Nevsky, Alexander
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{{Infobox Saint | {{Infobox Saint | ||
|name=Alexander Nevsky | |name=Alexander Nevsky | ||
| − | |birth_date= | + | |birth_date=5 June 1221 |
| − | |death_date= | + | |death_date=14 November 1263 |
| − | |feast_day= | + | |feast_day=August 30 and November 23 |
|venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es | |venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es | ||
|image=Alexander Newski.jpg | |image=Alexander Newski.jpg | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
|beatified_place= | |beatified_place= | ||
|beatified_by= | |beatified_by= | ||
| − | |canonized_date= | + | |canonized_date=1547 |
|canonized_place= | |canonized_place= | ||
|canonized_by=the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] | |canonized_by=the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
| − | Saint '''Alexander Nevsky''' {{Audio|Ru-Alexander Nevsky.ogg|listen}} (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in [[Russian language|Russian]]; transliteration: ''Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskiy'') ( | + | Saint '''Alexander Nevsky''' {{Audio|Ru-Alexander Nevsky.ogg|listen}} (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in [[Russian language|Russian]]; transliteration: ''Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskiy'') (May 30, 1220? – November 14, 1263) was the Grand [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Vladimir]] during some of the most trying times in the country's history. Commonly regarded as the key figure of medieval [[Russia]], Alexander was the grandson of [[Vsevolod the Big Nest]] and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over the German invaders against the background of shrewd conciliatory policies towards the powerful [[Golden Horde]]. |
==Great victories== | ==Great victories== | ||
| − | Born in [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]], Alexander was the fourth son of Prince [[Yaroslav Vsevolodovich]] and seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of [[Vladimir]]. In | + | Born in [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]], Alexander was the fourth son of Prince [[Yaroslav Vsevolodovich]] and seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of [[Vladimir]]. In 1236, however, he was summoned by the Novgorodians to become [[kniaz']] (or [[prince]]) of [[Novgorod]] and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from [[Sweden|Swedish]] and [[Germany|German]] invaders. After the Swedish army had landed at the confluence of the rivers [[Izhora (river)|Izhora]] and [[Neva]], Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the [[Swedish people|Swede]]s on July 15, 1240 and defeated them. [[The Neva battle of 1240]] saved Russia from a full-scale enemy [[Swedish-Novgorodian Wars|invasion from the North]]. Because of this battle, 19-year-old Alexander was given the name of "Nevsky" (which means ''of Neva''). This victory, coming just a year after the disastrous [[Mongol invasion of Rus]]sia, strengthened Nevsky’s political influence, but at the same time it worsened his relations with the [[boyars]]. He would soon have to leave Novgorod because of this conflict. |
| − | After Pskov had been invaded by the crusading [[Livonian Knights]], the [[Novgorod]] authorities sent for Alexander. In spring of | + | After Pskov had been invaded by the crusading [[Livonian Knights]], the [[Novgorod]] authorities sent for Alexander. In spring of 1241 he returned from his exile, gathered an army, and drove out the invaders. Alexander and his men stood up against the Livonian heavy cavalry led by the [[Magister]] of the [[Military order|Order]], Hermann, brother of [[Albert of Buxhoeveden]]. Nevsky faced the enemy on the ice of the [[Lake Peipus|Lake Chudskoe]] and crushed the [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword|Livonian Knights]] during the [[Battle of the Ice|Battle on Lake Chudskoe]] on April 5, 1242. |
[[Image:Alexander Nevsky 2.jpg|thumb|120px|Monument in St. Petersburg]] | [[Image:Alexander Nevsky 2.jpg|thumb|120px|Monument in St. Petersburg]] | ||
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==Politician== | ==Politician== | ||
| − | After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia’s Northwest. He sent his envoys to [[Norway]] and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in | + | After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia’s Northwest. He sent his envoys to [[Norway]] and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in 1251. Alexander led his army to [[Finland]] and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block the [[Baltic Sea]] from the Russians in 1256.[http://books.google.com/books?id=piIJAAAAIAAJ&q=1256+narova&dq=1256+narova&pgis=1] |
Nevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted [[politician]]. He dismissed the [[Papal]] [[Curia (Roman Catholic Church)|curia]]’s attempts to cause war between Russia and the [[Golden Horde]], because he understood the uselessness of such war with [[Tatar]]s at that time since they were still a powerful force. Historians seem to be unsure about Alexander’s behavior when it came to his relations with [[Mongols]]. He may have understood that [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the [[Khan]], who had little interest in Russian religion and culture. It could also be argued that he intentionally kept Russia as a [[vassal]] to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and count on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). Nevsky tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-[[feudal]] uprisings in the country ([[Novgorod uprising of 1259]]). [[Image:Alexander Nevsky Pereslavl.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Statue in [[Pereslavl]], just in front of the cathedral in which Alexander was baptised]] | Nevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted [[politician]]. He dismissed the [[Papal]] [[Curia (Roman Catholic Church)|curia]]’s attempts to cause war between Russia and the [[Golden Horde]], because he understood the uselessness of such war with [[Tatar]]s at that time since they were still a powerful force. Historians seem to be unsure about Alexander’s behavior when it came to his relations with [[Mongols]]. He may have understood that [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the [[Khan]], who had little interest in Russian religion and culture. It could also be argued that he intentionally kept Russia as a [[vassal]] to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and count on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). Nevsky tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-[[feudal]] uprisings in the country ([[Novgorod uprising of 1259]]). [[Image:Alexander Nevsky Pereslavl.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Statue in [[Pereslavl]], just in front of the cathedral in which Alexander was baptised]] | ||
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==Alexander's legacy== | ==Alexander's legacy== | ||
| − | Thanks to his friendship with [[Sartaq Khan]], Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of [[Vladimir]] (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) in | + | Thanks to his friendship with [[Sartaq Khan]], Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of [[Vladimir]] (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) in 1252. A decade later, Alexander died in a town of [[Gorodets]]-on-the-[[Volga]] on his way back from [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]], the capital of the [[Golden Horde]]. He was buried in Vladimir and [[canonize]]d by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1547. His [[feast day]] is November 23. Some of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, [[Daumantas of Pskov]], who was also beatified in the 16th century. |
| − | In the late 13th century, a [[chronicle]] was compiled called ''[[Alexander Nevsky’s Life]]'' (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. By order of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], Nevsky’s remains were transported to the [[Alexander Nevsky Monastery]] in [[St. Petersburg]] where they remain to this day. On | + | In the late 13th century, a [[chronicle]] was compiled called ''[[Alexander Nevsky’s Life]]'' (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. By order of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], Nevsky’s remains were transported to the [[Alexander Nevsky Monastery]] in [[St. Petersburg]] where they remain to this day. On May 21, 1725, the empress [[Catherine I of Russia|Catherine I]] introduced the [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]] as one of the highest military [[decoration]]s. During the [[Great Patriotic War]] (July 29, 1942) the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Order of Alexander Nevsky was introduced to revive the memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans. |
[[Image:Ussr0454.jpg|thumb|left|Eisenstein's envisioning of Alexander Nevsky forms the background of this [[World War II posters from Soviet Union|Soviet poster from World War II]].]] | [[Image:Ussr0454.jpg|thumb|left|Eisenstein's envisioning of Alexander Nevsky forms the background of this [[World War II posters from Soviet Union|Soviet poster from World War II]].]] | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
| − | * [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] | + | * [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]—an incomplete listing of Eastern Orthodox cathedrals which bear his name. |
* [[Famous military commanders]] | * [[Famous military commanders]] | ||
Revision as of 15:56, 13 December 2007
| Alexander Nevsky | |
|---|---|
 An icon of Alexander Nevsky | |
| Born | 5 June 1221 in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Russia |
| Died | 14 November 1263 in Gorodets, Russia |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Churches |
| Canonized | 1547
by the Russian Orthodox Church |
| Feast | August 30 and November 23 |
Saint Alexander Nevsky listen ▶ (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in Russian; transliteration: Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskiy) (May 30, 1220? – November 14, 1263) was the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir during some of the most trying times in the country's history. Commonly regarded as the key figure of medieval Russia, Alexander was the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over the German invaders against the background of shrewd conciliatory policies towards the powerful Golden Horde.
