Difference between revisions of "Ares" - New World Encyclopedia

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In [[Greek mythology]], '''Ares''' (in [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Polytonic|Άρης}} - '''Aris''' ("''Battle Strife''"))<ref>The reading often remains ambiguous, as in a late sixth-century funerary inscription from Attica: "Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos/ Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks" (Athens, NM 3851) quoted in Andrew Stewart, ''One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works'', Introduction: I. "The Sources"</ref> is the son of [[Zeus]] (king of the gods) and [[Hera]]. Though often incorrectly  referred to as the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian]] [[God (male deity)|god]] of [[war]], he is more accurately the god of savage war, or [[bloodlust]]. The Romans identified him as [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] god of war (whom they had inherited from the [[Etruscans]]) with Hellenic Ares, but among them, Mars stood in much higher esteem.
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Among the Hellenes, Ares was always mistrusted.<ref>"You are the most hateful to me of the gods who hold Olympus," Zeus tells him in the [[Iliad]]( 5.890); "forever strife is dear to you and wars and slaughter".</ref> His birthplace and true home was placed far off, among the barbarous and warlike [[Thracians]] (''Iliad'' 13.301; [[Ovid]]). And he withdrew to [[Thrace]] after he was discovered on a couch with Aphrodite (''[[Odyssey]]'' 8.361). Though Ares' half-sister [[Athena]] was also considered to be a war deity, Athena's stance was that of strategic warfare while Ares' tended to be the unpredictable violence of war.
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"Ares" remained an adjective and epithet in Classical times: ''Zeus Areios'', ''Athena Areia'', even ''Aphrodite Areia''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkert|title=Greek Religion| year=1985| pages= 169}}</ref>
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In Mycenaean times, inscriptions attest to [[Enyalios]], a name that survived into Classical times as an epithet of Ares. Vultures and dogs are [[sacred]] to him.
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==Ares' symbols==
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[[Image:Ares Canope Villa Adriana.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Statue]] of '''''Ares''''' in [[Hadrian's Villa]]]]
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[[Image:Ares Borghese2.gif|thumb|200px|The ''[[Ares Borghese]]'']]
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Ares had a [[quadriga]] drawn by four gold-bridled (''Iliad'' v.352) fire-breathing immortal stallions. Among the gods, Ares was recognized by his brazen armour; he brandished a spear in battle. His sacred birds were the [[barn owl]], [[woodpecker]], the [[eagle owl]] and especially on south the [[vulture]]. According to ''[[Argonautica]]'' (ii.382ff and 1031ff; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 30) the birds of Ares (''Ornithes Areioi'') were a flock of feather-dart-dropping  birds that guarded the [[Amazons]]' shrine of the god on a [[coast]]al [[island]] in the [[Black Sea|Black]] [[sea]]. In [[Sparta]] the [[chthonic]] night-time sacrifice of a puppy to [[Enyalios]] became assimilated to the cult of Ares.
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==Ares in cult== 
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Although important in poetry, Ares was rarely included in cult in ancient Greece, save at Sparta, where he was propitiated before battle. And though involved in the founding myth of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], he appeared in few myths (Burkert 1985, p.169).
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At Sparta there was a statue of the god in chains, to show that the spirit of war and victory was never to leave the city; dogs (and some believe even humans{{Fact|date=February 2007}}) were sacrificed to him. The [[Greek temple|temple]] to Ares in the [[Ancient Agora of Athens|agora]] of [[Athens]] that [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] saw in the second century AD had only been moved and rededicated there during the time of [[Augustus]]; in essence it was a Roman [[Roman temple|temple]] to Mars. The [[Areopagus]], the "hill of Ares" where [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] preached, is sited at some distance from the Acropolis; from archaic times it was a site of trials. Its connection with Ares, perhaps based on a false etymology, may be purely etiological.
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==Attendants==
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[[Deimos]] and [[Phobos]] were his children by [[Aphrodite]] and were the spirit of terror and fear. The sister and companion of murderous Ares was [[Enyo]], goddess of bloodshed and violence. The presence of Ares was accompanied by [[Kydoimos]], the demon of the din of battle, as well as the [[Makhai]] (Battles), the [[Hysminai]] (Manslaughters), [[Polemos]] (a minor spirit of war; probably an epithet of Ares, as he had no specific dominion), and Polemos' daughter, [[Alala]], [[goddess]]/[[personification]] of the Greek war-cry, whose name Ares used as his own war-cry.
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==The founding of Thebes==
