' or the “Peking Man” (now ''Homo erectus pekinensis''). | |
| − | + | == Life == | |
| − | + | Davidson Black was born in Toronto, Ontario, [[Canada]]. Already as a child he showed great interest for biology, despite being born to a family associated with law. He spent many summers near or on the Kawartha Lakes, canoeing and collecting fossils. When a teenager, he made friends with [[First Nations]] people, learning one of their languages. He also tried unsuccessfully search for [[gold]] along the Kawartha Lakes. | |
| − | + | In 1903 he enrolled in medical school in the University of Toronto, obtaining his degree in medical science in 1906. He continued to study comparative [[anatomy]]. In 1909 he received M.D. and M.A. degrees, and became an anatomy instructor at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. His interest for anthropology was evoked there, and he spent many hours helping in the local museum of comparative anthropology and anatomy. | |
| − | In | + | In 1913 he married his wife, Adena Nevit, who accompanied him on his trips. They had two children together, a son (b. 1921) and a daughter (b. 1926). Both were born in [[China]]. |
| − | |||
| − | + | In 1914 Black spent half a year working under neuroanatomist Grafton Elliot Smith, in Manchester, [[United Kingdom|England]]. Smith was studying [[Piltdown man]] at the time, and was involved in the discussion of where were the origins of humanity – Asia or Africa. Black argued that the China was the most suitable place where evolution started. | |
| − | + | In 1917, during the [[World War I]] Black joined Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, where he treated injured returning Canadian Soldiers. In 1919 he was discharged from the service, and went to Peking, [[China]], in order to work at Peking Union Medical College. | |
| − | + | At first he was Professor of Neurology and Embryology, but soon he was promoted to head of the anatomy department in 1924. He planned on going on a search for human fossils in 1926, though the College encouraged him to concentrate on his teaching duties. With a grant from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], Black began his search around Zhoukoudian in China. During this time, many western scientists left China due to military unrest involving the National Revolutionary Army. Davidson Black and his family however decided to stay. | |
| − | Black | + | Black launched a large scale investigation at the site. He was a primary coordinator, and as such he appointed both Caucasian and Chinese scientists to work for him. One of the scientists, in the fall of 1927, discovered a hominid tooth, which Black thought belonged to a new human species, named by him ''Sinanthropus pekinensis''. He put this tooth in a locket, which was placed around his neck. Later, he presented the tooth to the Rockefeller Foundation, which wanted more specimens before further grants would be given. |
| − | + | During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find greatly expanded the knowledge of human evolution. Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the Cenozoic Research Laboratory with it. | |
| + | |||
| + | Later in 1929 another excavator found a skull. More specimens were found. Black traveled to Europe in 1930 where he found more accepting atmosphere than earlier. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1932 for his work. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In 1934, Black was hospitalized due to heart problems. He however continued to work. He died at his desk in Beijing, from heart attack, working again alone late at night. He was 49 years of age. | ||
| − | + | ==Work== | |
| − | + | Davidson Black was convinced that the cradle of humanity was in Asia. He saw China's climate being particularly suitable for the survival of early hominids. His claims were rooted in earlier work of some German and Austrian paleontologists who found remains of early man in China. In 1926 Austrian paleontologist Otto Zdansky found two hominid teeth at Zhoukoutian's Dragon Bone Hill site, and in 1927 Swedish paleontologist Birger Böhlin found nicely preserved left lower molar bone. Based on those founding Black launched a large scale excavation at the site in Zhoukoutian, thirty miles from Beijing. | |
| − | + | In 1929 Chinese paleontologist W. C. Pei, found a nearly complete skull embedded in a cave. Black spent nearly four months trying to free the skull from the stone. After he managed to separate the bones, he reassembled the skull. Black believed that the brain capacity of the species placed it within the human range. Between 1929 and 1937, total of 14 partial craniums, 11 lower jaws, number of teeth, and some skeletal bones were found on the location of. Zhoukoutian. Their age is estimated to be between 250,000 and 400,000 years old. | |
| − | + | Black argued that the teeth and the bones belonged to the new hominid genus, he named ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'', or "Chinese man of Peking." His claims met resistance in the scientific circles, and he traveled around the world to convince his colleagues otherwise. Although the bones resembled closely to the Java Man, found in 1891 by [[Eugene Dubois]], Black claimed that Peking Man was a pre-human hominid. | |
| − | + | Franz Weidenriech (1873-1948), a German anatomist, continued Black’s work. He studied the fossil materials and published his findings between 1936 and 1943. He also made the cast of the bones. During the World War II, the original bones were lost, some believe being sunk with the ship that was carrying them off the coast of China. Only the plaster imprints were left. | |
