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| − | [[Category:Communication]] | + | [[Category:Media Organizations]] |
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| | + | {{epname|Guardian, The}} |
| | + | '''''The Guardian''''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[newspaper]] owned by the Guardian Media Group. It is published Monday to Saturday in the Berliner format, and is the only British national newspaper to publish in full color. ''The Guardian'' generally takes a liberal to left-wing position, and is known for its non-conformist opinions and support of innovative, non-traditional approaches. Together with ''[[The Times (London)|The Times]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' it is considered one of the "big three" British quality newspapers. Until 1959 it was called '''''The Manchester Guardian''''', reflecting its provincial origins. The paper is still occasionally referred to by this name, especially in [[North America]] (to distinguish it from other newspapers with similar names), although it has been based in [[London]] since 1964 (with printing facilities in both Manchester and London). ''The Guardian'' seems to have solidified its place as one of the premier papers in [[England]] for the future, and is representative of the strength of British media around the world. If it is able to live up to its founding vision, implementing it with high presentation standards, the newspaper offers substantial support to the improvement of society. |
| | + | {{toc}} |
| | + | ==History== |
| | + | [[Image:GuardianNewsroom.jpg|thumb|250 px|right|''The Guardian'''s Newsroom visitor center and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name ''The Manchester Guardian'']] |
| | + | ''The Manchester Guardian'' was founded in Manchester, [[England]] in 1821 by a group of non-conformist [[business]]men headed by John Edward Taylor. The prospectus which announced publication of the new [[newspaper]] proclaimed that "it will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty … it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will Endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy; and to support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures."<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm Founding of the Manchester Guardian.] Retrieved January 17, 2007.</ref> |
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| − | {{otheruses3|Guardian}}
| + | Its most famous editor, [[Charles Prestwich Scott|C. P. Scott]], made ''The Manchester Guardian'' into a nationally famous newspaper. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the [[Second Boer War]] against popular opinion. Scott's friendship with [[Chaim Weizmann]] played a role in the [[Balfour Declaration|Balfour Declaration]], and in 1948 the ''Guardian'' was a supporter of the State of [[Israel]]. The story of the relationship between ''The Guardian'' and the [[zionism|zionist]] movement and Israel is told in Daphna Baram's book ''Disenchantment: The Guardian and Israel''.<ref>Baram, Daphna. 2003. ''Disenchantment: The "Guardian" and Israel''. Politico. ISBN 1842751190</ref> |
| − | {{Infobox Newspaper |
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| − | name = |
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| − | image = |
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| − | type = Daily [[newspaper]] |
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| − | format = [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] |
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| − | foundation = 1821 |
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| − | owners = [[Guardian Media Group]] |
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| − | political = [[Centre Left]] |
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| − | price = GBP 0.70 Monday-Friday <BR> & GBP 1.30 Saturday |
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| − | headquarters = 119 [[Farringdon Road]], [[London]] |
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| − | editor = [[Alan Rusbridger]] |
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| − | website = [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ www.guardian.co.uk] |
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| − | }}
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| − | '''''The Guardian''''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[newspaper]] owned by the [[Guardian Media Group]]. It is published Monday to Saturday in the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format. Until 1959 it was called '''''The Manchester Guardian''''', reflecting its provincial origins; the paper is still occasionally referred to by this name, especially in [[North America]] (to distinguish it from [[Guardian|other newspapers with similar names]]), although it has been based in [[London]] since 1964 (with printing facilities in both [[Manchester]] and [[London]]).
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| − | ==Stance==
| + | In June 1936, ownership of the paper was transferred to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the trust). This move ensured the paper's independence, and it was then noted for its eccentric style, its moralizing, and its detached attitude to its finances. |
| − | [[Editorial]] articles in ''The Guardian'' are generally in sympathy with the liberal to left-wing ends of the political spectrum. This is reflected in the paper's readership: a MORI Poll taken between April-June 2000 showed that 80% of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour Party voters, (cited in ''[[International Socialism (journal)|International Socialism]]'' Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5); according to another [[MORI]] poll taken in 2004, 44% of ''Guardian'' readers vote [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and 37% vote [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]]<ref>MORI, 2005-03-09. "[http://www.mori.com/polls/2004/voting-by-readership.shtml Voting Intention by Newspaper Readership]"</ref>.
