Apollonius of Rhodes
| Apollonius of Rhodes (Ἀπολλώνιος Ῥόδιος) | |
| Born | early third century B.C.E. Alexandria or Naucratis |
|---|---|
| Died | late third century B.C.E. Rhodes (or Alexandria?) |
| Occupation | epic poet, librarian, scholar |
Apollonius of Rhodes, also known as Apollonius Rhodius (Latin; Greek Ἀπολλώνιος Ῥόδιος Apollōnios Rhodios), early third century B.C.E. - after 246 B.C.E., was an epic poet, scholar, and director of the Library of Alexandria. He is best known for his epic poem the Argonautica, which told the mythological story of Jason and the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece, and is one of the chief works in the history of epic poetry.
Callimachus of Cyrene had avoided writing long poems, comparing them to a muddy river, but his student Apollonius of Rhodes chose exactly this genre. His epic Argonautica is written, like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, in hexameters and is comparable to these epic poems. Often, Apollonius paraphrases the old master, who was very popular at the court of the Ptolemaic rulers Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III. There is a big difference with Homer, however: Callimachus' heroes and heroines are, from a psychological point of view, more complex and credible. Apollonius's poem inspired the Roman Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica.
Apollonius did not come from Rhodes; he only lived in Rhodes for part of his life and while living there adopted "Rhodian" as a surname.
Life
Sources
There are four main sources of information on Apollonius' life: two texts entitled Life of Apollonius found in the scholia on Apollonius; the entry on him in the tenth century encyclopaedia the Suda; and a second century B.C.E. papyrus, P.Oxy. 1241, which provides names of several heads of the Library of Alexandria. Of these P.Oxy. 1241 carries much more weight than the others, as it is by far the closest to Apollonius' lifetime. Other miscellaneous texts provide further information.
Well-established events
Birth
The two Lives and the Suda name Apollonius' father as Silleus or Illeus. (The second Life names his mother as "Rhode," but this is unlikely; Rhodē means "Rhodian woman," and is almost certainly derived from an attempt to explain Apollonius' epithet "Rhodian".) The Lives, the Suda, and the geographical writer Strabo say that he came from Alexandria;[1] Athenaeus and Aelian say that he came from Naucratis, some 43.5 miles south of Alexandria along the river Nile.[2] No source gives the date of his birth.
Student of Callimachus
The Lives and the Suda agree that Apollonius was a student of the poet and scholar Callimachus. The second Life adds that "some say" Apollonius was buried with Callimachus.
Head of the Library of Alexandria
The second Life, the Suda, and P.Oxy. 1241 attest that Apollonius held this post. P.Oxy. 1241 establishes moreover that Apollonius was succeeded by Eratosthenes; this must have been after 247/246 B.C.E., the date of the accession of Ptolemy III Euergetes, who seems to be the monarch that appointed Eratosthenes. (The Suda says that Apollonius succeeded Eratosthenes, but this is impossible: Apollonius studied with Callimachus, who died ca. 240 B.C.E.; the first Life says Apollonius was contemporary with Ptolemy III; and Eratosthenes held the post until at least 204 B.C.E.)[3]
Removal from Alexandria to Rhodes
The Lives and the Suda attest to this; so does the attachment of the epithet Rhodios "the Rhodian" to his name. What is uncertain is whether he died there, or came back to Alexandria in order to take up the position of head of the Library afterwards.
Death
Only the two Lives give information about Apollonius' death, and they disagree. The first says he died in Rhodes; the second says he died after returning to Alexandria.
From this we can conclude that (1) Apollonius was born in either Alexandria or Naucratis; (2) he lived for a time in Rhodes; (3) he held the post of Librarian at least until 246 B.C.E. From this in turn we may infer that he lived in the early-to-mid third century B.C.E.. Beyond this point lies speculation.
Sensational stories
The Palatine Anthology preserves an epigram, attributed to "Apollonius the grammarian," which mocks Callimachus and his most famous poem, the Aetia ("Causes"):[4]
Καλλίμαχος, τὸ κάθαρμα, τὸ παίγνιον, ὁ ξυλινὸς νοῦς,
αἴτιος, ὁ γράψας Αἴτια Καλλιμάχου.
Callimachus: trash, cheat, wood-for-brains.
aitios ("guilty"): the one who wrote Callimachus' Aitia ("Causes").