| + | ===Criticism=== | ||
Fellow researchers were skeptical of ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'' as a distinctive species and genus. The reasons were the fact that the claim of a new species was originally based on a single tooth. Later the species was categorized as a subspecies of ''[[Homo erectus]]''. | Fellow researchers were skeptical of ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'' as a distinctive species and genus. The reasons were the fact that the claim of a new species was originally based on a single tooth. Later the species was categorized as a subspecies of ''[[Homo erectus]]''. | ||
| − | Others, such as [[creationist]]s, were (and are) skeptical of | + | Others, such as [[creationist]]s, were (and are) skeptical of Peking Man as a transitional species or an ''Ape-Man'' (common name of non-human hominids). They claim it is a mix of human and ape fossils, or a deformed human. |
| − | == | + | ==Legacy== |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | The research on “Peking Man” greatly contributed to the present knowledge of human evolution, especially on the human line that developed in Asia. | |
| − | + | Unlike to most Westerners of his era, Davidson Black tolerated and respected his [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] coworkers. In return, he was well liked by many of them, who put flowers on his grave after his death. Also, unlike many Western excavators, Black believed artifacts discovered in China should be kept there. | |
| − | + | ''Gigantopithecus blacki'', the largest primate that ever lived, was named in Black’s honor. | |
| − | + | == Publications == | |
| − | |||
| − | * | + | * Black, Davidson. 1925. A Note of the Physical Characters of the Prehistoric Kansu Race. ''Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China'', Series A, No. 5 |
| − | + | * Black, Davidson. 1925. Asia and the Dispersal of Primates. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 4(2) | |
| − | * | + | * Black, Davidson. 1925. The Aeneolithic Yang Shao People of North China. ''Transactions of the 6th Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine''. Tokyo, Japan |
| − | == | + | * Black, Davidson. 1929. Preliminary Note on Additional Sinanthropus Material Discovered in Chou Kou Tien During 1923. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 8(1) |
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1929. Preliminary Notice of the Discovery of an Adult Sinanthropus Skull at Chou Kou Tien. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 8(3) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1930. Interim Report on the Skull of Sinanthropus. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 9(1) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1930. Notice of the Recovery of a Second Adult Sinanthropus Skull Specimen. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 9(2) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1931. Evidences of the Use of Fire by Sinanthropus. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 11(2) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1931. Palæogeography and Polar Shift. A Study of Hypothetical Projections. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 10 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Black, Davidson. 1932. Skeletal Remains of Sinanthropus Other Than Skull Parts. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'', 11(4) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/dblack.html Biographies: Davidson Black] - TalkOrigins page on Black, retrieved 12/9/06 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Samantha Pritchett, 2001. [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/black_davidson.html Davidson Black]. Minnesota State University, retrieved 12/9/06 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.bookrags.com/Davidson_Black Davidson Black] – Black’s biography on BookRags website, retrieved 12/9/06 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015460 Davidson Black] - Encyclopaedia Britannica Article, retrieved 12/9/06 | ||
| − | * | + | * Hood, Dora R. 1964. ''Davidson Black: A biography''. University of Toronto Press. |
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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| + | * Ciochon, Russell L. [http://www.uiowa.edu/~bioanth/giganto.html Asian fossils reveal humanity's giant cousin]. Iowa State University, as on December 9, 2006 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/peking_man/2.html Investigation on missing Peking man fossils] – Black’s biography and work on Crime Library website | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/a_peking.html Creationist Arguments: Peking Man] – Criticism of Peking man discovery from the viewpoint of Creationists. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/studentMinute.do?id=10467&sl=e Historical Minutes] – Short film on Davidson Black and Peking man | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian] – Site in China where Peking man was found | ||
| + | * [http://www.chineseprehistory.org The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution in China] – Fossils found in China | ||
{{Credit1|Davidson_Black|79510833|}} | {{Credit1|Davidson_Black|79510833|}} | ||
Revision as of 05:40, 9 December 2006
Davidson Black (born July 25, 1884 – died March 15, 1934) was a Canadian paleoanthropologist, best known for his discovery of Sinanthropus pekinensis or the “Peking Man” (now Homo erectus pekinensis).
