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| − | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances.
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| − | == Ensembles ==
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| − | This is a partial list of the types of [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] found in chamber music.
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | | '''Number of Musicians''' || '''Name''' || '''Common [[Musical ensemble|Ensembles]]''' || '''[[Musical instrument|Instrumentation]]''' || '''Comments'''
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| − | |rowspan=6| 2 ||rowspan=3| Duo || [[Piano Duo]] || 2 pno
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| − | |rowspan=2| [[Instrumental Duo]] || any instrument and pno|| Found especially as instrumental [[sonata]]s; i.e., [[Violin sonata|violin]], [[Cello sonata|cello]], [[Viola sonata|viola]], [[Horn sonata|horn]], [[Bassoon sonata|bassoon]], [[Clarinet sonata|clarinet]], [[Flute sonata|flute]] sonatas).
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| − | |any instrument and [[figured bass|basso continuo]] || Common in [[baroque music]] predating the piano. The basso continuo part is always present to provide rhythm and accompaniment, and is often played by a [[harpsichord]] but other instruments can also be used.
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| − | |rowspan=3| [[Duet (music)|Duet]] || [[Piano Duet]] || 1 pno, 4 hands ||[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] (original pieces and a lot of transcriptions of his own works); a favorite domestic musical form, with lots of transcriptions of other genders (operas, symphonies, concertos and so on).
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| − | | [[Vocal Duet]] || voice, pno || Commonly used in the art [[song]], or [[Lieder]].
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| − | | [[Instrumental Duet]] || 2 of any instrument, either equal or not || Mozart's Duets KV 423 and 424 for vn and va and Sonata KV 292 for bsn and vc; Beethoven's Duet for va and vc; [[Bartok|Béla Bartók]]'s Duets for 2 vn.
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| − | |rowspan=11| 3 ||rowspan=11| [[trio (music)|Trio]] || [[String trio|String Trio]] || vln, vla, vc|| Mozart's [[Trio for Violin, Viola & Cello in E flat major, K. 563 (Mozart)|Divertimento KV 563]] is an important example; Beethoven composed a series of 5 Trios at the beginning of his career.
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| − | | [[Piano Trio]] || vln, vc, pno || [[Franz Josef Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] and many others.
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| − | | [[Voice, Viola and Piano]] || sop, vla, pno || [[William Bolcom]]'s trio Let Evening Come for Soprano, Viola and Piano, and [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Zwei Gesänge für eine Altstimme mit Bratsche und Pianoforte]], Op. 91, for Alto, Viola and Piano
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Viola and Piano]] || cl, vla, pno || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s trio [[Kegelstatt Trio|K498]], other works by [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Max Bruch]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Cello and Piano]] || cl, vc, pno || [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s trio Op. 11, as well as his own transcription, Op. 38, of the Septet, Op. 20; [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s trio Op. 114, [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]'s Op.3.
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| − | | [[Voice, Clarinet and Piano]] || voice, cl, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s [[Der Hirt auf dem Felsen]], D965, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s Schon Lacht Der Holde Fruhling, KV 580; [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]]'s Lieder
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| − | | [[Flute, Viola and Harp]] || fl, vla, hrp || Famous works by [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Arnold Bax]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Violin, Piano]] || cl, vln, pno || Largely a [[20th century]] invention, but growing in popularity; famous compositions by [[Béla Bartók]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]] and [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]]
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| − | | [[Horn Trio]] || hrn, vl, pno || 19th century works; specifically the Trio in E♭ Op. 40 by Brahms
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| − | | [[Soprano, Horn and Piano]] || sop, hrn, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s Auf Dem Strom
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| − | | [[Reed Trio]] || ob, cl, bsn || 20th century composers
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| − | |rowspan=8| 4 ||rowspan=8| [[Quartet]] || [[String Quartet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc ||Very popular form. Numerous major examples by Haydn (its creator), Mozart, Beethoven and many other leading composers (see article).
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| − | |[[Piano Quartet]] || vln, vla, vc, pno || Mozart's KV 478 and 493; Beethoven youth compositions; Schumann, Brahms
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| − | | Violin, Clarinet, Cello and Piano || vln, cl, vc, pno || Rare; famous example: [[Olivier Messiaen|Messiaen]]'s [[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]; less famous: [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] (1938), [[Walter Rabl]] (Op. 1; 1896).
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| − | |[[Saxophone Quartet]] || s. sax, a. sax, t. sax, b. sax || Twentieth-century composers
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| − | |[[Flute quartet]] || 4 fls || Examples include those by [[Friedrich Kuhlau]], [[Anton Reicha]], [[Eugène Bozza]], [[Florent Schmitt]] and [[Joseph Jongen]]
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| − | | Wind Instrument and [[String Trio]] || vn, va, vc and fl, ob, cl, bsn|| By Mozart you can find four [[Flute quartet|Flute Quartets]] and one Oboe Quartet; Krommer wrote Flute Quartets (eg opus 75) Clarinet Quartets and Bassoon Quartets (eg his opus 46 set); Devienne wrote a Bassoon Quartet
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| − | | Piano and Wind Trio || pno, cl, hrn, bsn || [[Franz Berwald]]'s opus 1 (1819)
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| − | | Voice and [[Piano Trio]] || voice, pno, vn, vc|| By [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] you can find lots of [[Lied|Lieder]] on several folk roots for such a setting.
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| − | |rowspan=8| 5 ||rowspan=8| [[Quintet]] ||rowspan=2| [[Piano Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and others
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| − | | vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || An uncommon instrumentation used by [[Franz Schubert]] in his [[Trout Quintet]] as well as by [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] and [[Louise Farrenc]].
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| − | | [[Wind quintet|Woodwind Quintet]] || fl, cl, ob, bsn, hrn || 19th century ([[Antonin Reicha|Reicha]], [[Franz Danzi|Danzi]] and others) and 20th century composers
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| − | | [[String Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc with additional vla or vc || with 2nd va: [[Michael Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]]; with 2nd vc: [[Luigi Boccherini|Boccherini]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]. Sometimes with additional db ([[Vagn Holmboe]]) instead.
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| − | | [[Brass Quintet]] || 2 tr, 1 hrn, 1 trm, 1 tuba || Mostly after 1950.
