Difference between revisions of "Caecilian" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Taxobox begin | color = pink | name = Caecilians}} | {{Taxobox begin | color = pink | name = Caecilians}} | ||
{{Taxobox image | image = [[Image:Syphonops annulatus.jpg|200px|"Caecilian"]]| caption = "Caecilian"}} | {{Taxobox image | image = [[Image:Syphonops annulatus.jpg|200px|"Caecilian"]]| caption = "Caecilian"}} | ||
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{{Taxobox phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordate|Chordata]]}} | {{Taxobox phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordate|Chordata]]}} | ||
{{Taxobox classis_entry | taxon = [[Amphibia]]}} | {{Taxobox classis_entry | taxon = [[Amphibia]]}} | ||
| − | {{Taxobox ordo_entry | taxon = '''Gymnophiona'''}}<br/>{{Taxobox authority | author = [[Constantine S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]] | + | {{Taxobox ordo_entry | taxon = '''Gymnophiona'''}}<br/>{{Taxobox authority | author = [[Constantine S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]] | date = 1814}} |
{{Taxobox end_placement}} | {{Taxobox end_placement}} | ||
{{Taxobox section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families}} | {{Taxobox section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families}} | ||
| − | Rhinatrematidae<br> | + | Rhinatrematidae<br/> |
| − | Ichthyophiidae<br> | + | Ichthyophiidae<br/> |
| − | Uraeotyphlidae<br> | + | Uraeotyphlidae<br/> |
| − | Scolecomorphidae<br> | + | Scolecomorphidae<br/> |
| − | Typhlonectidae<br> | + | Typhlonectidae<br/> |
Caeciliidae | Caeciliidae | ||
{{Taxobox_end}} | {{Taxobox_end}} | ||
| − | The '''Caecilians''' are elongated, segmented [[amphibian]]s | + | The '''Caecilians''' are elongated, segmented, limbless [[amphibian]]s. They are [[taxonomy|classified]] in the order ''Gymnophiona'' or ''Apoda'' ("without legs"). Lacking limbs, caecilians resemble [[earthworm]]s or [[snake]]s in appearance. |
| − | Amphibians include all the tetrapods (four-legged [[vertebrate]]s) that do not have amniotic eggs. Despite the lack of external limbs, caecilians, like | + | Amphibians include all the tetrapods (four-legged [[vertebrate]]s) that do not have amniotic eggs. Despite the lack of external limbs, caecilians, like [[snake]]s, are still considered tetrapods because the lack of limbs is considered a derived, secondary characteristic, with the assumption being that they evolved from forms that did have appendages. Caecilians reveal how difficult it is to place the vast [[biodiversity|diversity]] of nature into discrete [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] boxes based on anatomical features, as well as the importance of common lineage in establishing scientific classification. |
| − | The name caecilian means "blind," but most have small [[eye]]s. They mostly live hidden in the ground, which makes them the least explored order of amphibians. There are about 200 known caecilian species. | + | The name caecilian means "blind," but most have small [[eye]]s. They mostly live hidden in the ground, which makes them the least explored order of amphibians. There are about 200 known caecilian species. Their habitat is in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Maternal care in caecilians is common. |
==Anatomy== | ==Anatomy== | ||
| − | Caecilian heads are adapted for burrowing, being strong with highly ossified skulls. All | + | Caecilian heads are adapted for burrowing, being strong with highly ossified skulls. All caecilians share two tentacles at their head, which are probably used for a second [[olfaction|olfactory capability]] in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose. |
Due to their underground life, the [[eye]]s are small and covered by skin for protection, which have led to the misconception that they are blind. However due to the skin cover their visual sense is limited to simple dark-light perception. | Due to their underground life, the [[eye]]s are small and covered by skin for protection, which have led to the misconception that they are blind. However due to the skin cover their visual sense is limited to simple dark-light perception. | ||
| − | Caecilians have degenerate feet, making the smaller [[species]] resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m resemble [[snake]]s. The tail is reduced, with the exception of the family Ichthyophiidae, and the cloaca is near the end of the body. | + | Caecilians have degenerate feet, making the smaller [[species]] resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m resemble [[snake]]s. Limbs and limb girdles are absent in all living caecilians. The tail is reduced or lacking, with the exception of the family Ichthyophiidae, and the cloaca is near the end of the body. |
| − | The [[skin]] of caecilians is smooth and usually dark-matte, but some species have colorful skins. Inside the skin are [[calcite]] scales, which | + | The [[skin]] of caecilians is smooth and usually dark-matte, but some species have colorful skins. Inside the skin are [[calcite]] scales, which suggest that they are related to the fossil Stegocephalia. However the scales are now believed to be a secondary development, and not directly inherited from Stegocephalia. Caecilians are the only amphibians with dermal scales; these scale-like structures are more similar to fish scales than reptile scales. Reptile scales are keratinized folds of skin, whereas caecilian scales are layers of fibers covered by mineralized nodules. |
Except for one lungless species—''Atretochoana eiselti'', only known from a single specimen collected somewhere in South America—all Caecilians have [[lung]]s, but also use the skin or the mouth for [[oxygen]] absorption. Often, the left lung is much smaller than the right one, an adaptation to body shape that is also found in snakes. | Except for one lungless species—''Atretochoana eiselti'', only known from a single specimen collected somewhere in South America—all Caecilians have [[lung]]s, but also use the skin or the mouth for [[oxygen]] absorption. Often, the left lung is much smaller than the right one, an adaptation to body shape that is also found in snakes. | ||