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| | ==Format== | | ==Format== |
| − | Today ''The Guardian'' is the only British national newspaper to publish in full colour (although the edition for [[Northern Ireland]] still has much black-and-white content <ref>"[http://www.villagemagazine.ie/article.asp?sid=1&sud=36&aid=1077 More black and white than colour for Ireland]" ''Village'' , 12 January 2006</ref>); it was also the first newspaper in the UK to be printed on the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] size. In November 2005 ''The Guardian'' had a certified average [[newspaper circulation|daily circulation]] of 378,618 copies (November 2005), as compared to sales of 904,955 for the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 692,581 for ''[[The Times]]'', and 261,193 for ''[[The Independent]]''<ref>Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd</ref>. The paper is sometimes known as "''The Grauniad''" (coined by ''[[Private Eye]]''), as a result of frequent typesetting errors for which it became infamous in the era before computer typesetting (the joke is that it misspelled its own name in the masthead, though this never actually happened).
| + | The first edition was published on May 5, 1821, at which time ''The Manchester Guardian'' was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing seven pennies; [[tax]]es on newspapers made it uneconomical to publish more frequently.<ref>Spartacus Educational. [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm ''Manchester Guardian''.] Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> When the tax was reduced in 1836 ''The Guardian'' added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper. |
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| − | ==Awards==
| + | In 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the [[advertising]] that had hitherto filled that space. The editor, A.P. Wadsworth, wrote, "it is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion." |
| − | It has been awarded the ''National Newspaper of the Year'' in 1999 and 2006 by the [[British Press Awards]], as well as being co-winner of the ''World's Best-designed Newspaper'' as awarded by the Society for News Design (2006). The ''[[Guardian Unlimited]]'' website won the Best Newspaper category two years running in the 2005 and 2006 [[Webby Awards]], beating (in 2005) the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''[[Washington Post]]'', the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''<ref>The Webby Awards, 2005. "[http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php#webby_entry_newspaper 9th Annual Webby Awards nominations and winners]."</ref>. It has been the winner for six years in a row of the [[British Newspaper Awards]] for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm | title=The 2006 Newspaper Awards | accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> The site won an [[Eppy]] award from the US-based magazine ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service <ref>Eppy Awards, 2000. "[http://royal.reliaserve.com/eppy/winners2000.html Winners]."</ref>. The website is well-known and recognised for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary.
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| − | ==Ownership==
| + | [[Image:GuardianHQLondon1.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|''The Guardian'''s offices in London]] |
| − | ''The Guardian'' is part of the [[Guardian Media Group]] of newspapers, radio stations, and new media including ''[[The Observer]]'' Sunday newspaper, the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', and ''[[Guardian Unlimited]]'', one of the most popular online news resources on the Internet{{fact}}. All the aforementioned are owned by [[Scott Trust|The Scott Trust]], a charitable foundation which aims to ensure the newspaper's editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it does not become vulnerable to take over by for-profit media groups, and the serious compromise of editorial independence that this often brings. | + | In 1959 the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply ''The Guardian'', and in 1964 it moved to [[London]], losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidized by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable ''Manchester Evening News''. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with ''[[The Times]]''. The paper consolidated its left-wing stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalized by the launch of ''The Independent'' in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation. |
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| − | The Guardian has been consistently loss-making. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes ''The Observer'', reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005.<ref>Guardian Media Group plc 2006. "[http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/gmgplc/media/news/article/article110.html Guardian Media Group 2005/6 results]."</ref> The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group, including ''Auto Trader'' and the ''Manchester Evening News''.