Life
Davidson Black was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Already as a child he showed great interest for biology, despite being born to a family associated with law. He spent many summers near or on the Kawartha Lakes, canoeing and collecting fossils. When a teenager, he made friends with First Nations people, learning one of their languages. He also tried unsuccessfully search for gold along the Kawartha Lakes.
In 1903 he enrolled in medical school in the University of Toronto, obtaining his degree in medical science in 1906. He continued to study comparative anatomy. In 1909 he received M.D. and M.A. degrees, and became an anatomy instructor at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. His interest for anthropology was evoked there, and he spent many hours helping in the local museum of comparative anthropology and anatomy.
In 1913 he married his wife, Adena Nevit, who accompanied him on his trips. They had two children together, a son (b. 1921) and a daughter (b. 1926). Both were born in China.
In 1914 Black spent half a year working under neuroanatomist Grafton Elliot Smith, in Manchester, England. Smith was studying Piltdown man at the time, and was involved in the discussion of where were the origins of humanity – Asia or Africa. Black argued that the China was the most suitable place where evolution started.
In 1917, during the World War I Black joined Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, where he treated injured returning Canadian Soldiers. In 1919 he was discharged from the service, and went to Peking, China, in order to work at Peking Union Medical College.
At first he was Professor of Neurology and Embryology, but soon he was promoted to head of the anatomy department in 1924. He planned on going on a search for human fossils in 1926, though the College encouraged him to concentrate on his teaching duties. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Black began his search around Zhoukoudian in China. During this time, many western scientists left China due to military unrest involving the National Revolutionary Army. Davidson Black and his family however decided to stay.
Black launched a large scale investigation at the site. He was a primary coordinator, and as such he appointed both Caucasian and Chinese scientists to work for him. One of the scientists, in the fall of 1927, discovered a hominid tooth, which Black thought belonged to a new human species, named by him Sinanthropus pekinensis. He put this tooth in a locket, which was placed around his neck. Later, he presented the tooth to the Rockefeller Foundation, which wanted more specimens before further grants would be given.
During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find greatly expanded the knowledge of human evolution. Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the Cenozoic Research Laboratory with it.
Later in 1929 another excavator found a skull. More specimens were found. Black traveled to Europe in 1930 where he found more accepting atmosphere than earlier. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1932 for his work.
In 1934, Black was hospitalized due to heart problems. He however continued to work. He died at his desk in Beijing, from heart attack, working again alone late at night. He was 49 years of age.
Work
Davidson Black was convinced that the cradle of humanity was in Asia. He saw China's climate being particularly suitable for the survival of early hominids. His claims were rooted in earlier work of some German and Austrian paleontologists who found remains of early man in China. In 1926 Austrian paleontologist Otto Zdansky found two hominid teeth at Zhoukoutian's Dragon Bone Hill site, and in 1927 Swedish paleontologist Birger Böhlin found nicely preserved left lower molar bone. Based on those founding Black launched a large scale excavation at the site in Zhoukoutian, thirty miles from Beijing.