| − | A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has found that certain caecilians produce potent skin [[poison]]s from specialized poison glands. The poison helps prevent predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island | + | A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has found that certain caecilians produce potent skin [[poison]]s from specialized poison glands. The poison helps prevent predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island ''(Schistometopum thomense)'' in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of ‘‘Ichthyophis’’ protect the eggs from germs and fungi. |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
In South America, their distribution extends well into the temperate north of [[Argentina]]. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, Argentina, when they are carried by the flood waters of the [[Parana river]] coming from farther north. | In South America, their distribution extends well into the temperate north of [[Argentina]]. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, Argentina, when they are carried by the flood waters of the [[Parana river]] coming from farther north. | ||
| − | In Africa, caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau | + | In Africa, caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau ''(Geotrypetes)'' until Northern [[Zambia]] ''(Scolecomorphus)''. No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there. |
| − | The northernmost distribution is of the species ''Ichthyophis sikkimensis'' of Northern [[India]]. In South-East Asia, the [[Alfred Russel Wallace#Exploration and study of the natural world|Wallace-Line]] is not crossed and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. ''Ichthyophis'' is also found in South China and North Vietnam. | + | The northernmost distribution is of the species ''Ichthyophis sikkimensis'' of Northern [[India]]. In South-East Asia, the [[Alfred Russel Wallace#Exploration and study of the natural world|Wallace-Line]] is not crossed and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. ''Ichthyophis'' is also found in South [[China]] and North [[Vietnam]]. |
==Reproduction== | ==Reproduction== | ||
| − | Caecilians are the only order of amphibians that only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have an external organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for | + | Caecilians are the only order of amphibians that only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have an external organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for two to three hours. |
| − | About 25 | + | Some species lay their eggs in water, but the majority lay their eggs on land. Maternal care is common. |
| + | |||
| + | About 25 percent of the species are oviparous (egg-laying)—the eggs are guarded by the female. For some species, the young caecilians are already [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosed]] when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water. | ||
Seventy-five percent of the species are viviparous, meaning that they give birth to already developed offspring. The fetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the fetus with special scraping teeth. The egg laying species ''Boulengerula taitanus'', feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. | Seventy-five percent of the species are viviparous, meaning that they give birth to already developed offspring. The fetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the fetus with special scraping teeth. The egg laying species ''Boulengerula taitanus'', feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 61: | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | [[Image:Caecilian.jpg|200px|thumb|Caecilian from the [[San Antonio]] zoo]] | + | [[Image:Caecilian.jpg|200px|thumb|Caecilian from the [[San Antonio]] zoo.]] |
Gymnophiona is one of three extant (living) orders of amphibians, the others being Anura (or Salientia), which includes [[frog]]s and toads, and Caudata (or Urodela), which includes [[salamander]]s and newts, among others. | Gymnophiona is one of three extant (living) orders of amphibians, the others being Anura (or Salientia), which includes [[frog]]s and toads, and Caudata (or Urodela), which includes [[salamander]]s and newts, among others. | ||
| − | Taxonomically, the caecilians commonly are divided into | + | Taxonomically, the caecilians commonly are divided into five or six families. The species numbers are approximate and some of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications. The six families are: |
| − | * Beaked Caecilians (Rhinatrematidae) - | + | * Beaked Caecilians (Rhinatrematidae) - two genera, nine species |
| − | * Fish Caecilians (Ichthyophiidae) - | + | * Fish Caecilians (Ichthyophiidae) - two genera, 39 species |
| − | * Indian Caecilians (Uraeotyphlidae) - | + | * Indian Caecilians (Uraeotyphlidae) - one genus, five species |
| − | * Tropical Caecilians (Scolecomorphidae) - | + | * Tropical Caecilians (Scolecomorphidae) - two genera, six species |
| − | * Aquatic Caecilians (Typhlonectidae) - | + | * Aquatic Caecilians (Typhlonectidae) - five genera, 13 species |
* Common Caecilians (Caeciliidae) - 26 genera, 99 species | * Common Caecilians (Caeciliidae) - 26 genera, 99 species | ||
| − | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | * San Mauro, D, D. J. Gower, O. V. Oomen, M. Wilkinson, and R. Zardoya. 2004. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014 Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 33: 413-427. Retrieved October 23, 2007. | ||
| + | * San Mauro, D, M. Vences, M. Alcobendas, R. Zardoya, and A. Meyer. 2005. [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal/issues/v165n5/40546/40546.html Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea] ''American Naturalist'' 165: 590-599. Retrieved October 23, 2007. | ||
| + | * Werner, H. 1996. ''Die Blindwühlen'' (German). ISBN 3894324341 | ||
{{credit|54347963}} | {{credit|54347963}} | ||
[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Animals]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Amphibians]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:26, 29 August 2008
| Caecilians | ||||||||
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 "Caecilian" | ||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||
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Rhinatrematidae |
The Caecilians are elongated, segmented, limbless amphibians. They are classified in the order Gymnophiona or Apoda ("without legs"). Lacking limbs, caecilians resemble earthworms or snakes in appearance.