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| − | | [[Clarinet Quintet]] || cl, 2 vn, 1 va, 1 vc || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 581, [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s Op. 115, Weber's Op. 34, [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]'s (in which the clarinet player must alternate between a B♭ and a E♭ instrument) and many others.
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| − | | || cl, pno left hand, vn, va, vc|| [[Franz Schmidt|Schmidt]]'s chamber pieces dedicated to the pianist Paul Wittgenstein (who played with left hand only), although they are almost always performed nowadays in a two hands version arranged by Friedrich Wührer.
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quartet]] || pno, ob, cl, bsn, hrn|| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Quintet in E flat for Piano and Winds|KV 452]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 16, and many others, including two by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Anton Rubinstein]]. (The four Wind Instruments may vary)
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| − | |rowspan=5| 6 ||rowspan=5| [[Sextet]] || [[String sextet|String Sextet]] || 2 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Important among these are [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]' Op. 18 and Op. 36 Sextets, and [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]'s Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (original version).
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| − | | [[Wind Sextet]] || 2 ob, 2 bsn, 2 hrn or 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || By [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] there are the two types; [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] used the one with cl
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quintet]] || fl, ob, cl, bsn, hrn, pno || Such as the [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]] Sextet, and another by [[Ludwig Thuille]].
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| − | | [[Piano sextet|Piano Sextet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || e.g. Mendelssohn's Op. 110, also one by [[Leslie Bassett]]. ([http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/Objid/28894])
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| − | | || cl, 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || An example is [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s Overture on Hebrew Themes Op. 34.
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| − | | 7 || [[Septet]] || Wind and String Septet || cl, hrn, bsn, vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Septet (Beethoven)|Septet]] Op. 20, [[Franz Berwald|Berwald]]'s, and many others.
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| − | |rowspan=4| 8 ||rowspan=4| [[Octet (music)|Octet]] || Wind and String Octet || cl, hrn, bsn, 2 vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet D. 803]], inspired by Beethoven's Septet.
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| − | | [[String Octet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Popularized by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s [[Octet (Mendelssohn)|String Octet Op. 20]]. Others (among them works by [[Woldemar Bargiel]], [[George Enescu]], and a pair of pieces by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]) have followed.
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| − | | [[Double Quartet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Two [[string quartet]]s arranged [[antiphon]]ically. A genre preferred by [[Louis Spohr]]. Darius Milhaud's Op. 291 Octet is, rather, a couple of String Quartets (his 14th and 15th) performed simultaneously
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| − | | [[Wind Octet]] || 2 ob, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 375 and 388, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 108, many written by [[Franz Krommer]].
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| − | | 9 || [[Nonet (music)|Nonet]] || Wind and String Nonet || fl, ob, cl, hrn, bsn, vn, va, vc, db|| Including one written by [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]], and two by [[Bohuslav Martinů]].
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| − | | 10 || [[Decet (music)|Decet]] || Double Wind Quintet ||2 ob, 2 English hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s set) or 2 fl, ob, Eng hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn and 2 bsn ([[George Enescu|Enescu]]'s set) || After Mozart's Divertimenti KV 166 and 186 it's hard to find another example of 10 instruments. By convention, after nine players works cease to be considered chamber works generally speaking, but the decet/dixtuor in D, opus 14 by George Enescu for 2 flutes, oboe, English horn, two clarinets, two horns and two bassoons, written in 1906 will be included here. <!-- for now, because the composer seems to have wished it so —>
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| − | |colspan=5 border="0"| Key: vln - [[violin]]; vla - [[viola]]; vc - [[cello]]; cb - [[double bass]]; pno - [[piano]]; fl - [[flute]]; ob - [[oboe]]; Eng hrn - [[English horn]]; cl - [[clarinet]]; s. sax - [[soprano saxophone]]; a. sax - [[alto saxophone]]; t. sax - [[tenor saxophone]]; b. sax - [[baritone saxophone]]; bsn - [[bassoon]]; hrn - [[Horn (instrument)|horn]]; tr - [[trumpet]]; trm - [[trombone]]
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| − | The standard repertoire for chamber ensembles is rich, and the totality of chamber music in print in [[sheet music]] form is nearly boundless. See the articles on each instrument combination for examples of repertoire.
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| − | == References ==
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| − | * ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians]]'' (ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 1980)
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | *The [http://www.chamberfest.com/english/index.html Ottawa International Chamber Music Society](Chamberfest) one of the world's leading international chamber music festivals.
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| − | *[http://www.chamber-music.org/ Chamber Music America].
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| − | *[http://www.chambermusic.org Friends of Chamber Music].
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| − | *The [http://www.acmp.net Amateur Chamber Music Players] publishes a contact list of musicians worldwide who play chamber music for their own enjoyment. They also publish lists of repertoire.
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| − | *http://www.composerplanet.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?ChamberMusic
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| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FSMALL Art of the States: Chamber/small] chamber music (3-8 instruments) by American composers
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| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FLARGE Art of the States: Chamber/large] chamber music (9+ instruments) by American composers
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| − | [[Category:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[Category:Musical groups]]
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| − | [[Category:Ottawa Chamber Music Festival]]
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| − | [[ar:موسيقى الحجرة]]
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| − | [[ca:Música de cambra]]
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| − | [[da:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[de:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[et:Kammermuusika]]
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| − | [[es:Música de cámara]]
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| − | [[fr:Musique de chambre]]
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| − | [[it:Musica da camera]]
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| − | [[he:מוזיקה קאמרית]]
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| − | [[nl:Kamermuziek]]
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| − | [[ja:重奏]]
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| − | [[no:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[nn:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[simple:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[sl:Komorna glasba]]
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| − | [[fi:Kamarimusiikki]]
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| − | [[sv:Kammarmusik]]
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| − | [[th:แชมเบอร์มิวสิค]]
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| − | [[zh:室内乐]]
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| − | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances.
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| − | == Ensembles ==
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| − | This is a partial list of the types of [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] found in chamber music.