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One of the many roles of Ares that was sited in mainland Greece itself was in the founding myth of Thebes: Ares was the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by [[Cadmus]], and hence the ancestor of the Spartans (the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground, and sprung up as the fully armored [[autochthon]]ic Spartans). From the dragon's teeth sown as if a crop arose a race of fighting men, the descendents of Ares. To propitiate Ares, Cadmus took as a bride [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]], daughter of Ares' union with Aphrodite, thus harmonizing all strife and founding the city of Thebes.
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==Consorts and Children==
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There are accounts of a son of Ares, [[Cycnus]] (''Kýknos'') of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], who was so murderous that he attempted to build a temple with the skulls and the bones of travellers. [[Heracles]] slaughtered this abominable monstrosity, engendering the wrath of Ares, whom the hero wounded ([[Apollodorus]] 2.114).
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Other consorts and children of Ares include:
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# [[Aglaulus]]
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## [[Alcippe]]
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# [[Aphrodite]]
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## [[Deimos (god)|Deimos]] (Dread)
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## [[Eros (mythology)|Eros]] (in some sources)
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## [[Harmonia (Greek goddess)|Harmonia]]
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## [[Phobos (god)|Phobos]] (Fright)
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# Cyrene
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## [[Diomedes]]
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# [[Harpina]] (or [[Sterope (Pleiad)|Sterope]], according to some accounts)
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## [[Oenomaus]]
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# [[Otrera]]
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## [[Penthesilea]]
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# Pyrene
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## [[Cycnus]]
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# [[Astyoche]]
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## [[Ascalaphus]] and Ialmenus
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# Bistonis
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## [[Tereus]]
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# [[Rhea Silvia]] ([[Roman mythology]])
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## [[Remus]]
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## [[Romulus and Remus|Romulus]]
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# Unknown mothers
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## [[Antiope (mythology)|Antiope]]
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## [[Biston]]
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## [[Enyo]]
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## [[Eurytion]]
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## [[Hippolyte]]
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## [[Melanippe]]
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## [[Thrax]]
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## [[Patacaus]]
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==Ares in the myths==
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In the myth sung by the bard in the hall of [[Alcinous]] (''Odyssey'' viii.300ff) the Sun-God, [[Helios]], once spied Ares and Aphrodite enjoying each other secretly in the hall of [[Hephaestus]] and how he promptly reported the incident to Aphrodite's Olympian consort. Hephaestus contrived to catch the couple in the act, and so he fashioned a net with which to snare the illicit lovers. At the appropriate time, this net was sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private embrace. But Hephaestus was not yet satisfied with his revenge - he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair. For the sake of modesty, the goddesses demurred, but the male gods went to witness the sight. Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares, but all mocked the two. Once the couple were loosed, Ares, embarrassed, sped away to his homeland, Thrace.
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In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the youth Alectryon by his door to warn them of Helios' arrival, as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep. Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus. Ares was furious and turned Alectryon into a [[rooster]], which now never forgets to announce the arrival of the sun in the morning.
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===Ares and the giants===
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In one archaic myth, related in the Iliad by the goddess [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]] to her daughter Aphrodite, two chthonic giants, the Aloadae, [[Aloadae|Otus]] and [[Aloadae|Ephialtes]], threw Ares into chains and put him in a bronze urn, where he remained for thirteen months, a [[lunar year]]. "And that would have been the end of Ares and his appetite for war, if the beautiful Eriboea, the young giants' stepmother, had not told [[Hermes]] what they had done," she related (''Iliad'' 5.385&ndash;391). "In this one suspects a festival of licence which is unleashed in the thirteenth month."<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkert|title=Greek Religion| year=1985| pages= 169}}</ref> Ares remained screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him and [[Artemis]] tricked the Aloadae into slaying each other.
