Difference between revisions of "Alfred Russel Wallace" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | + | '''Alfred Russel Wallace,''' Order of Merit, Fellow of the Royal Society, (January 8, 1823–November 7, 1913) was a Welsh naturalist, explorer, [[geography|geographer]], [[anthropology|anthropologist]], and [[biology|biologist]]. He independently proposed a theory of [[natural selection]] which prompted [[Charles Darwin]] to publish his own more developed and researched theory sooner than he had intended. Wallace is sometimes called the "father of biogeography." | |
| − | |||
| − | '''Alfred Russel Wallace,''' | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| − | Wallace was born at | + | Wallace was born at Usk, Monmouthshire in Wales. He was the eighth of nine children of Thomas Vere Wallace and Mary Anne Greenell. He attended grammar school in Hertford until financial ruin forced his family to withdraw him in 1836. After a stint as an apprentice builder in London, [[England]], he began to work as a surveyor with his older brother William; between 1840 and 1843, he spent his time surveying in the west of England and [[Wales]]. In 1844, he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester, England. After the death of his brother William in 1845, Wallace left his teaching position to assume control of his brother's firm. |
| + | |||
| + | [[Image:Alfred Russel Wallace 1862 - Project Gutenberg eText 15997.png|thumbnail|right|200px|A. R. Wallace in Singapore in 1862]] | ||
| − | |||
==Exploration and study of the natural world== | ==Exploration and study of the natural world== | ||
| − | In | + | In 1848, Wallace, together with another naturalist, Henry Walter Bates (whom he had met in Leicester), left for [[Brazil]] to collect specimens in the [[Amazon]] [[Rainforest]], with the express intention of gathering facts in order to solve the riddle of the origin of [[species]]. Unfortunately, a large part of his collection was destroyed when his ship caught fire and sank while returning to Britain in 1852. |
From [[1854]] to [[1862]], he travelled through the [[Malay Archipelago]] or [[East Indies]] (now [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]), to collect specimens and study nature. His observations of the marked zoological differences across a narrow zone in the archipelago led to his hypothesis of the zoogeographical boundary now known as the [[Wallace line]]. One of his better known species descriptions during this trip is the gliding tree [[frog]] ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'', Wallace's flying frogs. His studies there were eventually published in [[1869]] as ''The Malay Archipelago''. | From [[1854]] to [[1862]], he travelled through the [[Malay Archipelago]] or [[East Indies]] (now [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]), to collect specimens and study nature. His observations of the marked zoological differences across a narrow zone in the archipelago led to his hypothesis of the zoogeographical boundary now known as the [[Wallace line]]. One of his better known species descriptions during this trip is the gliding tree [[frog]] ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'', Wallace's flying frogs. His studies there were eventually published in [[1869]] as ''The Malay Archipelago''. | ||
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: See also [[Publication of Darwin's theory]]. | : See also [[Publication of Darwin's theory]]. | ||
| − | In [[1855]], Wallace published a paper, | + | In [[1855]], Wallace published a paper, ''On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species'' based on his pioneering work at Mount Santubong, Sarawak, in which he gathers and enumerates general observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of species ([[biogeography]]), and concludes that "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species." The paper, also known as the Sarawak Law (named after the state of [[Sarawak]], located on the island of [[Borneo]]) was a foreshadowing of the momentous paper he would write three years later.<ref>''[http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/wallace/S020.htm On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species]'' by Alfred Russel Wallace (1855), from '''[http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/index1.htm The Alfred Russell Wallace Page], [http://www.wku.edu/ Western Kentucky University]. Retrieved 01 August 2006.</ref> |
| − | Wallace had once briefly met Darwin, and was one of Darwin's numerous correspondents from around the world, whose observations Darwin used to support his theories. Wallace knew that Darwin was interested in the question of how species originate, and trusted his opinion on the matter. Thus, he sent him his essay, [http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/wallace/S043.htm | + | Wallace had once briefly met Darwin, and was one of Darwin's numerous correspondents from around the world, whose observations Darwin used to support his theories. Wallace knew that Darwin was interested in the question of how species originate, and trusted his opinion on the matter. Thus, he sent him his essay, ''On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type'', and asked him to review it.<ref>''[http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/wallace/S043.htm On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type]'' by Alfred Russel Wallace (1858), from '''[http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/index1.htm The Alfred Russell Wallace Page], [http://www.wku.edu/ Western Kentucky University]. Retrieved 01 August 2006.</ref> On [[18 June]] [[1858]] Darwin received the manuscript from Wallace. While Wallace's essay did not employ Darwin's term natural selection, it did outline the mechanics of an evolutionary divergence of species from similar ones due to environmental pressures. In this sense, it was essentially the same as the theory that Darwin had worked on for twenty years, but had yet to publish. Darwin wrote in a letter to [[Charles Lyell]]: "he could not have made a better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters!" Although Wallace had not requested that his essay be published, Charles Lyell and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Joseph Hooker]] decided to present the essay, together with excerpts from a paper that Darwin had written in [[1844]], and kept confidential, to the [[Linnean Society of London]] on [[1 July]] [[1858]], highlighting Darwin's priority. |
| − | Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact, grateful that he had been included at all. Darwin's social and scientific status was at that time far greater than Wallace's, and it was unlikely that Wallace's views on evolution would have been taken as seriously. Though relegated to the position of co-discoverer, and never the social equal of Darwin or the other elite British natural scientists, Wallace was granted far greater access to tightly-regulated British scientific circles after the advocacy on his part by Darwin. When he returned to England, Wallace met Darwin and the two remained friendly afterwards. | + | Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact, grateful that he had been included at all. Darwin's social and scientific status was at that time far greater than Wallace's, and it was unlikely that Wallace's views on evolution would have been taken as seriously. However he pointed out, in a largely overlooked passage of the 1858 paper that "The action of this principle is exactly like that of the centrifugal governor". The [[cybernetics|cybernetician]] and anthropologist [[Gregory Bateson]] [http://www.oikos.org/forgod.htm observed] though seeing it only as an illustration Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that’d been said in the 19<sup>th.</sup> Century". Though relegated to the position of co-discoverer, and never the social equal of Darwin or the other elite British natural scientists, Wallace was granted far greater access to tightly-regulated British scientific circles after the advocacy on his part by Darwin. When he returned to England, Wallace met Darwin and the two remained friendly afterwards. |
==Religious views, and application of the theory to mankind== | ==Religious views, and application of the theory to mankind== | ||
| − | In a letter to a relative in [[1861]], Wallace wrote: "I think I have fairly heard and fairly weighed the evidence on both sides, and I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths... I can see much to admire in all religions... But whether there be a God and whatever be His nature; whether we have an immortal soul or not, or whatever may be our state after death, I can have no fear of having to suffer for the study of nature and the search for truth...." | + | In a letter to a relative in [[1861]], Wallace wrote: "I think I have fairly heard and fairly weighed the evidence on both sides, and I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths... I can see much to admire in all religions... But whether there be a God and whatever be His nature; whether we have an immortal soul or not, or whatever may be our state after death, I can have no fear of having to suffer for the study of nature and the search for truth...." |
In [[1864]], before Darwin had publicly addressed the subject—though others had—Wallace published a paper, ''The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection''', applying the theory to mankind. Wallace subsequently became a [[spiritualism|spiritualist]], and later maintained that natural selection cannot account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysical musings, and wit and humor; and that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: 1. The creation of life from inorganic matter. 2. The introduction of consciousness in the higher animals. 3. The generation of the above-mentioned faculties in mankind. He also believed that the raison d'être of the universe was the development of the human spirit. (See Wallace (1889)). These views greatly disturbed Darwin in his lifetime, who argued that spiritual appeals were not necessary and that [[sexual selection]] could easily explain such apparently non-adaptive phenomena. | In [[1864]], before Darwin had publicly addressed the subject—though others had—Wallace published a paper, ''The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection''', applying the theory to mankind. Wallace subsequently became a [[spiritualism|spiritualist]], and later maintained that natural selection cannot account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysical musings, and wit and humor; and that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: 1. The creation of life from inorganic matter. 2. The introduction of consciousness in the higher animals. 3. The generation of the above-mentioned faculties in mankind. He also believed that the raison d'être of the universe was the development of the human spirit. (See Wallace (1889)). These views greatly disturbed Darwin in his lifetime, who argued that spiritual appeals were not necessary and that [[sexual selection]] could easily explain such apparently non-adaptive phenomena. | ||