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | | '''Number of Musicians''' || '''Name''' || '''Common [[Musical ensemble|Ensembles]]''' || '''[[Musical instrument|Instrumentation]]''' || '''Comments'''
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| − | |rowspan=6| 2 ||rowspan=3| Duo || [[Piano Duo]] || 2 pno
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| − | |rowspan=2| [[Instrumental Duo]] || any instrument and pno|| Found especially as instrumental [[sonata]]s; i.e., [[Violin sonata|violin]], [[Cello sonata|cello]], [[Viola sonata|viola]], [[Horn sonata|horn]], [[Bassoon sonata|bassoon]], [[Clarinet sonata|clarinet]], [[Flute sonata|flute]] sonatas).
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| − | |any instrument and [[figured bass|basso continuo]] || Common in [[baroque music]] predating the piano. The basso continuo part is always present to provide rhythm and accompaniment, and is often played by a [[harpsichord]] but other instruments can also be used.
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| − | |rowspan=3| [[Duet (music)|Duet]] || [[Piano Duet]] || 1 pno, 4 hands ||[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] (original pieces and a lot of transcriptions of his own works); a favorite domestic musical form, with lots of transcriptions of other genders (operas, symphonies, concertos and so on).
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| − | | [[Vocal Duet]] || voice, pno || Commonly used in the art [[song]], or [[Lieder]].
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| − | | [[Instrumental Duet]] || 2 of any instrument, either equal or not || Mozart's Duets KV 423 and 424 for vn and va and Sonata KV 292 for bsn and vc; Beethoven's Duet for va and vc; [[Bartok|Béla Bartók]]'s Duets for 2 vn.
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| − | |rowspan=11| 3 ||rowspan=11| [[trio (music)|Trio]] || [[String trio|String Trio]] || vln, vla, vc|| Mozart's [[Trio for Violin, Viola & Cello in E flat major, K. 563 (Mozart)|Divertimento KV 563]] is an important example; Beethoven composed a series of 5 Trios at the beginning of his career.
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| − | | [[Piano Trio]] || vln, vc, pno || [[Franz Josef Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] and many others.
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| − | | [[Voice, Viola and Piano]] || sop, vla, pno || [[William Bolcom]]'s trio Let Evening Come for Soprano, Viola and Piano, and [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Zwei Gesänge für eine Altstimme mit Bratsche und Pianoforte]], Op. 91, for Alto, Viola and Piano
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Viola and Piano]] || cl, vla, pno || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s trio [[Kegelstatt Trio|K498]], other works by [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Max Bruch]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Cello and Piano]] || cl, vc, pno || [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s trio Op. 11, as well as his own transcription, Op. 38, of the Septet, Op. 20; [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s trio Op. 114, [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]'s Op.3.
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| − | | [[Voice, Clarinet and Piano]] || voice, cl, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s [[Der Hirt auf dem Felsen]], D965, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s Schon Lacht Der Holde Fruhling, KV 580; [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]]'s Lieder
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| − | | [[Flute, Viola and Harp]] || fl, vla, hrp || Famous works by [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Arnold Bax]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Violin, Piano]] || cl, vln, pno || Largely a [[20th century]] invention, but growing in popularity; famous compositions by [[Béla Bartók]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]] and [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]]
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| − | | [[Horn Trio]] || hrn, vl, pno || 19th century works; specifically the Trio in E♭ Op. 40 by Brahms
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| − | | [[Soprano, Horn and Piano]] || sop, hrn, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s Auf Dem Strom
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| − | | [[Reed Trio]] || ob, cl, bsn || 20th century composers
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| − | |rowspan=8| 4 ||rowspan=8| [[Quartet]] || [[String Quartet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc ||Very popular form. Numerous major examples by Haydn (its creator), Mozart, Beethoven and many other leading composers (see article).
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| − | |[[Piano Quartet]] || vln, vla, vc, pno || Mozart's KV 478 and 493; Beethoven youth compositions; Schumann, Brahms
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| − | | Violin, Clarinet, Cello and Piano || vln, cl, vc, pno || Rare; famous example: [[Olivier Messiaen|Messiaen]]'s [[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]; less famous: [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] (1938), [[Walter Rabl]] (Op. 1; 1896).
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| − | |[[Saxophone Quartet]] || s. sax, a. sax, t. sax, b. sax || Twentieth-century composers
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| − | |[[Flute quartet]] || 4 fls || Examples include those by [[Friedrich Kuhlau]], [[Anton Reicha]], [[Eugène Bozza]], [[Florent Schmitt]] and [[Joseph Jongen]]
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| − | | Wind Instrument and [[String Trio]] || vn, va, vc and fl, ob, cl, bsn|| By Mozart you can find four [[Flute quartet|Flute Quartets]] and one Oboe Quartet; Krommer wrote Flute Quartets (eg opus 75) Clarinet Quartets and Bassoon Quartets (eg his opus 46 set); Devienne wrote a Bassoon Quartet
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| − | | Piano and Wind Trio || pno, cl, hrn, bsn || [[Franz Berwald]]'s opus 1 (1819)
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| − |
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| − | | Voice and [[Piano Trio]] || voice, pno, vn, vc|| By [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] you can find lots of [[Lied|Lieder]] on several folk roots for such a setting.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=8| 5 ||rowspan=8| [[Quintet]] ||rowspan=2| [[Piano Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and others
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| − | |-
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| − | | vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || An uncommon instrumentation used by [[Franz Schubert]] in his [[Trout Quintet]] as well as by [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] and [[Louise Farrenc]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind quintet|Woodwind Quintet]] || fl, cl, ob, bsn, hrn || 19th century ([[Antonin Reicha|Reicha]], [[Franz Danzi|Danzi]] and others) and 20th century composers
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[String Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc with additional vla or vc || with 2nd va: [[Michael Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]]; with 2nd vc: [[Luigi Boccherini|Boccherini]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]. Sometimes with additional db ([[Vagn Holmboe]]) instead.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Brass Quintet]] || 2 tr, 1 hrn, 1 trm, 1 tuba || Mostly after 1950.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet Quintet]] || cl, 2 vn, 1 va, 1 vc || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 581, [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s Op. 115, Weber's Op. 34, [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]'s (in which the clarinet player must alternate between a B♭ and a E♭ instrument) and many others.