Amphibians include all the tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs. Despite the lack of external limbs, caecilians, like snakes, are still considered tetrapods because the lack of limbs is considered a derived, secondary characteristic, with the assumption being that they evolved from forms that did have appendages. Caecilians reveal how difficult it is to place the vast diversity of nature into discrete taxonomic boxes based on anatomical features, as well as the importance of common lineage in establishing scientific classification.
The name caecilian means "blind," but most have small eyes. They mostly live hidden in the ground, which makes them the least explored order of amphibians. There are about 200 known caecilian species. Their habitat is in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Maternal care in caecilians is common.
Anatomy
Caecilian heads are adapted for burrowing, being strong with highly ossified skulls. All caecilians share two tentacles at their head, which are probably used for a second olfactory capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
Due to their underground life, the eyes are small and covered by skin for protection, which have led to the misconception that they are blind. However due to the skin cover their visual sense is limited to simple dark-light perception.
Caecilians have degenerate feet, making the smaller species resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m resemble snakes. Limbs and limb girdles are absent in all living caecilians. The tail is reduced or lacking, with the exception of the family Ichthyophiidae, and the cloaca is near the end of the body.
The skin of caecilians is smooth and usually dark-matte, but some species have colorful skins. Inside the skin are calcite scales, which suggest that they are related to the fossil Stegocephalia. However the scales are now believed to be a secondary development, and not directly inherited from Stegocephalia. Caecilians are the only amphibians with dermal scales; these scale-like structures are more similar to fish scales than reptile scales. Reptile scales are keratinized folds of skin, whereas caecilian scales are layers of fibers covered by mineralized nodules.
Except for one lungless species—Atretochoana eiselti, only known from a single specimen collected somewhere in South America—all Caecilians have lungs, but also use the skin or the mouth for oxygen absorption. Often, the left lung is much smaller than the right one, an adaptation to body shape that is also found in snakes.
A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has found that certain caecilians produce potent skin poisons from specialized poison glands. The poison helps prevent predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island (Schistometopum thomense) in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of ‘‘Ichthyophis’’ protect the eggs from germs and fungi.
Distribution
Caecilians are found in most of the tropical regions of South-East Asia, Africa, and South America, except the dry areas and high mountains.
In South America, their distribution extends well into the temperate north of Argentina. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, Argentina, when they are carried by the flood waters of the Parana river coming from farther north.
In Africa, caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau (Geotrypetes) until Northern Zambia (Scolecomorphus). No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there.
The northernmost distribution is of the species Ichthyophis sikkimensis of Northern India. In South-East Asia, the Wallace-Line is not crossed and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. Ichthyophis is also found in South China and North Vietnam.
Reproduction
Caecilians are the only order of amphibians that only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have an external organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for two to three hours.
Some species lay their eggs in water, but the majority lay their eggs on land. Maternal care is common.
About 25 percent of the species are oviparous (egg-laying)—the eggs are guarded by the female. For some species, the young caecilians are already metamorphosed when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water.
Seventy-five percent of the species are viviparous, meaning that they give birth to already developed offspring. The fetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the fetus with special scraping teeth. The egg laying species Boulengerula taitanus, feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth.
Ichthyophis is oviparous and is also known to show maternal care.
Origin of the name
The name Caecilian derives from the Latin word caecus = blind, referring to the small or sometimes non-existing eyes. The name dates back to the taxonomic name of the first species described by Carolus Linnaeus, which he gave the name Caecilia tentaculata.
The taxonomic name of the order, Gymnophiona, derives from the Greek words γυμνος (gymnos, naked) and οφις (ophis, snake), as the caecilians were originally thought to be related with snakes. This order is sometimes called Apoda, which means "without legs."
Taxonomy
Gymnophiona is one of three extant (living) orders of amphibians, the others being Anura (or Salientia), which includes frogs and toads, and Caudata (or Urodela), which includes salamanders and newts, among others.
Taxonomically, the caecilians commonly are divided into five or six families. The species numbers are approximate and some of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications. The six families are:
- Beaked Caecilians (Rhinatrematidae) - two genera, nine species
- Fish Caecilians (Ichthyophiidae) - two genera, 39 species
- Indian Caecilians (Uraeotyphlidae) - one genus, five species
- Tropical Caecilians (Scolecomorphidae) - two genera, six species
- Aquatic Caecilians (Typhlonectidae) - five genera, 13 species
- Common Caecilians (Caeciliidae) - 26 genera, 99 species
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- San Mauro, D, D. J. Gower, O. V. Oomen, M. Wilkinson, and R. Zardoya. 2004. Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 413-427. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- San Mauro, D, M. Vences, M. Alcobendas, R. Zardoya, and A. Meyer. 2005. Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea American Naturalist 165: 590-599. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- Werner, H. 1996. Die Blindwühlen (German). ISBN 3894324341
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