| + | In 1988, ''The Guardian'' had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers ink, it also changed its masthead to its soon-familiar (but no-longer used as of 2005) juxtaposition of an italic "''The''" with a bold "'''Guardian'''." |
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| − | The Guardian's ownership by the Scott Trust is likely a factor in it being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental [[audit]] in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.<ref>Guardian Newspapers Ltd & Scott Trust, 2005. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit Social, ethical and environmental audit, 2005]."</ref> | + | In 1992, it relaunched its features section as ''G2'', a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and ''The Guardian'''s move to the Berliner format. In 1993, the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet "price war" started by [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s ''The Times''. In June 1993, ''The Guardian'' bought ''The Observer'', thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views. |
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| − | The ''Guardian'' and its parent groups participate in [[Project Syndicate]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/ | title=Project Syndicate | accessdate=2006-04-04}}</ref> established by [[George Soros]], and intervened in 1995 to save the ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' in [[South Africa]], but Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares in the ''Mail & Guardian'' in 2002. | + | Its international weekly edition is entitled ''The Guardian Weekly'', though it retained the title ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-center inclination, including ''[[Le Monde]]''. |
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| − | ==History==
| + | In 2004, ''The Guardian'' introduced an online digital version of its print edition, allowing readers to download pages from the last 14 issues. |
| − | ===Political alignment and controversies===
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| − | [[Image:GuardianNewsroom.jpg|thumb|right|''The Guardian'''s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name ''The Manchester Guardian'']]
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| − | The ''Manchester Guardian'' was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of [[non-conformist]] businessmen headed by [[John E. Taylor|John Edward Taylor]]. The prospectus which announced the new publication proclaimed that "it will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty … it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy; and to support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures."
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| | | | |
| − | Its most famous editor, [[Charles Prestwich Scott|C. P. Scott]], made the ''Manchester Guardian'' into a nationally famous newspaper. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the [[Second Boer War]] against popular opinion.
| + | In September 2005, ''The Guardian'' moved to the Berliner paper format and changed the design of its masthead. |
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| − | Scott's friendship with [[Chaim Weizmann]] played a role in the [[Balfour Declaration, 1917|Balfour Declaration]], and in 1948 the ''Guardian'' was a supporter of the State of [[Israel]]. The story of the relationship between the ''Guardian'' and the [[zionist]] movement and Israel is told in Daphna Baram's book "Disenchantment: The ''Guardian'' and Israel".<ref>{{cite book | title=Disenchantment: The ''Guardian'' and Israel | author=Daphna Baram | authorlink=Daphna Baram | publisher=Politico | year=2003 | id=ISBN 1-84275-119-0}}</ref>
| + | ''The Guardian'' is the only British national newspaper to publish in full color (although the edition for [[Northern Ireland]] still has much black-and-white content).<ref>[http://www.villagemagazine.ie/article.asp?sid=1&sud=36&aid=1077 "More black and white than colour for Ireland."] ''Village''. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> It was also the first newspaper in the UK to be printed in the Berliner size. In November 2005, ''The Guardian'' had a certified average daily circulation of 378,618 copies, as compared to sales of 904,955 for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 692,581 for ''[[The Times]]'', and 261,193 for ''The Independent''.<ref>Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd.</ref> |
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| − | In June 1936 ownership of the paper was transferred to the [[Scott Trust]] (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence, and it was then noted for its eccentric style, its moralising and its detached attitude to its finances.
| + | ==Stance== |
| − | | + | Editorial articles in ''The Guardian'' are generally in sympathy with the liberal to left-wing positions in the political spectrum. This is reflected in the paper's readership: a poll taken between April-June 2000 showed that 80 percent of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour Party voters.<ref>2003. ''International Socialism''. ISBN 1898876975</ref> According to another poll taken in 2004, 44 percent of ''Guardian'' readers vote Labour and 37 percent vote Liberal Democrat.<ref>MORI. 2005. [http://www.mori.com/polls/2004/voting-by-readership.shtml "Voting Intention"] in ''Newspaper Readership''. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> |
| − | Traditionally affiliated with the centrist [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], and with a northern circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the [[Spanish Civil War]], when along with the Liberal ''[[News Chronicle]]'', the Labour ''[[Daily Herald]]'', the Communist ''[[Daily Worker]]'' and several Sunday and weekly papers it supported the republicans against the insurgent [[nationalists]] led by General [[Francisco Franco]].