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| − | | || cl, pno left hand, vn, va, vc|| [[Franz Schmidt|Schmidt]]'s chamber pieces dedicated to the pianist Paul Wittgenstein (who played with left hand only), although they are almost always performed nowadays in a two hands version arranged by Friedrich Wührer.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quartet]] || pno, ob, cl, bsn, hrn|| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Quintet in E flat for Piano and Winds|KV 452]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 16, and many others, including two by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Anton Rubinstein]]. (The four Wind Instruments may vary)
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=5| 6 ||rowspan=5| [[Sextet]] || [[String sextet|String Sextet]] || 2 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Important among these are [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]' Op. 18 and Op. 36 Sextets, and [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]'s Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (original version).
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Sextet]] || 2 ob, 2 bsn, 2 hrn or 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || By [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] there are the two types; [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] used the one with cl
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quintet]] || fl, ob, cl, bsn, hrn, pno || Such as the [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]] Sextet, and another by [[Ludwig Thuille]].
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano sextet|Piano Sextet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || e.g. Mendelssohn's Op. 110, also one by [[Leslie Bassett]]. ([http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/Objid/28894])
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | || cl, 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || An example is [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s Overture on Hebrew Themes Op. 34.
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| − | | 7 || [[Septet]] || Wind and String Septet || cl, hrn, bsn, vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Septet (Beethoven)|Septet]] Op. 20, [[Franz Berwald|Berwald]]'s, and many others.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=4| 8 ||rowspan=4| [[Octet (music)|Octet]] || Wind and String Octet || cl, hrn, bsn, 2 vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet D. 803]], inspired by Beethoven's Septet.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[String Octet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Popularized by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s [[Octet (Mendelssohn)|String Octet Op. 20]]. Others (among them works by [[Woldemar Bargiel]], [[George Enescu]], and a pair of pieces by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]) have followed.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Double Quartet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Two [[string quartet]]s arranged [[antiphon]]ically. A genre preferred by [[Louis Spohr]]. Darius Milhaud's Op. 291 Octet is, rather, a couple of String Quartets (his 14th and 15th) performed simultaneously
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Octet]] || 2 ob, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 375 and 388, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 108, many written by [[Franz Krommer]].
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| − | | 9 || [[Nonet (music)|Nonet]] || Wind and String Nonet || fl, ob, cl, hrn, bsn, vn, va, vc, db|| Including one written by [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]], and two by [[Bohuslav Martinů]].
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| − | | 10 || [[Decet (music)|Decet]] || Double Wind Quintet ||2 ob, 2 English hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s set) or 2 fl, ob, Eng hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn and 2 bsn ([[George Enescu|Enescu]]'s set) || After Mozart's Divertimenti KV 166 and 186 it's hard to find another example of 10 instruments. By convention, after nine players works cease to be considered chamber works generally speaking, but the decet/dixtuor in D, opus 14 by George Enescu for 2 flutes, oboe, English horn, two clarinets, two horns and two bassoons, written in 1906 will be included here. <!-- for now, because the composer seems to have wished it so —>
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| − | |-
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| − | |colspan=5 border="0"| Key: vln - [[violin]]; vla - [[viola]]; vc - [[cello]]; cb - [[double bass]]; pno - [[piano]]; fl - [[flute]]; ob - [[oboe]]; Eng hrn - [[English horn]]; cl - [[clarinet]]; s. sax - [[soprano saxophone]]; a. sax - [[alto saxophone]]; t. sax - [[tenor saxophone]]; b. sax - [[baritone saxophone]]; bsn - [[bassoon]]; hrn - [[Horn (instrument)|horn]]; tr - [[trumpet]]; trm - [[trombone]]
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| − | |}
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| − | The standard repertoire for chamber ensembles is rich, and the totality of chamber music in print in [[sheet music]] form is nearly boundless. See the articles on each instrument combination for examples of repertoire.
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| − |
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| − | == References ==
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| − | * ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians]]'' (ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 1980)
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| − |
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | *The [http://www.chamberfest.com/english/index.html Ottawa International Chamber Music Society](Chamberfest) one of the world's leading international chamber music festivals.
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| − | *[http://www.chamber-music.org/ Chamber Music America].
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| − | *[http://www.chambermusic.org Friends of Chamber Music].
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| − | *The [http://www.acmp.net Amateur Chamber Music Players] publishes a contact list of musicians worldwide who play chamber music for their own enjoyment. They also publish lists of repertoire.
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| − | *http://www.composerplanet.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?ChamberMusic
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| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FSMALL Art of the States: Chamber/small] chamber music (3-8 instruments) by American composers
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| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FLARGE Art of the States: Chamber/large] chamber music (9+ instruments) by American composers
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| − | [[Category:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[Category:Musical groups]]
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| − | [[Category:Ottawa Chamber Music Festival]]
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| − | [[ar:موسيقى الحجرة]]
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| − | [[ca:Música de cambra]]
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| − | [[da:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[de:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[et:Kammermuusika]]
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| − | [[es:Música de cámara]]
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| − | [[fr:Musique de chambre]]
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| − | [[it:Musica da camera]]
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| − | [[he:מוזיקה קאמרית]]
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| − | [[nl:Kamermuziek]]
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| − | [[ja:重奏]]
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| − | [[no:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[nn:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[simple:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[sl:Komorna glasba]]
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| − | [[fi:Kamarimusiikki]]
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| − | [[sv:Kammarmusik]]
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| − | [[th:แชมเบอร์มิวสิค]]
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| − | [[zh:室内乐]]
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| − | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances.
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| − |
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| − | == Ensembles ==
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| − | This is a partial list of the types of [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] found in chamber music.
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | | '''Number of Musicians''' || '''Name''' || '''Common [[Musical ensemble|Ensembles]]''' || '''[[Musical instrument|Instrumentation]]''' || '''Comments'''
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| − | |rowspan=6| 2 ||rowspan=3| Duo || [[Piano Duo]] || 2 pno
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=2| [[Instrumental Duo]] || any instrument and pno|| Found especially as instrumental [[sonata]]s; i.e., [[Violin sonata|violin]], [[Cello sonata|cello]], [[Viola sonata|viola]], [[Horn sonata|horn]], [[Bassoon sonata|bassoon]], [[Clarinet sonata|clarinet]], [[Flute sonata|flute]] sonatas).