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===The Iliad===
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In the ''Iliad,''<ref>References to Ares' appearance in the ''Iliad'' are collected and quoted at [http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/AresMyths2.html#Troy www.theoi.com]</ref> Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances nor respect for [[Themis]], the right ordering of things: he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans, but Aphrodite was able to persuade Ares to side with the Trojans (''Iliad'' V.699). During the war, [[Diomedes]] fought with [[Hector]] and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares's mother, saw his interference and asked Zeus, his father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares, so he threw a spear at Ares and his cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble. Athena then drove the spear into Ares's body, who bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back (XXI.391). Later when Zeus allows the gods to fight in the war again, Ares tries to fight Athena to avenge himself for his previous injury, but is once again badly injured when she tosses a huge boulder on him.
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==Ares in the Renaissance==
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In [[Renaissance]] and [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] works of art, Ares' symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is the dog, and his bird is the vulture. In literary works of these eras, Ares appears as cruel, aggressive, and blood-thirsty, reviled by both gods and humans, much as he was in the ancient Greek myths.
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==References==
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*[[Robert Graves]], ''The Greek Myths'' rev. ed. 1960. 19:"Ares natures and deeds" ''et passim''
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*[[Karl Kerenyi]], ''The Gods of the Greeks''  1951.
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*[[Walter Burkert]], ''Greek Religion'' 1958 2.12 ''et passim''
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*[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
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*[[Karl Kerenyi|Kerenyi, Carl]], 1951. ''Gods of the Greeks'' (London:Thames & Hudson)
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==Ares In Pop Culture==
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* Ares is the villainous antagonist in the 2005 video game, [[God of War (video game)|God of War]]. In this game, Ares turned the protagonist [[Kratos]] into a great warrior for the price of his life.
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* Ares is also the antagonist in the 2005 video game, [[Spartan: Total Warrior]]. At the commencement of the game, Ares speaks to the protagonist ( who is identified only as "The [[Spartan]]") and guides him to victory over the [[Roman Empire]]. After slaying the Roman emperor [[Tiberius]], the Spartan's missing past is revealed to him: he is the son of the handmaid of [[Aphrodite]] who revealed her mistress's affair with Ares to [[Hephaestus]], and Ares wants to take his revenge by killing the Spartan.
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* [[Ares (DC Comics)|Ares]] is an enemy of [[Wonder Woman]] in [[DC Comics]].
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* Ares appears as a major enemy to [[Wonder Woman]] and her fellow Justice League teammates in the animated television series [[Justice League Unlimited]] voiced by film and television actor, [[Michael York]]. The episode was Justice league Unlimited Season 1 Episode 4 "Hawk and Dove"
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* [[Ares (Marvel Comics)]] is another of the many allies/minions [[Hades (comics)|Hades]] has in Marvel Comics. He was supposed to marry his former lover [[Aphrodite]] under Hades' wishes until the conspiracy was discovered.
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*[[Ares (manga)|Ares]] is a Korean Manga about a group of mercenaries.
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*In the [[Soul Calibur]] series, Ares serves as Astaroth's master.
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*Ares appears in the game [[Zeus Master of Olympus]].
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* Ares was portrayed by kiwi actor [[Kevin Smith (actor)|Kevin Smith]] in the series [[Xena|Xena: Warrior Princess]]
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* Ares is the name of a cruise missile targeting system used by the navy in the TV show [[NCIS_%28TV_series%29|NCIS]]
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==Notes==
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<div class="references-small">
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<references/>
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</div>
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==External links==
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* [http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Ares.html Theoi Project, Ares] information on Ares from classical literature, images from Greek and Roman art.
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* [http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Ares.html Greek Mythology Link, Ares] summary of Ares in myth
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[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
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{{Credit|110570858}}