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| − | In 1995, both the [[Granada Television]] programme ''[[World In Action]]'' and ''The Guardian'' were sued for [[libel]] by the then cabinet minister [[Jonathan Aitken]], for their allegation that the [[Saudi]] Prince [[Mohammed bin Fahd]] had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] in [[Paris]], which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play".<ref>Jonathan Aitken, 1995. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/aitken/Story/0,2763,208516,00.html The simple sword of truth]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> The court case proceeded, and in 1997 ''The Guardian'' produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.<ref>Luke Harding and David Pallister, 1997 "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/aitken/Story/0,2763,208503,00.html He lied and lied and lied]" ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 1999, Aitken was jailed for [[perjury]] and [[perverting the course of justice]].<ref>BBC News, 1999. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/258070.stm Aitken pleads guilty to perjury]."</ref>
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| − | During the [[United States war in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] wars ''The Guardian'' attracted a significant proportion of anti-war readers as one of the mass-media media outlets most critical of UK and USA military initiatives.
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| − | The Guardian is currently highly critical of Israeli defence policy. In December 2003 journalist [[Julie Burchill]] left the paper for ''[[The Times]]'', citing this as one of the reasons for her move.<ref>Julie Burchill, 29 November 2003. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1094420,00.html Good bad and ugly]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>
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| − | In a recent controversy, the paper has been accused by [[Alan Dershowitz]] writing in the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' of bias and failure to print corrections of mis-statements of fact in their articles and editorials.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1136739501.html?dids=1136739501:1136739501&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+2006&author=ALAN+DERSHOWITZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=16&desc=%27The+Guardian%27+at+the+crossroads | title='The Guardian' at the crossroads | publisher=Jerusalem Post | date=September 27, 2006}}</ref>
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| − | In August 2004, for the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|US presidential election]], the daily G2 supplement, edited by [[Ian Katz]], launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in [[Clark County, Ohio|Clark County]], [[Ohio]], a small county in a [[swing state]]. Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked people to write to those on the list undecided in the election. It was left to readers to decide in what way they should seek to influence these voters' preferences, but it was acknowledged that most Guardian readers would probably back [[John Kerry]] over [[George W. Bush|George Bush]].<ref>The Guardian, 13 October 2004, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1326033,00.html My fellow non-Americans...]</ref> There was something of a [[backlash]] to this campaign, and on [[21 October]], [[2004]], the paper retired it. Clark County, which was narrowly won by [[Al Gore]] in 2000, swung to [[George W. Bush]] in 2004.<ref>Slate, 4 November 2004."[http://www.slate.com/id/2109217/ "Dear Limey Assholes ..."]."</ref>
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| − | In October 2004 ''The Guardian'' published a humour column by [[Charlie Brooker]] in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of US President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>CNS News, 25 October 2004."[http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200410%5CPOL20041025a.html Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column]."</ref> This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.<ref>Charlie Brooker, 24 October 2004."[http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/tvradio/story/0,14676,1335307,00.html Screen Burn, The Guide]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>
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| − | Following the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], ''The Guardian'' published an article on its comment pages by [[Dilpazier Aslam]], a 27-year-old British [[Muslim]] journalism trainee from [[Yorkshire]].<ref>Dilpazier Aslam, 2005-07-13. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1527323,00.html We rock the boat]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> Aslam was a member of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], an [[Islamist]] group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.<ref>Media Guardian, 2005-07-22. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1534494,00.html Background: the Guardian and Dilpazier Aslam]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> The [[Home Office]] has claimed the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an [[Islamic]] state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". ''The Guardian'' asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group, and – when he did not do so – terminated his employment.<ref>Steve Busfield, 2005-07-22. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/presspublishing/story/0,,1534480,00.html Dilpazier Aslam leaves Guardian]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>
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| − | ===Format and distribution===
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| − | The first edition was published on [[May 5]], [[1821]],<ref>Schoolnet n.d. "[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm Manchester Guardian]."</ref> at which time the ''Guardian'' was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7[[penny|d]].; the [[stamp duty]] on newspapers (4[[penny|d]]. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836 the ''Guardian'' added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2 d.
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| − | In 1952 the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. The editor [[Alfred Powell Wadsworth|A.P. Wadsworth]] wrote, "it is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion".
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| − | [[Image:GuardianHQLondon0.jpg|thumb|left|''The Guardian'''s offices in London]]
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| − | In 1959 the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply ''The Guardian'', and in 1964 it moved to [[London]], losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable ''[[Manchester Evening News]]''. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with ''The Times''. The paper consolidated its [[left-wing]] stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of ''[[The Independent]]'' in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.