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| − | |-
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| − | |any instrument and [[figured bass|basso continuo]] || Common in [[baroque music]] predating the piano. The basso continuo part is always present to provide rhythm and accompaniment, and is often played by a [[harpsichord]] but other instruments can also be used.
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=3| [[Duet (music)|Duet]] || [[Piano Duet]] || 1 pno, 4 hands ||[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] (original pieces and a lot of transcriptions of his own works); a favorite domestic musical form, with lots of transcriptions of other genders (operas, symphonies, concertos and so on).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Vocal Duet]] || voice, pno || Commonly used in the art [[song]], or [[Lieder]].
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Instrumental Duet]] || 2 of any instrument, either equal or not || Mozart's Duets KV 423 and 424 for vn and va and Sonata KV 292 for bsn and vc; Beethoven's Duet for va and vc; [[Bartok|Béla Bartók]]'s Duets for 2 vn.
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=11| 3 ||rowspan=11| [[trio (music)|Trio]] || [[String trio|String Trio]] || vln, vla, vc|| Mozart's [[Trio for Violin, Viola & Cello in E flat major, K. 563 (Mozart)|Divertimento KV 563]] is an important example; Beethoven composed a series of 5 Trios at the beginning of his career.
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| − | | [[Piano Trio]] || vln, vc, pno || [[Franz Josef Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] and many others.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Voice, Viola and Piano]] || sop, vla, pno || [[William Bolcom]]'s trio Let Evening Come for Soprano, Viola and Piano, and [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Zwei Gesänge für eine Altstimme mit Bratsche und Pianoforte]], Op. 91, for Alto, Viola and Piano
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Viola and Piano]] || cl, vla, pno || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s trio [[Kegelstatt Trio|K498]], other works by [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Max Bruch]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Cello and Piano]] || cl, vc, pno || [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s trio Op. 11, as well as his own transcription, Op. 38, of the Septet, Op. 20; [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s trio Op. 114, [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]'s Op.3.
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| − | | [[Voice, Clarinet and Piano]] || voice, cl, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s [[Der Hirt auf dem Felsen]], D965, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s Schon Lacht Der Holde Fruhling, KV 580; [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]]'s Lieder
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| − | | [[Flute, Viola and Harp]] || fl, vla, hrp || Famous works by [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Arnold Bax]]
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Violin, Piano]] || cl, vln, pno || Largely a [[20th century]] invention, but growing in popularity; famous compositions by [[Béla Bartók]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]] and [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]]
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Horn Trio]] || hrn, vl, pno || 19th century works; specifically the Trio in E♭ Op. 40 by Brahms
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Soprano, Horn and Piano]] || sop, hrn, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s Auf Dem Strom
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Reed Trio]] || ob, cl, bsn || 20th century composers
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=8| 4 ||rowspan=8| [[Quartet]] || [[String Quartet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc ||Very popular form. Numerous major examples by Haydn (its creator), Mozart, Beethoven and many other leading composers (see article).
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| − | |[[Piano Quartet]] || vln, vla, vc, pno || Mozart's KV 478 and 493; Beethoven youth compositions; Schumann, Brahms
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| − | | Violin, Clarinet, Cello and Piano || vln, cl, vc, pno || Rare; famous example: [[Olivier Messiaen|Messiaen]]'s [[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]; less famous: [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] (1938), [[Walter Rabl]] (Op. 1; 1896).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Saxophone Quartet]] || s. sax, a. sax, t. sax, b. sax || Twentieth-century composers
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Flute quartet]] || 4 fls || Examples include those by [[Friedrich Kuhlau]], [[Anton Reicha]], [[Eugène Bozza]], [[Florent Schmitt]] and [[Joseph Jongen]]
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| − | |-
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| − | | Wind Instrument and [[String Trio]] || vn, va, vc and fl, ob, cl, bsn|| By Mozart you can find four [[Flute quartet|Flute Quartets]] and one Oboe Quartet; Krommer wrote Flute Quartets (eg opus 75) Clarinet Quartets and Bassoon Quartets (eg his opus 46 set); Devienne wrote a Bassoon Quartet
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | Piano and Wind Trio || pno, cl, hrn, bsn || [[Franz Berwald]]'s opus 1 (1819)
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| − | | Voice and [[Piano Trio]] || voice, pno, vn, vc|| By [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] you can find lots of [[Lied|Lieder]] on several folk roots for such a setting.
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| − | |rowspan=8| 5 ||rowspan=8| [[Quintet]] ||rowspan=2| [[Piano Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and others
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| − | |-
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| − | | vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || An uncommon instrumentation used by [[Franz Schubert]] in his [[Trout Quintet]] as well as by [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] and [[Louise Farrenc]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind quintet|Woodwind Quintet]] || fl, cl, ob, bsn, hrn || 19th century ([[Antonin Reicha|Reicha]], [[Franz Danzi|Danzi]] and others) and 20th century composers
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| − | | [[String Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc with additional vla or vc || with 2nd va: [[Michael Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]]; with 2nd vc: [[Luigi Boccherini|Boccherini]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]. Sometimes with additional db ([[Vagn Holmboe]]) instead.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Brass Quintet]] || 2 tr, 1 hrn, 1 trm, 1 tuba || Mostly after 1950.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet Quintet]] || cl, 2 vn, 1 va, 1 vc || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 581, [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s Op. 115, Weber's Op. 34, [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]'s (in which the clarinet player must alternate between a B♭ and a E♭ instrument) and many others.