In addition, multiple sources explain Callimachus' poem Ibis — which does not survive — as a polemic against an enemy identified as Apollonius.[5] Between them, these references conjure up images of a sensational literary feud between the two figures. However, the truth of this story continues to be debated in modern scholarship, with views on both sides. Both of the Lives of Apollonius stress the friendship between the poets, the second Life even saying they were buried together; and some scholars doubt the sources that identify the Ibis as a polemic against Apollonius. There is still not a consensus, but most scholars of Hellenistic literature now believe the feud was enormously sensationalized, if it happened at all.[6]
A second sensationalized story about Apollonius is the account in the Lives of how, as a young man, he gave a performance of his epic the Argonautica in Alexandria. He was universally mocked for it, and fled to Rhodes in shame. There he was feted by the Rhodians and given citizenship. After this, according to the second Life, he made a triumphant return to Alexandria, where he was promptly elevated to head of the Library. It is unlikely that much of this is factual; the story is a mixture of "local boy makes good" and "underdog makes a heroic comeback." Fairytale elements such as these are characteristic of ancient biographies.
The Argonautica
The Argonautica differs in some respects from traditional or Homeric Greek epic, though Apollonius certainly used Homer as a model. The Argonautica is shorter than Homer’s epics, with four books totaling less than 6000 lines, while the Iliad runs to more than 16,000. Apollonius may have been influenced here by Callimachus’ brevity, or by Aristotle’s demand for "poems on a smaller scale than the old epics, and answering in length to the group of tragedies presented at a single sitting" (the Poetics).
Apollonius' epic also differs from the more traditional epic in its weaker, more human protagonist Jason and in its many discursions into local custom, aetiology, and other popular subjects of Hellenistic poetry. Apollonius also chooses the less shocking versions of some myths, having Medea, for example, merely watch the murder of Apsyrtus instead of murdering him herself. The gods are relatively distant and inactive throughout much of the epic, following the Hellenistic trend to allegorize and rationalize religion. Heterosexual loves such as Jason's are more emphasized than homosexual loves such as that of Heracles and Hylas, another trend in Hellenistic literature. Many critics regard the love of Medea and Jason in the third book as the best written and most memorable episode.
Legacy
Opinions on Apollonius' lasting contribution to Western literature, the Argonautica, have changed over time. Some critics in antiquity considered it mediocre.[7] Recent criticism has seen a renaissance of interest in the poem and an awareness of its qualities: numerous scholarly studies are published regularly, its influence on later poets like Virgil is now well recognized, and any account of the history of epic poetry now routinely includes substantial attention to Apollonius.
Notes
- ↑ Strabo 14.2.13.
- ↑ Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 7.19 full text Retrieved October 5, 2007.; Aelian On the nature of animals 15.23.
- ↑ The Suda entry on Eratosthenes says that Eratosthenes held the post from the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes until Ptolemy V, Suda 2898 s.v. Ἐρατοσθένης.
- ↑ Pal. Anth. 11.322. The translation given here is modelled on that of H.J. Rose.
- ↑ E.g. the Suda entry on Callimachus, Suda 227, s.v. Καλλίμαχος.
- ↑ Thus D.P. Nelis 1999, review of P. Green 1997, Apollonius: the Argonautica (Berkeley), in Journal of Hellenic Studies 119: 187. For a recent summary of contrasting views, see e.g. A. Cameron 1995, Callimachus and his Critics Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0691043671 ISBN 9780691043678
- ↑ Pseudo-Longinus On the sublime 33.4 full text; Quintilian Institutio oratoria 10.54 compact outline. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Hunter, Richard L. Jason and the Golden Fleece, Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283583-1
- Beye, Charles Rowan. Ancient Epic Poetry: Homer, Apollonius, Virgil, Ithaca, 1993. ISBN 0-86516-607-2
- Clare, R.J. The Path of the Argo: Language, Imagery and Narrative in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-81036-1
- Harder, M.A., & M. Cuypers (edd.) Beginning from Apollo: Studies in Apollonius Rhodius and the Argonautic Tradition, Leuven, 2005. ISBN 90-429-1629-X
- Hunter, Richard L. The Argonautica of Apollonius: Literary Studies, Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-41372-9
- Nelis, D.P. Vergil's Aeneid and the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, Leeds University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-905205-97-9
External links
- Works by Apollonius of Rhodes. Project GutenbergRetrieved October 5, 2007.
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