Revision as of 19:03, 24 February 2007

In Greek mythology, Ares (in Greek: Άρης - Aris ("Battle Strife"))[1] is the son of Zeus (king of the gods) and Hera. Though often incorrectly referred to as the Olympian god of war, he is more accurately the god of savage war, or bloodlust. The Romans identified him as Mars, the Roman god of war (whom they had inherited from the Etruscans) with Hellenic Ares, but among them, Mars stood in much higher esteem.

Among the Hellenes, Ares was always mistrusted.[2] His birthplace and true home was placed far off, among the barbarous and warlike Thracians (Iliad 13.301; Ovid). And he withdrew to Thrace after he was discovered on a couch with Aphrodite (Odyssey 8.361). Though Ares' half-sister Athena was also considered to be a war deity, Athena's stance was that of strategic warfare while Ares' tended to be the unpredictable violence of war.

"Ares" remained an adjective and epithet in Classical times: Zeus Areios, Athena Areia, even Aphrodite Areia.[3] In Mycenaean times, inscriptions attest to Enyalios, a name that survived into Classical times as an epithet of Ares. Vultures and dogs are sacred to him.

Ares' symbols

Statue of Ares in Hadrian's Villa
File:Ares Borghese2.gif
The Ares Borghese

Ares had a quadriga drawn by four gold-bridled (Iliad v.352) fire-breathing immortal stallions. Among the gods, Ares was recognized by his brazen armour; he brandished a spear in battle. His sacred birds were the barn owl, woodpecker, the eagle owl and especially on south the vulture. According to Argonautica (ii.382ff and 1031ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 30) the birds of Ares (Ornithes Areioi) were a flock of feather-dart-dropping birds that guarded the Amazons' shrine of the god on a coastal island in the Black sea. In Sparta the chthonic night-time sacrifice of a puppy to Enyalios became assimilated to the cult of Ares.

Ares in cult

Although important in poetry, Ares was rarely included in cult in ancient Greece, save at Sparta, where he was propitiated before battle. And though involved in the founding myth of Thebes, he appeared in few myths (Burkert 1985, p.169).

At Sparta there was a statue of the god in chains, to show that the spirit of war and victory was never to leave the city; dogs (and some believe even humans[citation needed]) were sacrificed to him. The temple to Ares in the agora of Athens that Pausanias saw in the second century AD had only been moved and rededicated there during the time of Augustus; in essence it was a Roman temple to Mars. The Areopagus, the "hill of Ares" where Paul of Tarsus preached, is sited at some distance from the Acropolis; from archaic times it was a site of trials. Its connection with Ares, perhaps based on a false etymology, may be purely etiological.

Attendants

Deimos and Phobos were his children by Aphrodite and were the spirit of terror and fear. The sister and companion of murderous Ares was Enyo, goddess of bloodshed and violence. The presence of Ares was accompanied by Kydoimos, the demon of the din of battle, as well as the Makhai (Battles), the Hysminai (Manslaughters), Polemos (a minor spirit of war; probably an epithet of Ares, as he had no specific dominion), and Polemos' daughter, Alala, goddess/personification of the Greek war-cry, whose name Ares used as his own war-cry.

The founding of Thebes

One of the many roles of Ares that was sited in mainland Greece itself was in the founding myth of Thebes: Ares was the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus, and hence the ancestor of the Spartans (the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground, and sprung up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartans). From the dragon's teeth sown as if a crop arose a race of fighting men, the descendents of Ares. To propitiate Ares, Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia, daughter of Ares' union with Aphrodite, thus harmonizing all strife and founding the city of Thebes.

Consorts and Children

There are accounts of a son of Ares, Cycnus (Kýknos) of Macedonia, who was so murderous that he attempted to build a temple with the skulls and the bones of travellers. Heracles slaughtered this abominable monstrosity, engendering the wrath of Ares, whom the hero wounded (Apollodorus 2.114).

Other consorts and children of Ares include:

  1. Aglaulus
    1. Alcippe
  2. Aphrodite
    1. Deimos (Dread)
    2. Eros (in some sources)
    3. Harmonia
    4. Phobos (Fright)
  3. Cyrene
    1. Diomedes
  4. Harpina (or Sterope, according to some accounts)
    1. Oenomaus
  5. Otrera
    1. Penthesilea
  6. Pyrene
    1. Cycnus
  7. Astyoche
    1. Ascalaphus and Ialmenus
  8. Bistonis
    1. Tereus
  9. Rhea Silvia (Roman mythology)
    1. Remus
    2. Romulus
  10. Unknown mothers
    1. Antiope
    2. Biston
    3. Enyo
    4. Eurytion
    5. Hippolyte
    6. Melanippe
    7. Thrax
    8. Patacaus

Ares in the myths

In the myth sung by the bard in the hall of Alcinous (Odyssey viii.300ff) the Sun-God, Helios, once spied Ares and Aphrodite enjoying each other secretly in the hall of Hephaestus and how he promptly reported the incident to Aphrodite's Olympian consort. Hephaestus contrived to catch the couple in the act, and so he fashioned a net with which to snare the illicit lovers. At the appropriate time, this net was sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private embrace. But Hephaestus was not yet satisfied with his revenge - he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair. For the sake of modesty, the goddesses demurred, but the male gods went to witness the sight. Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares, but all mocked the two. Once the couple were loosed, Ares, embarrassed, sped away to his homeland, Thrace.