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| − | | || cl, pno left hand, vn, va, vc|| [[Franz Schmidt|Schmidt]]'s chamber pieces dedicated to the pianist Paul Wittgenstein (who played with left hand only), although they are almost always performed nowadays in a two hands version arranged by Friedrich Wührer.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quartet]] || pno, ob, cl, bsn, hrn|| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Quintet in E flat for Piano and Winds|KV 452]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 16, and many others, including two by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Anton Rubinstein]]. (The four Wind Instruments may vary)
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=5| 6 ||rowspan=5| [[Sextet]] || [[String sextet|String Sextet]] || 2 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Important among these are [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]' Op. 18 and Op. 36 Sextets, and [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]'s Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (original version).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Sextet]] || 2 ob, 2 bsn, 2 hrn or 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || By [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] there are the two types; [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] used the one with cl
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quintet]] || fl, ob, cl, bsn, hrn, pno || Such as the [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]] Sextet, and another by [[Ludwig Thuille]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano sextet|Piano Sextet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || e.g. Mendelssohn's Op. 110, also one by [[Leslie Bassett]]. ([http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/Objid/28894])
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | || cl, 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || An example is [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s Overture on Hebrew Themes Op. 34.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | 7 || [[Septet]] || Wind and String Septet || cl, hrn, bsn, vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Septet (Beethoven)|Septet]] Op. 20, [[Franz Berwald|Berwald]]'s, and many others.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=4| 8 ||rowspan=4| [[Octet (music)|Octet]] || Wind and String Octet || cl, hrn, bsn, 2 vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet D. 803]], inspired by Beethoven's Septet.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[String Octet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Popularized by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s [[Octet (Mendelssohn)|String Octet Op. 20]]. Others (among them works by [[Woldemar Bargiel]], [[George Enescu]], and a pair of pieces by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]) have followed.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Double Quartet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Two [[string quartet]]s arranged [[antiphon]]ically. A genre preferred by [[Louis Spohr]]. Darius Milhaud's Op. 291 Octet is, rather, a couple of String Quartets (his 14th and 15th) performed simultaneously
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Octet]] || 2 ob, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 375 and 388, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 108, many written by [[Franz Krommer]].
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| − | |-
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| − | | 9 || [[Nonet (music)|Nonet]] || Wind and String Nonet || fl, ob, cl, hrn, bsn, vn, va, vc, db|| Including one written by [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]], and two by [[Bohuslav Martinů]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | 10 || [[Decet (music)|Decet]] || Double Wind Quintet ||2 ob, 2 English hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s set) or 2 fl, ob, Eng hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn and 2 bsn ([[George Enescu|Enescu]]'s set) || After Mozart's Divertimenti KV 166 and 186 it's hard to find another example of 10 instruments. By convention, after nine players works cease to be considered chamber works generally speaking, but the decet/dixtuor in D, opus 14 by George Enescu for 2 flutes, oboe, English horn, two clarinets, two horns and two bassoons, written in 1906 will be included here. <!-- for now, because the composer seems to have wished it so —>
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| − | |-
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| − | |colspan=5 border="0"| Key: vln - [[violin]]; vla - [[viola]]; vc - [[cello]]; cb - [[double bass]]; pno - [[piano]]; fl - [[flute]]; ob - [[oboe]]; Eng hrn - [[English horn]]; cl - [[clarinet]]; s. sax - [[soprano saxophone]]; a. sax - [[alto saxophone]]; t. sax - [[tenor saxophone]]; b. sax - [[baritone saxophone]]; bsn - [[bassoon]]; hrn - [[Horn (instrument)|horn]]; tr - [[trumpet]]; trm - [[trombone]]
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| − | |}
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| − | The standard repertoire for chamber ensembles is rich, and the totality of chamber music in print in [[sheet music]] form is nearly boundless. See the articles on each instrument combination for examples of repertoire.
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| − |
| |
| − | == References ==
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| − | * ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians]]'' (ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 1980)
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| − |
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| − | ===External links===
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| − | *The [http://www.chamberfest.com/english/index.html Ottawa International Chamber Music Society](Chamberfest) one of the world's leading international chamber music festivals.
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| − | *[http://www.chamber-music.org/ Chamber Music America].
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| − | *[http://www.chambermusic.org Friends of Chamber Music].
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| − | *The [http://www.acmp.net Amateur Chamber Music Players] publishes a contact list of musicians worldwide who play chamber music for their own enjoyment. They also publish lists of repertoire.
| |
| − | *http://www.composerplanet.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?ChamberMusic
| |
| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FSMALL Art of the States: Chamber/small] chamber music (3-8 instruments) by American composers
| |
| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FLARGE Art of the States: Chamber/large] chamber music (9+ instruments) by American composers
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[Category:Musical groups]]
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| − | [[Category:Ottawa Chamber Music Festival]]
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| − |
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| − | [[ar:موسيقى الحجرة]]
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| − | [[ca:Música de cambra]]
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| − | [[da:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[de:Kammermusik]]
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| − | [[et:Kammermuusika]]
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| − | [[es:Música de cámara]]
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| − | [[fr:Musique de chambre]]
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| − | [[it:Musica da camera]]
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| − | [[he:מוזיקה קאמרית]]
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| − | [[nl:Kamermuziek]]
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| − | [[ja:重奏]]
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| − | [[no:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[nn:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[simple:Chamber music]]
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| − | [[sl:Komorna glasba]]
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| − | [[fi:Kamarimusiikki]]
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| − | [[sv:Kammarmusik]]
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| − | [[th:แชมเบอร์มิวสิค]]
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| − | [[zh:室内乐]]
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| − | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances.
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| − |
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| − | == Ensembles ==
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| − | This is a partial list of the types of [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] found in chamber music.
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | | '''Number of Musicians''' || '''Name''' || '''Common [[Musical ensemble|Ensembles]]''' || '''[[Musical instrument|Instrumentation]]''' || '''Comments'''
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| − | |rowspan=6| 2 ||rowspan=3| Duo || [[Piano Duo]] || 2 pno
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=2| [[Instrumental Duo]] || any instrument and pno|| Found especially as instrumental [[sonata]]s; i.e., [[Violin sonata|violin]], [[Cello sonata|cello]], [[Viola sonata|viola]], [[Horn sonata|horn]], [[Bassoon sonata|bassoon]], [[Clarinet sonata|clarinet]], [[Flute sonata|flute]] sonatas).