Great victories
Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander was the fourth son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of Vladimir. In 1236, however, he was summoned by the Novgorodians to become kniaz' (or prince) of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders. After the Swedish army had landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva, Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on July 15, 1240 and defeated them. The Neva battle of 1240 saved Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North. Because of this battle, 19-year-old Alexander was given the name of "Nevsky" (which means of Neva). This victory, coming just a year after the disastrous Mongol invasion of Russia, strengthened Nevsky’s political influence, but at the same time it worsened his relations with the boyars. He would soon have to leave Novgorod because of this conflict.
After Pskov had been invaded by the crusading Livonian Knights, the Novgorod authorities sent for Alexander. In spring of 1241 he returned from his exile, gathered an army, and drove out the invaders. Alexander and his men stood up against the Livonian heavy cavalry led by the Magister of the Order, Hermann, brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden. Nevsky faced the enemy on the ice of the Lake Chudskoe and crushed the Livonian Knights during the Battle on Lake Chudskoe on April 5, 1242.
Alexander’s victory was a significant event in the history of the Middle Ages. Russian foot soldiers had surrounded and defeated an army of knights, mounted on horseback and clad in thick armor, long before Western Europeans learned how foot soldiers could prevail over mounted knights. Nevsky's great victory against the Livonian Brothers apparently involved only a few knights killed rather than hundreds claimed by the Russian chroniclers; decisive medieval and early modern battles were won and lost with forces small to modern eyes. The cultural value of the victory greatly outshone its strategic value, at the time and since.
Politician
After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia’s Northwest. He sent his envoys to Norway and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in 1251. Alexander led his army to Finland and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block the Baltic Sea from the Russians in 1256.[1]
Nevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted politician. He dismissed the Papal curia’s attempts to cause war between Russia and the Golden Horde, because he understood the uselessness of such war with Tatars at that time since they were still a powerful force. Historians seem to be unsure about Alexander’s behavior when it came to his relations with Mongols. He may have understood that Catholicism presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the Khan, who had little interest in Russian religion and culture. It could also be argued that he intentionally kept Russia as a vassal to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and count on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). Nevsky tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-feudal uprisings in the country (Novgorod uprising of 1259).
According to the most plausible version, Alexander’s intentions were to prevent scattered principalities of what would become Russia from invasions of the Mongol army. He is known to have gone to the Horde himself and achieved success in exempting Russians from fighting beside the Tatar army in its wars with other peoples.
There is also a version presented by recent historians that advocates the view that Mongols or Tatars were not ethnic Asians, but not Christianized Russian tribes. The claim is based on the fact that Mongolians per se are not mentioned in Russian historic documents. This version of history supposes that Moscow principality, one of the most powerful ones at the time, either made up or hugely dramatized the threat to what would become Russian state, and claiming authority over other principalities as one that united all and supposedly freed scattered principalities from oppression.
Alexander's legacy
Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq Khan, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) in 1252. A decade later, Alexander died in a town of Gorodets-on-the-Volga on his way back from Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. He was buried in Vladimir and canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547. His feast day is November 23. Some of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov, who was also beatified in the 16th century.
In the late 13th century, a chronicle was compiled called Alexander Nevsky’s Life (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. By order of Peter the Great, Nevsky’s remains were transported to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg where they remain to this day. On May 21, 1725, the empress Catherine I introduced the Order of Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest military decorations. During the Great Patriotic War (July 29, 1942) the Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky was introduced to revive the memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans.
In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky, on Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. Music for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev, who also reworked the score into a concert cantata. At Stalin's insistence, the film was rushed into theaters and the resulting soundtrack was notably disappointing, while the visual images were quite impressive, especially in the spectacular battle on the ice. Alexander's phrase from the movie, "Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sword will perish," (a paraphrasing of the biblical phrase "He who lives by the sword, dies by the sword") has become a slogan of Russian patriots. There is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the nineteenth century screw frigate Alexander Neuski and a nuclear submarine currently being built for the Russian Navy.
See also
- Alexander Nevsky Cathedral—an incomplete listing of Eastern Orthodox cathedrals which bear his name.
- Famous military commanders
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Isoaho, Mari. 2006. The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint (The Northern World; 21). Leiden, NL: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-15101-X.
| Preceded by: Andrew II |
Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir | Succeeded by: Yaroslav III |
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