Ahmadu Bello

Ahmadu Bello
Premier of Northern Nigeria
In office 1954 – 1966
Succeeded by	Hassan Katsina
Born	June 12, 1910 Rabbah, Sokoto State.
Died	January 14, 1966
Political party	Northern People's Congress
Religion	Muslim

Al-Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello (1910 - 1966) was a Nigerian politician, and was the first premier of the Northern Nigeria region from 1954-1966. He was one of the prominent leaders in Northern Nigeria alongside Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, both of whom where prominent in negotiations about the region's place in an independent Nigeria. The Northern People's Congress, which he led, was able to win the pre-independence 1959 parliamentary elections. He worked hard to unify the peoples of Northern Nigeria. He is considered to be a founding father of the modern Nigerian nation state, which was formed October 1, 1960. Despite his popularity and political support, Bello chose to remain in the North instead of accepting the post of national Prime Minister, which would have required living in the South. He was a strong advocate of a federal system, which he believed was best suited to Nigeria's needs. He combined traditional leadership qualities with knowledge of Western governance. He was assassinated on January 15, 1966. He was created a Knight of the British Empire (KBE) by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1959 and received a number of honorary doctorates from various Universities.

Early Life

He was born on June 12, 1910, in Rabbah, Sokoto State. The son of a district head and heir to the Sokoto Emirate. His great-grandfather was Sultan Bello, son of the revered Usman Dan Fodio who founded the Fulani Empire, which was the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. . Ahmadu Bello received his education first at the feet of Muslim masters, studying the Quran, the hadith and Shariah then at Sokoto Middle School, the only modern school at the time in the Sokoto province (1917-1926). He then proceeded to the Katsina Teacher's Training College. After spending five years at Katsina, he was appointed by the Sultan as a teacher in his own former school in Sokoto. In 1934, he was made the district head of Rabbah within the Sultan's administration. Four years later, he was promoted and sent to Gusau to become a divisional head. In 1938, he made an unsuccessful bid to become the new Sultan of Sokoto. The successful sultan immediately conferred on him the traditional, now honorary, title of "Sarduna" and elevated him to the Sokoto Native Authority Council. He first became politically active in 1945, when he helped to form a Youth Social Circle, which later (1948) affiliated with the NPC (Northern Peoples Congress) of which he became President-General in 1954. In 1948, he was offered a scholarship to study local government administration in England. Ahmadu Bello took the scholarship sensing he needed to develop his knowledge about the process of governance.

Nigerian politics

Map of Nigeria

After returning from England, he was nominated to represent the province of Sokoto in the regional House of Assembly, and elected. As a member of the assembly, he was a notable voice for northern interest and embraced a style of consultation and consensus with the major representatives of the northern emirates: Kano, Bornu and Sokoto. As the movement for independence from the British Empire gathered momentum, Bello emerged as a strong advocate of federalism as the system of government that in his view was most suitable for Nigeria. This was especially attractive to Northern Nigerians, who had a history of sharing power. Nigeria has some 300 clan groups. He may also have wanted to protect the North from what he perceived as the possibility of Southern domination. He also served on the national constitutional drafting commission as a representative of the North. .

In the first elections held in Northern Nigeria in 1952, Ahmadu Bello won a seat in the Northern House of Assembly, and became a member of the regional executive council as minister of works. Bello was successively minister of Works, of Local Government, and of Community Development in the Northern Region of Nigeria. In 1953 and in 1957 he led the Northern delegation during independence talks in London.

Premier of the North

In 1954, Bello became the first Premier of Northern Nigeria. In the 1959 independence elections, he led the NPC to win a plurality of the parliamentary seats. Bello's NPC forged an alliance with Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe's NCNC (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from Britain. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the Nigeria, Bello as president of the NPC, chose - although arguably one of the most influential politicians in Nigereia - to remain Premier of Northern Nigeria and devolved the position of Prime Minister of the Federation to the deputy president of the NPC, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He apparently did not want to live in Lagos and preferred the political climate of the North from that of the South. His disinclination to head the national government also suggests that he was not interested in power for the sake of power but in serving the people whose votes had elected him to office.

Political Achievements

Bello's many political accomplishments include establishing the Northern Regional Development Corporation (NRDC)(subsequently the later the Northern Nigeria Development Corporation (NNDC), the Bank of the North, the Broadcasting Company of Northern Nigeria (BCNN) and the Nigeria Citizen Newspapers. The North was less developed economically than the South and Bello argued that it was necessary for the North to catch up with the South for the sake of national unity. He traveled constantly across the North, meeting people and listening to their concerns.