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| − | In 1988 ''The Guardian'' had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers ink, it also changed its masthead to its soon-familiar (but no-longer used as of 2005) juxtaposition of an [[Italic type|italic]] [[Garamond]] "''The''", with a bold [[Helvetica]] "Guardian".
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| − | In 1992 it relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and ''The Guardian'''s move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet 'price war' started by [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s ''The Times''. In June 1993, ''The Guardian'' bought ''[[The Observer]]'' from [[Lonrho]], thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views.
| + | Traditionally affiliated with the centrist Liberal Party, and with a northern circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the [[Spanish Civil War]], when along with the Liberal ''News Chronicle'', the Labour ''Daily Herald'', the Communist ''Daily Worker'', and several Sunday and weekly papers it supported the republicans against the insurgent nationalists led by General [[Francisco Franco of Spain|Francisco Franco]]. |
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| − | [[Image:GuardianHQLondon1.jpg|thumb|right|''The Guardian'''s offices in London]] | + | During the war in [[Afghanistan]] and 2003 invasion of [[Iraq]], ''The Guardian'' attracted a significant proportion of anti-war readers as one of the [[mass media]] outlets most critical of UK and USA military initiatives. |
| − | Its international weekly edition is now titled ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]'', though it retained the title ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including ''[[Le Monde]]''.
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| − | In 2004, ''The Guardian'' introduced an online digital version of its print edition, allowing readers to download pages from the last 14 issues as [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] files. | + | In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily ''G2'' supplement, edited by Ian Katz, launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, a small county in a swing state. Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked people to write to those on the list undecided in the election. It was left to readers to decide in what way they should seek to influence these voters' preferences, but it was acknowledged that most ''Guardian'' readers would probably back John Kerry over [[George W. Bush|George Bush]].<ref>2004. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1326033,00.html "My fellow non-Americans..."] in ''The Guardian''. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> There was something of a backlash to this campaign, and on October 21, 2004, the paper retired it. |
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| − | In September 2005 ''The Guardian'' moved to the Berliner paper format and changed the design of its masthead. | + | In October 2004, ''The Guardian'' published a [[humor]] column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of US President George W. Bush.<ref>Goodenough, Patrick. 2004. [http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200410%5CPOL20041025a.html "Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column."] ''CyberCast News Service''. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.<ref>Brooker, Charlie. 2004. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/tvradio/story/0,14676,1335307,00.html "Screen Burn, The Guide"] in ''The Guardian''. Retrieved January 17, 2007.</ref> |
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| − | ==Moving to the Berliner paper format==
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| − | [[Image:GuardianLastBroadsheet20050910.jpg|thumb|right|The last [[broadsheet]] edition of ''The Guardian'', along with a preview of the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format and its competitor ''[[The Independent]]'', all from [[2005-09-10]]. A sheet of [[A4 paper]] is shown for scale.]]
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| − | In 2004, ''The Guardian'' announced plans to change to a "[[Berliner (format)|Berliner]]" or "[[midi (newspaper)|midi]]" format similar to that used by ''[[Le Monde]]'' in France and some other [[Europe]]an papers; at 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional [[tabloid]]. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change was either a response to, or has the same cause as, the moves by ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Independent]]'' to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday [[1 September]] [[2005]] ''The Guardian'' announced that it would launch the new format on Monday [[12 September]] [[2005]].<ref>Claire Cozens, 2005-09-01. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1560525,00.html New-look Guardian launches on September 12]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> Sister Sunday newspaper ''The Observer'' went over to the same format on [[8 January]] [[2006]].
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| − | The advantage that ''The Guardian'' saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on [[public transport]], its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go right across the 'gutter', the strip down the middle of the centre page, allowing the paper to print striking double page pictures. The new presses also made the paper the first UK national able to print in full colour on every page.
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| − | The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday [[9 September]] [[2005]] the newspaper unveiled its new look front page, which débuted on Monday [[12 September]] [[2005]]. Designed by [[Mark Porter]], the new look includes a new [[masthead (publishing)|masthead]] for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family called Guardian Egyptian, designed by [[Paul Barnes (designer)]] and [[Christian Schwartz]], was created for the new design. No other typeface is used anywhere in the paper - all stylistic variations are based on various forms of Guardian Egyptian.