In 1929 Chinese paleontologist W. C. Pei, found a nearly complete skull embedded in a cave. Black spent nearly four months trying to free the skull from the stone. After he managed to separate the bones, he reassembled the skull. Black believed that the brain capacity of the species placed it within the human range. Between 1929 and 1937, total of 14 partial craniums, 11 lower jaws, number of teeth, and some skeletal bones were found on the location of. Zhoukoutian. Their age is estimated to be between 250,000 and 400,000 years old.
Black argued that the teeth and the bones belonged to the new hominid genus, he named Sinanthropus pekinensis, or "Chinese man of Peking." His claims met resistance in the scientific circles, and he traveled around the world to convince his colleagues otherwise. Although the bones resembled closely to the Java Man, found in 1891 by Eugene Dubois, Black claimed that Peking Man was a pre-human hominid.
Franz Weidenriech (1873-1948), a German anatomist, continued Black’s work. He studied the fossil materials and published his findings between 1936 and 1943. He also made the cast of the bones. During the World War II, the original bones were lost, some believe being sunk with the ship that was carrying them off the coast of China. Only the plaster imprints were left.
Criticism
Fellow researchers were skeptical of Sinanthropus pekinensis as a distinctive species and genus. The reasons were the fact that the claim of a new species was originally based on a single tooth. Later the species was categorized as a subspecies of Homo erectus.
Others, such as creationists, were (and are) skeptical of Peking Man as a transitional species or an Ape-Man (common name of non-human hominids). They claim it is a mix of human and ape fossils, or a deformed human.
Legacy
The research on “Peking Man” greatly contributed to the present knowledge of human evolution, especially on the human line that developed in Asia.
Unlike to most Westerners of his era, Davidson Black tolerated and respected his Chinese coworkers. In return, he was well liked by many of them, who put flowers on his grave after his death. Also, unlike many Western excavators, Black believed artifacts discovered in China should be kept there.
Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest primate that ever lived, was named in Black’s honor.
Publications
- Black, Davidson. 1925. A Note of the Physical Characters of the Prehistoric Kansu Race. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China, Series A, No. 5
- Black, Davidson. 1925. Asia and the Dispersal of Primates. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 4(2)
- Black, Davidson. 1925. The Aeneolithic Yang Shao People of North China. Transactions of the 6th Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine. Tokyo, Japan
- Black, Davidson. 1929. Preliminary Note on Additional Sinanthropus Material Discovered in Chou Kou Tien During 1923. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 8(1)
- Black, Davidson. 1929. Preliminary Notice of the Discovery of an Adult Sinanthropus Skull at Chou Kou Tien. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 8(3)
- Black, Davidson. 1930. Interim Report on the Skull of Sinanthropus. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 9(1)
- Black, Davidson. 1930. Notice of the Recovery of a Second Adult Sinanthropus Skull Specimen. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 9(2)
- Black, Davidson. 1931. Evidences of the Use of Fire by Sinanthropus. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 11(2)
- Black, Davidson. 1931. Palæogeography and Polar Shift. A Study of Hypothetical Projections. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 10
- Black, Davidson. 1932. Skeletal Remains of Sinanthropus Other Than Skull Parts. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 11(4)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Biographies: Davidson Black - TalkOrigins page on Black, retrieved 12/9/06
- Samantha Pritchett, 2001. Davidson Black. Minnesota State University, retrieved 12/9/06
- Davidson Black – Black’s biography on BookRags website, retrieved 12/9/06
- Davidson Black - Encyclopaedia Britannica Article, retrieved 12/9/06
- Hood, Dora R. 1964. Davidson Black: A biography. University of Toronto Press.
External links
- Ciochon, Russell L. Asian fossils reveal humanity's giant cousin. Iowa State University, as on December 9, 2006
- Investigation on missing Peking man fossils – Black’s biography and work on Crime Library website
- Creationist Arguments: Peking Man – Criticism of Peking man discovery from the viewpoint of Creationists.
- Historical Minutes – Short film on Davidson Black and Peking man
- The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian – Site in China where Peking man was found
- The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution in China – Fossils found in China
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