In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the youth Alectryon by his door to warn them of Helios' arrival, as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep. Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus. Ares was furious and turned Alectryon into a rooster, which now never forgets to announce the arrival of the sun in the morning.

Ares and the giants

In one archaic myth, related in the Iliad by the goddess Dione to her daughter Aphrodite, two chthonic giants, the Aloadae, Otus and Ephialtes, threw Ares into chains and put him in a bronze urn, where he remained for thirteen months, a lunar year. "And that would have been the end of Ares and his appetite for war, if the beautiful Eriboea, the young giants' stepmother, had not told Hermes what they had done," she related (Iliad 5.385–391). "In this one suspects a festival of licence which is unleashed in the thirteenth month."[4] Ares remained screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him and Artemis tricked the Aloadae into slaying each other.

The Iliad

In the Iliad,[5] Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances nor respect for Themis, the right ordering of things: he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans, but Aphrodite was able to persuade Ares to side with the Trojans (Iliad V.699). During the war, Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares's mother, saw his interference and asked Zeus, his father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares, so he threw a spear at Ares and his cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble. Athena then drove the spear into Ares's body, who bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back (XXI.391). Later when Zeus allows the gods to fight in the war again, Ares tries to fight Athena to avenge himself for his previous injury, but is once again badly injured when she tosses a huge boulder on him.

Ares in the Renaissance

In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art, Ares' symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is the dog, and his bird is the vulture. In literary works of these eras, Ares appears as cruel, aggressive, and blood-thirsty, reviled by both gods and humans, much as he was in the ancient Greek myths.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Robert Graves, The Greek Myths rev. ed. 1960. 19:"Ares natures and deeds" et passim
  • Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951.
  • Walter Burkert, Greek Religion 1958 2.12 et passim
  • Burkert, Walter, 1985. Greek Religion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
  • Kerenyi, Carl, 1951. Gods of the Greeks (London:Thames & Hudson)

Ares In Pop Culture

  • Ares is the villainous antagonist in the 2005 video game, God of War. In this game, Ares turned the protagonist Kratos into a great warrior for the price of his life.
  • Ares is also the antagonist in the 2005 video game, Spartan: Total Warrior. At the commencement of the game, Ares speaks to the protagonist ( who is identified only as "The Spartan") and guides him to victory over the Roman Empire. After slaying the Roman emperor Tiberius, the Spartan's missing past is revealed to him: he is the son of the handmaid of Aphrodite who revealed her mistress's affair with Ares to Hephaestus, and Ares wants to take his revenge by killing the Spartan.
  • Ares is an enemy of Wonder Woman in DC Comics.
  • Ares appears as a major enemy to Wonder Woman and her fellow Justice League teammates in the animated television series Justice League Unlimited voiced by film and television actor, Michael York. The episode was Justice league Unlimited Season 1 Episode 4 "Hawk and Dove"
  • Ares (Marvel Comics) is another of the many allies/minions Hades has in Marvel Comics. He was supposed to marry his former lover Aphrodite under Hades' wishes until the conspiracy was discovered.
  • Ares is a Korean Manga about a group of mercenaries.
  • In the Soul Calibur series, Ares serves as Astaroth's master.
  • Ares appears in the game Zeus Master of Olympus.
  • Ares was portrayed by kiwi actor Kevin Smith in the series Xena: Warrior Princess
  • Ares is the name of a cruise missile targeting system used by the navy in the TV show NCIS

Notes

  1. ↑ The reading often remains ambiguous, as in a late sixth-century funerary inscription from Attica: "Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos/ Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks" (Athens, NM 3851) quoted in Andrew Stewart, One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works, Introduction: I. "The Sources"
  2. ↑ "You are the most hateful to me of the gods who hold Olympus," Zeus tells him in the Iliad( 5.890); "forever strife is dear to you and wars and slaughter".
  3. ↑ Burkert (1985). Greek Religion, 169. 
  4. ↑ Burkert (1985). Greek Religion, 169. 
  5. ↑ References to Ares' appearance in the Iliad are collected and quoted at www.theoi.com

External links

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