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| − | | |
| − | The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because prior to the Guardian's move, no printing presses in the UK could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications as one of the Guardian's presses was part-owned by groups responsible for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and ''[[The Daily Express]]'', and it was contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the [[Guardian Media Group]]'s north western local tabloid papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.
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| − | | |
| − | The new format was generally well received by Guardian readers, who were asked to feedback on the changes. The only controversial issue was the dropping of the [[Doonesbury]] cartoon strip. The Guardian reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss and within 24 hours, the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. Section editor [[Ian Katz]], who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you - and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address - so cross" [http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1600349,00.html Guardian Unlimited - Guardian Reborn]. Some readers are however dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section has meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches is less satisfactory than before the redesign in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.
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| − | | |
| − | The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004.<ref>Claire Cozens, 2006-01-13. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/circulationfigures/story/0,,1685936,00.html Telegraph sales hit all-time low]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 2006 the US-based [[Society for News Design]] voted the ''Guardian'' and Polish daily ''[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]'' as the best-designed newspapers in the world, choosing them from 389 entries from 44 countries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1714643,00.html | title=Guardian wins design award | author=Steve Busfield | date=February 21, 2006 | publisher=Guardian}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Supplements and features==
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| − | {{sidebar|'''Current columnists'''
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Jackie Ashley]]
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| − | *[[Nancy Banks-Smith]]
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| − | *[[Charlie Brooker]]
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| − | *[[Madeleine Bunting]]
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| − | *[[Alexander Chancellor]]
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| − | *[[Gavyn Davies]]
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| − | *[[Larry Elliott]]
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| − | *[[Jonathan Freedland]]
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| − | *[[Timothy Garton Ash]]
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| − | *[[Ben Goldacre]]
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| − | *[[Michele Hanson]]
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| − | *[[Roy Hattersley]]
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| − | *[[Jon Henley]]
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| − | *[[Simon Hoggart]]
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| − | *[[Marina Hyde]]
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| − | *[[Simon Jenkins]]
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| − | *[[Victor Keegan]]
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| − | *[[Martin Kelner]]
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| − | *[[Martin Kettle]]
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| − | *[[Mark Lawson]]
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| − | *[[Maureen Lipman]]
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| − | *[[Ian Mayes]]
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| − | *[[David McKie]]
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| − | *[[George Monbiot]]
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| − | *[[Peter Preston]]
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| − | *[[John Sutherland]]
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| − | *[[Simon Tisdall]]
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| − | *[[Polly Toynbee]]
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| − | *[[Xinran Xue]]
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| − | *[[Gary Younge]]
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Image:TheGuardian20051001.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Saturday edition of ''The Guardian'' includes some sections of varying sizes.]]
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| − | On each weekday ''The Guardian'' comes with the G2 supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week include:
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| − | ; Monday : MediaGuardian, Office Hours
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| − | | |
| − | ; Tuesday : EducationGuardian
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| − | | |
| − | ; Wednesday : SocietyGuardian (covers the British [[public sector]] and related issues)
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| − | | |
| − | ; Thursday : TechnologyGuardian
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| − | | |
| − | ; Friday : Film & Music
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| − | | |
| − | ; Saturday : The Guide (a weekly [[listings magazine]]), Weekend (the [[colour supplement]]), Review (covers [[literature]]), Money, Work, Rise (covering careers for new graduates), Travel, Family
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| − | | |
| − | Though the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, the supplements were all in the half-sized [[tabloid]] format, with the exception of the glossy ''Weekend'' section which was a 290×245mm magazine and ''The Guide'' which was in a small 225×145mm format.
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| − | | |
| − | With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but G2 has moved to a "magazine-sized" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. ''Weekend'' and ''The Guide'' are still in the same small formats as before the change.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Regular columns===
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| − | *[[Country Diary]] ([[natural history]])
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| − | *[[Notes & Queries]]
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| − | *''Whatever happened to ... '' (following up a "forgotten news story" based on reader suggestions)
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| − | *The Digested Read, in which [[John Crace]] writes a 500-word satirical synopsis of a recently published book.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Regular cartoon strips===
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| − | *[[If... (comic)|If...]]