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| − | |-
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| − | |any instrument and [[figured bass|basso continuo]] || Common in [[baroque music]] predating the piano. The basso continuo part is always present to provide rhythm and accompaniment, and is often played by a [[harpsichord]] but other instruments can also be used.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=3| [[Duet (music)|Duet]] || [[Piano Duet]] || 1 pno, 4 hands ||[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] (original pieces and a lot of transcriptions of his own works); a favorite domestic musical form, with lots of transcriptions of other genders (operas, symphonies, concertos and so on).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Vocal Duet]] || voice, pno || Commonly used in the art [[song]], or [[Lieder]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Instrumental Duet]] || 2 of any instrument, either equal or not || Mozart's Duets KV 423 and 424 for vn and va and Sonata KV 292 for bsn and vc; Beethoven's Duet for va and vc; [[Bartok|Béla Bartók]]'s Duets for 2 vn.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=11| 3 ||rowspan=11| [[trio (music)|Trio]] || [[String trio|String Trio]] || vln, vla, vc|| Mozart's [[Trio for Violin, Viola & Cello in E flat major, K. 563 (Mozart)|Divertimento KV 563]] is an important example; Beethoven composed a series of 5 Trios at the beginning of his career.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano Trio]] || vln, vc, pno || [[Franz Josef Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] and many others.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Voice, Viola and Piano]] || sop, vla, pno || [[William Bolcom]]'s trio Let Evening Come for Soprano, Viola and Piano, and [[Johannes Brahms]]' [[Zwei Gesänge für eine Altstimme mit Bratsche und Pianoforte]], Op. 91, for Alto, Viola and Piano
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Viola and Piano]] || cl, vla, pno || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s trio [[Kegelstatt Trio|K498]], other works by [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Max Bruch]]
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Cello and Piano]] || cl, vc, pno || [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s trio Op. 11, as well as his own transcription, Op. 38, of the Septet, Op. 20; [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s trio Op. 114, [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]'s Op.3.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Voice, Clarinet and Piano]] || voice, cl, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s [[Der Hirt auf dem Felsen]], D965, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s Schon Lacht Der Holde Fruhling, KV 580; [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]]'s Lieder
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Flute, Viola and Harp]] || fl, vla, hrp || Famous works by [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Arnold Bax]]
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet, Violin, Piano]] || cl, vln, pno || Largely a [[20th century]] invention, but growing in popularity; famous compositions by [[Béla Bartók]], [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]] and [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]]
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Horn Trio]] || hrn, vl, pno || 19th century works; specifically the Trio in E♭ Op. 40 by Brahms
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Soprano, Horn and Piano]] || sop, hrn, pno || [[Franz Schubert]]'s Auf Dem Strom
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Reed Trio]] || ob, cl, bsn || 20th century composers
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=8| 4 ||rowspan=8| [[Quartet]] || [[String Quartet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc ||Very popular form. Numerous major examples by Haydn (its creator), Mozart, Beethoven and many other leading composers (see article).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Piano Quartet]] || vln, vla, vc, pno || Mozart's KV 478 and 493; Beethoven youth compositions; Schumann, Brahms
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | Violin, Clarinet, Cello and Piano || vln, cl, vc, pno || Rare; famous example: [[Olivier Messiaen|Messiaen]]'s [[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]; less famous: [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] (1938), [[Walter Rabl]] (Op. 1; 1896).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Saxophone Quartet]] || s. sax, a. sax, t. sax, b. sax || Twentieth-century composers
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |[[Flute quartet]] || 4 fls || Examples include those by [[Friedrich Kuhlau]], [[Anton Reicha]], [[Eugène Bozza]], [[Florent Schmitt]] and [[Joseph Jongen]]
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | Wind Instrument and [[String Trio]] || vn, va, vc and fl, ob, cl, bsn|| By Mozart you can find four [[Flute quartet|Flute Quartets]] and one Oboe Quartet; Krommer wrote Flute Quartets (eg opus 75) Clarinet Quartets and Bassoon Quartets (eg his opus 46 set); Devienne wrote a Bassoon Quartet
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | Piano and Wind Trio || pno, cl, hrn, bsn || [[Franz Berwald]]'s opus 1 (1819)
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − |
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| − | | Voice and [[Piano Trio]] || voice, pno, vn, vc|| By [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] you can find lots of [[Lied|Lieder]] on several folk roots for such a setting.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=8| 5 ||rowspan=8| [[Quintet]] ||rowspan=2| [[Piano Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and others
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || An uncommon instrumentation used by [[Franz Schubert]] in his [[Trout Quintet]] as well as by [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] and [[Louise Farrenc]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind quintet|Woodwind Quintet]] || fl, cl, ob, bsn, hrn || 19th century ([[Antonin Reicha|Reicha]], [[Franz Danzi|Danzi]] and others) and 20th century composers
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[String Quintet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc with additional vla or vc || with 2nd va: [[Michael Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Anton Bruckner|Bruckner]]; with 2nd vc: [[Luigi Boccherini|Boccherini]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]. Sometimes with additional db ([[Vagn Holmboe]]) instead.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Brass Quintet]] || 2 tr, 1 hrn, 1 trm, 1 tuba || Mostly after 1950.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Clarinet Quintet]] || cl, 2 vn, 1 va, 1 vc || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 581, [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s Op. 115, Weber's Op. 34, [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]]'s (in which the clarinet player must alternate between a B♭ and a E♭ instrument) and many others.
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| − | |-
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| − | | || cl, pno left hand, vn, va, vc|| [[Franz Schmidt|Schmidt]]'s chamber pieces dedicated to the pianist Paul Wittgenstein (who played with left hand only), although they are almost always performed nowadays in a two hands version arranged by Friedrich Wührer.
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quartet]] || pno, ob, cl, bsn, hrn|| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Quintet in E flat for Piano and Winds|KV 452]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 16, and many others, including two by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Anton Rubinstein]]. (The four Wind Instruments may vary)
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=5| 6 ||rowspan=5| [[Sextet]] || [[String sextet|String Sextet]] || 2 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Important among these are [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]' Op. 18 and Op. 36 Sextets, and [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]'s Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 (original version).