Ahmadu Bello University Senate building. Founded by Ahmadu Bello in 1962. He served as its first Chancellor.

Religious Practice

Ahmadu Bello was a practicing Muslim. He married five times. In 1955, he performed the Hajj, becoming Alhaji Ahmadu Bello. From then until his death he visited Mecca annually to perform the Umrah. He walked every day to his local Mosque for prayer. He chose "work and worship" as the slogan for Northern Nigeria. Bello established a reputation for religious toleration. On Christmas Day 1959 he stated, in a broadcast:

“Here in the Northern Nigeria we have People of Many different races, tribes and religious who are knit together to common history, common interest and common ideas, the things that unite us are stronger than the things that divide us. I always remind people of our firmly rooted policy of religious tolerance. We have no intention of favoring one religion at the expense of another. Subject to the overriding need to preserve law and order, it is our determination that everyone should have absolute liberty to practice his belief according to the dictates of his conscience…”

Speaking about the vision of Ahmad Bello University, he stated:

"The cardinal principle upon which our University is founded is to impart knowledge and learning to men and women of all races without any distinction on the grounds of race, religious, or political beliefs".

Family

Ahmadu Bello's first wife was Goggon Kurya Hafsatu bint Abdulkadir Maccido, daughter of the Waziri of Sokoto (they married in 1932). His second wife (married 1934, divorced 1938)) was Kande. His third was Amiru Fadima (married 1934, divorced 1938). His fourth wife (married 1940) was Goggon Kano Amina bint Abubakar, daughter of the District Head of Bici. His fifth wife was Jabbo bint Aliyu, daughter of the Sarkin Yaki of Gwandu (married 1949). In 1952, he married Jabbo bint Aliyu, daughter of the Sarkin Yaki of Gwandu.

His children were:

• Muhammad Tambari ibn Ahmadu Bello (son), died c1938 aged 2.

• Inno bint Ahmadu Bello (daughter), born 1942.

• Aisha bint Ahmadu Bello (daughter), born 1945, married 1956 Ahmad ibn Magajingari Usman, Marafa of Sokoto, born 1923, died 1983.

• Lubabatu bint Ahmadu Bello (daughter) born June 1966.

Legacy

Bello's greatest legacy was the modernization and unification of the diverse people of Northern Nigeria. He was assassinated during a 15 January, 1966 military coup which toppled Nigeria's post-independence government. He was still serving as premier of Northern Nigeria at the time. In addition to his KBE, he was awarded several honorary doctorates, including the Doctor of Law from UNN (University of Nigeria Nsukka) in December 1961. He was honored by the country from which he had helped to negotiate independence, receiving his knighthood just before the end of colonial rule.

He founded the Ahmadu Bello University (1962) in Zaria, the second largest University in Africa, which is named after him. He was the University's first Chancellor. Nigeria's 200 naira carries his portrait. There is a 1995 biography about his 1st wife, Hafsatu Ahmadu Bello who was slain alongside him. His assassination, for which members of the Igbo tribe were responsible, was one of the factors that led to the subsequent Civil War (1967-1970) when the Southern province of Biafra attempted to secede. He wanted both national and Pan-African unity. He did not waste time blaming the ills of his time on colonialism but set out to develop his region and to adapt from the West what suited Nigeria, while retaining those cultural practices and values that were cherished and integral to Nigerian identity. His enthusiasm for federalism suggests that he thought power best shared across regions and clans, rather than concentrated in the hands of an elite resulting in jealousy and competition.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bello, Ahmadu. 1962. My Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Zaria, Nigera: Gaskiya Corp, 1966 ISBN 9789781940484
• Adamu, Ladi S. 1995. Hafsatu Ahmadu Bello: the unsung heroine. Kaduna, Nigeria: Adams Books ISBN 9789783197725
• Olaniyan, Richard. 1985. Nigerian history and culture. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman ISBN 9780582644328
• Paden, John N. 1986. Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: values and leadership in Nigeria, London: Hodder and Stoughton; Portsmouth, N.H.: Distributed in the U.S.A. by Heinemann Educational Books ISBN 9780340389683

External Links

• 200 Naira note. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
• Biography at answers.com Retrieved April 20, 2008
• Bello University Retrieved April 20, 2008

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