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| − | *[[Doonesbury]]
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| − | *[[Perry Bible Fellowship]]
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| − | *Loomus (Saturday, in the Family section)
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| − | *Media Tarts (Monday, in the Media section)
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| − | *[[Clare in the Community]] (Wednesday, in the Society section)
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| − | *[[Modern Toss|Home-Clubber]] (Saturday, in the Guide section)
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| − | | |
| − | Editorial cartoonists [[Martin Rowson]] and [[Steve Bell]] get frequent hate mail for their treatment of controversial topics. <ref>Martin Rowson 25 November 2005."[http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1651047,00.html Drawing Fire]."''The Guardian''.</ref>.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Online media===
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| − | {{main|Guardian Unlimited}}
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| − | ''The Guardian'' publishes all of its news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old<ref>Emily Bell, 2005-10-08. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1587517,00.html Editor's Week]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>. The website also offers [[PDF]] editions of the newspaper for a monthly subscription fee. Free, unrestricted access has been cited as one of factors in the site's popularity.
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| − | | |
| − | ''The Guardian'' also has a [[Guardian Unlimited Talk|number of talkboards]] that are noted for their mix of political disussion and whimsy. They are spoofed in the ''Guardian's'' own regular humorous ''Chatroom'' column in G2. The spoof column purports to be excerpts from a chatroom on [http://permachat.co.uk permachat.co.uk], a real URL which points to ''The Guardian'''s talkboards.
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| − | | |
| − | Probably the most exciting feature of its online presence is the blog '[[Comment is Free]]' section where the public is invited to join in rigorous and sometimes foul debates about political issues. The debates are triggered off by articles by Guardian columnist and contributors, most whom get the articles heavily criticised by readers.
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| − | | |
| − | ''The Guardian'' has also launched a dating website, [[Soulmates]], and is experimenting with new media, offering a free twelve part weekly [[Podcast]] series by [[Ricky Gervais]]<ref>Jason Deans, 2005-12-08. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1662771,00.html Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>. In January 2006 Gervais' show topped the [[iTunes]] podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide<ref>Media Guardian "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,1692472,00.html Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>, and is scheduled to be listed in the 2007 [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the most downloaded Podcast<ref>John Plunkett, 2006-02-06. "[http://media.guardian.co.uk/newmedia/story/0,,1703594,00.html]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>.
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| | | | |
| | ==''The Guardian'' in the popular imagination== | | ==''The Guardian'' in the popular imagination== |
| − | The name the '''''Grauniad''''' for the paper originated with the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]''; it came about because of a reputation for text mangling, technical typesetting failures and typographical errors, hence the popular myth that the paper once misspelled its own name on the page one masthead as "''The Gaurdian''". Although such errors are now less frequent than they used to be, the 'Corrections and clarifications' column can still often provide some amusement. There were even a number of errors in the first issue, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at ''atction'' instead of ''auction''. | + | The paper is sometimes referred to as ''The Grauniad'', a name which originated with the satirical [[magazine]] ''Private Eye''. This came about because of ''The Guardian''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s reputation for text mangling, technical typesetting failures, and typographical errors. There were even a number of errors in the first issue, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at "atction" instead of "auction." Hence the popular myth that the paper once misspelled its own name on the page one masthead as "''The Gaurdian''." Although such errors are now less frequent than they used to be, the "corrections and clarifications" column can still often provide amusement. |
| | | | |