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Sextet]] || 2 ob, 2 bsn, 2 hrn or 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || By [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] there are the two types; [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] used the one with cl
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano]] and [[Wind Quintet]] || fl, ob, cl, bsn, hrn, pno || Such as the [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]] Sextet, and another by [[Ludwig Thuille]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Piano sextet|Piano Sextet]] || 2 vln, vla, vc, cb, pno || e.g. Mendelssohn's Op. 110, also one by [[Leslie Bassett]]. ([http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/Objid/28894])
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | || cl, 2 vln, vla, vc, pno || An example is [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s Overture on Hebrew Themes Op. 34.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | 7 || [[Septet]] || Wind and String Septet || cl, hrn, bsn, vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Septet (Beethoven)|Septet]] Op. 20, [[Franz Berwald|Berwald]]'s, and many others.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | |rowspan=4| 8 ||rowspan=4| [[Octet (music)|Octet]] || Wind and String Octet || cl, hrn, bsn, 2 vln, vla, vc, cb || Popularized by [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s [[Octet (Schubert)|Octet D. 803]], inspired by Beethoven's Septet.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[String Octet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Popularized by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]]'s [[Octet (Mendelssohn)|String Octet Op. 20]]. Others (among them works by [[Woldemar Bargiel]], [[George Enescu]], and a pair of pieces by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]) have followed.
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Double Quartet]] || 4 vln, 2 vla, 2 vc || Two [[string quartet]]s arranged [[antiphon]]ically. A genre preferred by [[Louis Spohr]]. Darius Milhaud's Op. 291 Octet is, rather, a couple of String Quartets (his 14th and 15th) performed simultaneously
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | [[Wind Octet]] || 2 ob, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn || [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s KV 375 and 388, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s Op. 108, many written by [[Franz Krommer]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | 9 || [[Nonet (music)|Nonet]] || Wind and String Nonet || fl, ob, cl, hrn, bsn, vn, va, vc, db|| Including one written by [[Louis Spohr|Spohr]], and two by [[Bohuslav Martinů]].
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| − |
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| − | |-
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| − | | 10 || [[Decet (music)|Decet]] || Double Wind Quintet ||2 ob, 2 English hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn, 2 bsn ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s set) or 2 fl, ob, Eng hrn, 2 cl, 2 hrn and 2 bsn ([[George Enescu|Enescu]]'s set) || After Mozart's Divertimenti KV 166 and 186 it's hard to find another example of 10 instruments. By convention, after nine players works cease to be considered chamber works generally speaking, but the decet/dixtuor in D, opus 14 by George Enescu for 2 flutes, oboe, English horn, two clarinets, two horns and two bassoons, written in 1906 will be included here. <!-- for now, because the composer seems to have wished it so —>
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| − |
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |colspan=5 border="0"| Key: vln - [[violin]]; vla - [[viola]]; vc - [[cello]]; cb - [[double bass]]; pno - [[piano]]; fl - [[flute]]; ob - [[oboe]]; Eng hrn - [[English horn]]; cl - [[clarinet]]; s. sax - [[soprano saxophone]]; a. sax - [[alto saxophone]]; t. sax - [[tenor saxophone]]; b. sax - [[baritone saxophone]]; bsn - [[bassoon]]; hrn - [[Horn (instrument)|horn]]; tr - [[trumpet]]; trm - [[trombone]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | The standard repertoire for chamber ensembles is rich, and the totality of chamber music in print in [[sheet music]] form is nearly boundless. See the articles on each instrument combination for examples of repertoire.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | * ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians]]'' (ed. [[Stanley Sadie]], 1980)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===External links===
| |
| − | *The [http://www.chamberfest.com/english/index.html Ottawa International Chamber Music Society](Chamberfest) one of the world's leading international chamber music festivals.
| |
| − | *[http://www.chamber-music.org/ Chamber Music America].
| |
| − | *[http://www.chambermusic.org Friends of Chamber Music].
| |
| − | *The [http://www.acmp.net Amateur Chamber Music Players] publishes a contact list of musicians worldwide who play chamber music for their own enjoyment. They also publish lists of repertoire.
| |
| − | *http://www.composerplanet.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?ChamberMusic
| |
| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FSMALL Art of the States: Chamber/small] chamber music (3-8 instruments) by American composers
| |
| − | *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=CHAMBER%2FLARGE Art of the States: Chamber/large] chamber music (9+ instruments) by American composers
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Category:Chamber music]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Musical groups]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Ottawa Chamber Music Festival]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[ar:موسيقى الحجرة]]
| |
| − | [[ca:Música de cambra]]
| |
| − | [[da:Kammermusik]]
| |
| − | [[de:Kammermusik]]
| |
| − | [[et:Kammermuusika]]
| |
| − | [[es:Música de cámara]]
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| − | [[fr:Musique de chambre]]
| |
| − | [[it:Musica da camera]]
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| − | [[he:מוזיקה קאמרית]]
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| − | [[nl:Kamermuziek]]
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| − | [[ja:重奏]]
| |
| − | [[no:Kammermusikk]]
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| − | [[nn:Kammermusikk]]
| |
| − | [[simple:Chamber music]]
| |
| − | [[sl:Komorna glasba]]
| |
| − | [[fi:Kamarimusiikki]]
| |
| − | [[sv:Kammarmusik]]
| |
| − | [[th:แชมเบอร์มิวสิค]]
| |
| − | [[zh:室内乐]]
| |
| | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances. | | '''Chamber music''' is a form of [[classical music]], written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any "art music" that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small room, often with an intimate atmosphere. However, it usually does not include, by definition, solo instrument performances. |
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| Line 859: |
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| | * Beethven, Ludwig van; Wier, Albert E., ''The chamber music of Beethoven'', NY: Longmans, Green, 1940. OCLC 1065166 | | * Beethven, Ludwig van; Wier, Albert E., ''The chamber music of Beethoven'', NY: Longmans, Green, 1940. OCLC 1065166 |
| | * Hefling, Stephen E., ''Nineteenth century chamber music'', NY: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-203-49308-7 | | * Hefling, Stephen E., ''Nineteenth century chamber music'', NY: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-203-49308-7 |
| − | * Sadie, Stanley, ed., ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 1980. | + | * Sadie, Stanley, ed., ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', London: Macmillan Publisher Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-561-59174-2 |
| | * Ulrich, Homer, ''Chamber music'', NY: Columbia University Press, 1966. OCLC 284863 | | * Ulrich, Homer, ''Chamber music'', NY: Columbia University Press, 1966. OCLC 284863 |
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