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[[Image:Alfred Russel Wallace - Project Gutenberg eText 14558.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Alfred Russel Wallace, and signature, from the frontispiece of ''Darwinism'' (1889)]] | [[Image:Alfred Russel Wallace - Project Gutenberg eText 14558.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Alfred Russel Wallace, and signature, from the frontispiece of ''Darwinism'' (1889)]] | ||
| − | ==Precursor of ecology | + | ==Precursor of ecology== |
| − | Wallace was the first to propose a [[biogeography|"geography"]] of animal species, and as such is considered one of the [[ecology# | + | Wallace was the first to propose a [[biogeography|"geography"]] of animal species, and as such is considered one of the [[ecology#The notion of biocenose: Darwin and Wallace|precursors of ecology]] and [[biogeography]]. |
| − | ==Awards== | + | ==Awards and memorials== |
Among the many awards presented to Wallace were the [[Order of Merit]] ([[1908]]), the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Copley Medal]] ([[1908]]), the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'s Founder's Medal ([[1892]]) and the Linnean Society's Gold Medal ([[1892]]). | Among the many awards presented to Wallace were the [[Order of Merit]] ([[1908]]), the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Copley Medal]] ([[1908]]), the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'s Founder's Medal ([[1892]]) and the Linnean Society's Gold Medal ([[1892]]). | ||
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| + | In 1928, a house at [[Richard Hale School]] was named for Wallace. Wallace attended Richard Hale as a student from 1828-1836 | ||
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| + | He died in Broadstone and was buried near there but two years later in November 1, 1915, a medallion with his name on it was placed in Westminster Abbey. | ||
He is also honored by having [[Impact crater|craters]] on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and the [[Moon]] named after him. Having sometimes been referred to as "Darwin's Moon" it is amusing that Wallace has a crater on the Moon named after himself. | He is also honored by having [[Impact crater|craters]] on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and the [[Moon]] named after him. Having sometimes been referred to as "Darwin's Moon" it is amusing that Wallace has a crater on the Moon named after himself. | ||
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| + | A center for biodiversity research in Sarawak named in his memory was proposed in 2005 [http://www.cm.sarawak.gov.my/cm/cmweb.nsf/0/47186e7957e667b64825706600087643/$FILE/St140705.pdf]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889). [http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S724CH15.htm ''Darwinism'', Chapter 15.] | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889). [http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S724CH15.htm ''Darwinism'', Chapter 15.] | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | * A. A. Tuen & I. Das (Eds) (2005). Wallace in Sarawak– 150 years later: Proceedings of an International Conference on Biogeography and Biodiversity. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. (2) + v + 228 pp. [http://www.ibec.unimas.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=64] | ||
| + | |||
==Publications== | ==Publications== | ||
| − | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (2000; originally published 1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Singapore: Periplus Press. ISBN | + | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (2000; originally published 1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Singapore: Periplus Press. ISBN 962-593-645-9. |
*Wallace, Alfred Russel (1870). ''Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection''. | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (1870). ''Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection''. | ||
*Wallace, Alfred Russel (1876). ''The Geographical Distribution of Animals''. | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (1876). ''The Geographical Distribution of Animals''. | ||
| − | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (1898). ''Vaccination A Delusion''. ''Swan Sonnenschein & Co | + | *Wallace, Alfred Russel (1898). ''Vaccination A Delusion''. ''Swan Sonnenschein & Co.'' |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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==Books about Wallace== | ==Books about Wallace== | ||
| − | *''Just Before the Origin: Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution'' by John Langdon Brooks ISBN | + | *''Just Before the Origin: Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution'' by John Langdon Brooks ISBN 1-58348-111-7 |
| − | *''The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution'' by Tim Severin ISBN | + | *''The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution'' by Tim Severin ISBN 0-7867-0721-6 |
*''My Life'' an autobiography : (1905) Alfred Russel Wallace By Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London | *''My Life'' an autobiography : (1905) Alfred Russel Wallace By Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London | ||
| − | + | *''Song of the Dodo'' by David Quammen ISBN 0-684-82712-3 | |
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[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
Revision as of 23:41, 9 November 2006
Alfred Russel Wallace, Order of Merit, Fellow of the Royal Society, (January 8, 1823–November 7, 1913) was a Welsh naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He independently proposed a theory of natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own more developed and researched theory sooner than he had intended. Wallace is sometimes called the "father of biogeography."
Early life
Wallace was born at Usk, Monmouthshire in Wales. He was the eighth of nine children of Thomas Vere Wallace and Mary Anne Greenell. He attended grammar school in Hertford until financial ruin forced his family to withdraw him in 1836. After a stint as an apprentice builder in London, England, he began to work as a surveyor with his older brother William; between 1840 and 1843, he spent his time surveying in the west of England and Wales. In 1844, he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester, England. After the death of his brother William in 1845, Wallace left his teaching position to assume control of his brother's firm.
Exploration and study of the natural world
In 1848, Wallace, together with another naturalist, Henry Walter Bates (whom he had met in Leicester), left for Brazil to collect specimens in the Amazon Rainforest, with the express intention of gathering facts in order to solve the riddle of the origin of species. Unfortunately, a large part of his collection was destroyed when his ship caught fire and sank while returning to Britain in 1852.
From 1854 to 1862, he travelled through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies (now Malaysia and Indonesia), to collect specimens and study nature. His observations of the marked zoological differences across a narrow zone in the archipelago led to his hypothesis of the zoogeographical boundary now known as the Wallace line. One of his better known species descriptions during this trip is the gliding tree frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus, Wallace's flying frogs. His studies there were eventually published in 1869 as The Malay Archipelago.
Theory of evolution
- See also Publication of Darwin's theory.
In 1855, Wallace published a paper, On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species based on his pioneering work at Mount Santubong, Sarawak, in which he gathers and enumerates general observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of species (biogeography), and concludes that "Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species." The paper, also known as the Sarawak Law (named after the state of Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo) was a foreshadowing of the momentous paper he would write three years later.[1]
Wallace had once briefly met Darwin, and was one of Darwin's numerous correspondents from around the world, whose observations Darwin used to support his theories. Wallace knew that Darwin was interested in the question of how species originate, and trusted his opinion on the matter. Thus, he sent him his essay, On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type, and asked him to review it.[2] On 18 June 1858 Darwin received the manuscript from Wallace. While Wallace's essay did not employ Darwin's term natural selection, it did outline the mechanics of an evolutionary divergence of species from similar ones due to environmental pressures. In this sense, it was essentially the same as the theory that Darwin had worked on for twenty years, but had yet to publish. Darwin wrote in a letter to Charles Lyell: "he could not have made a better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters!" Although Wallace had not requested that his essay be published, Charles Lyell and Joseph Hooker decided to present the essay, together with excerpts from a paper that Darwin had written in 1844, and kept confidential, to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858, highlighting Darwin's priority.
Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact, grateful that he had been included at all. Darwin's social and scientific status was at that time far greater than Wallace's, and it was unlikely that Wallace's views on evolution would have been taken as seriously. However he pointed out, in a largely overlooked passage of the 1858 paper that "The action of this principle is exactly like that of the centrifugal governor". The cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson observed though seeing it only as an illustration Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that’d been said in the 19th. Century". Though relegated to the position of co-discoverer, and never the social equal of Darwin or the other elite British natural scientists, Wallace was granted far greater access to tightly-regulated British scientific circles after the advocacy on his part by Darwin. When he returned to England, Wallace met Darwin and the two remained friendly afterwards.
Religious views, and application of the theory to mankind
In a letter to a relative in 1861, Wallace wrote: "I think I have fairly heard and fairly weighed the evidence on both sides, and I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths... I can see much to admire in all religions... But whether there be a God and whatever be His nature; whether we have an immortal soul or not, or whatever may be our state after death, I can have no fear of having to suffer for the study of nature and the search for truth...."
In 1864, before Darwin had publicly addressed the subject—though others had—Wallace published a paper, The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection', applying the theory to mankind. Wallace subsequently became a spiritualist, and later maintained that natural selection cannot account for mathematical, artistic, or musical genius, as well as metaphysical musings, and wit and humor; and that something in "the unseen universe of Spirit" had interceded at least three times in history: 1. The creation of life from inorganic matter. 2. The introduction of consciousness in the higher animals. 3. The generation of the above-mentioned faculties in mankind. He also believed that the raison d'être of the universe was the development of the human spirit. (See Wallace (1889)). These views greatly disturbed Darwin in his lifetime, who argued that spiritual appeals were not necessary and that sexual selection could easily explain such apparently non-adaptive phenomena.
In many accounts of the history of evolution, Wallace is relegated to a role of simply being the "stimulus" to Darwin's own theory. In reality, Wallace developed his own distinct evolutionary views which diverged from Darwin's, and was considered by many (especially Darwin) to be a chief thinker on evolution in his day whose ideas could not be ignored. He is among the most cited naturalists in Darwin's Descent of Man, often in strong disagreement.
Precursor of ecology
Wallace was the first to propose a "geography" of animal species, and as such is considered one of the precursors of ecology and biogeography.
Awards and memorials
Among the many awards presented to Wallace were the Order of Merit (1908), the Royal Society's Copley Medal (1908), the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal (1892) and the Linnean Society's Gold Medal (1892).
In 1928, a house at Richard Hale School was named for Wallace. Wallace attended Richard Hale as a student from 1828-1836
He died in Broadstone and was buried near there but two years later in November 1, 1915, a medallion with his name on it was placed in Westminster Abbey.
He is also honored by having craters on Mars and the Moon named after him. Having sometimes been referred to as "Darwin's Moon" it is amusing that Wallace has a crater on the Moon named after himself.
A center for biodiversity research in Sarawak named in his memory was proposed in 2005 [1].
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889). Darwinism, Chapter 15.
- ↑ On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species by Alfred Russel Wallace (1855), from The Alfred Russell Wallace Page, Western Kentucky University. Retrieved 01 August 2006.
- ↑ On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type by Alfred Russel Wallace (1858), from The Alfred Russell Wallace Page, Western Kentucky University. Retrieved 01 August 2006.
- A. A. Tuen & I. Das (Eds) (2005). Wallace in Sarawak– 150 years later: Proceedings of an International Conference on Biogeography and Biodiversity. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. (2) + v + 228 pp. [2]
Publications
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (2000; originally published 1869). The Malay Archipelago. Singapore: Periplus Press. ISBN 962-593-645-9.
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1870). Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection.
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1876). The Geographical Distribution of Animals.
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1898). Vaccination A Delusion. Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
External links
- The Alfred Russel Wallace Page
- Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago
- Works by Alfred Russel Wallace. Project Gutenberg
Books about Wallace
- Just Before the Origin: Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution by John Langdon Brooks ISBN 1-58348-111-7
- The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution by Tim Severin ISBN 0-7867-0721-6
- My Life an autobiography : (1905) Alfred Russel Wallace By Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London
- Song of the Dodo by David Quammen ISBN 0-684-82712-3
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