| − | Until the foundation of the ''Independent'', the ''Guardian'' was the only serious national daily newspaper in Britain that was not clearly conservative in its political affiliation. The term "''Guardian'' reader" is therefore often used pejoratively by those who do not agree with the paper or self-deprecatingly by those who do. The stereotype of a ''Guardian'' reader is a person with leftist or liberal politics rooted in the 1960s, working in the public sector, regularly eating [[lentil]]s and [[muesli]], living in north [[London]] (especially [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] and [[Islington]]), wearing [[Sandal (footwear)|sandals]] and believing in [[alternative medicine]] and [[natural medicine]] as evidenced by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Kevin Hughes]]'s largely [[rhetorical question]] in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] on [[November 19]], [[2001]]: | + | Until the founding of ''The Independent'', ''The Guardian'' was the only serious national daily newspaper in Britain that was not clearly conservative in its political affiliation. The term "''Guardian'' reader" is therefore often used pejoratively by those who do not agree with the paper or self-deprecatingly by those who do. |
| | | | |
| − | <blockquote>"Does my right hon. Friend find it bizarre — as I do — that the yoghurt- and muesli-eating, ''Guardian''-reading fraternity are only too happy to protect the [[human rights]] of people engaged in [[terrorism|terrorist]] acts, but never once do they talk about the human rights of those who are affected by them?"<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011119/debtext/11119-08.htm#11119-08_spnew3 Hansard 374:54 2001-11-19].</ref></blockquote> | + | The [[stereotype]] of a ''Guardian'' reader is a person with leftist or liberal politics rooted in the 1960s, working in the public sector, regularly eating [[lentil]]s and muesli, living in north [[London]] (especially Camden and Islington), wearing sandals and believing in [[alternative medicine]]. This stereotype is a persistent feature of British political discourse: |
| | + | <blockquote>Does my right hon. Friend find it bizarre—as I do—that the yoghurt- and muesli-eating, ''Guardian''-reading fraternity are only too happy to protect the human rights of people engaged in terrorist acts, but never once do they talk about the human rights of those who are affected by them?<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011119/debtext/11119-08.htm#11119-08_spnew3 Hansard 374:54 2001-11-19] Labour Member of Parliament Kevin Hughes's largely rhetorical question in the House of Commons on November 19, 2001. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref></blockquote> |
| | + | Even doctors have perpetuated it by using the acronym ''GROLIES'' (Guardian Reader Of Low Intelligence in Ethnic Skirt) on patient notes.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3159813.stm “Doctor slang is a dying art.”] ''BBC News'' (August 18, 2003). Retrieved January 17, 2007.</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | The ''Guardian'''s [[science]] coverage is now extensive and although its ''Weekend'' supplement features a column by [[Emma Mitchell]], a natural health therapist, and G2 was until the relaunch home to [[Edzard Ernst|Edzard Ernst's]] weekly column on complementary medicine (Ernst is professor of complementary medicine at the [[Medical school (United Kingdom)|Peninsula medical school]], <ref>Sarah Boseley, 2003-09-26 "[http://education.guardian.co.uk/academicexperts/story/0,1392,1048903,00.html The alternative professor]." ''The Guardian''.</ref>), the paper now carries the ''Bad Science'' column by [[Ben Goldacre]] and a quizzical column in G2 called ''The Sceptic'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1585944,00.html], which looks at the evidence for popular treatments and remedies. Also, as alternative and [[complementary medicine]] has become more widely accepted most of the quality dailies now feature at least one column or writer devoted to the subject. | + | The ''Guardian'''s [[science]] coverage is now extensive and although its ''Weekend'' supplement features a column by Emma Mitchell, a natural health therapist, and ''G2'' was until the relaunch home to Edzard Ernst's weekly column on complementary medicine,<ref>Boseley, Sarah. 2003. [http://education.guardian.co.uk/academicexperts/story/0,1392,1048903,00.html "The alternative professor."] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> the paper now carries the ''Bad Science'' column by Ben Goldacre and a quizzical column in ''G2'' called ''The Sceptic'',<ref>Burch, Druin. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1585944,00.html The Sceptic.] Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> which looks at the evidence for popular treatments and remedies. Also, as alternative and complementary medicine have become more widely accepted most of the quality dailies now feature at least one column or writer devoted to the subject. |
| | | | |
| − | The [[stereotype]], however, is a persistent feature of British political discourse. Even [[Physician|doctor]]s have perpetuated it by using the acronym ''GROLIES'' (Guardian Reader Of Low Intelligence in Ethnic Skirt) on patient notes.<ref>''BBC News'', 2003-08-18. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3159813.stm Doctor slang is a dying art]."</ref> | + | ''The Guardian'', along with other British news outlets, has a tradition of spoof articles on April Fool's Day, sometimes contributed by regular [[advertising|advertisers]] such as BMW. The most elaborate of these was a travel supplement on "San Serriffe," a fictional island nation created for April Fool's Day. An elaborate description of the nation, using puns and plays on words relating to [[typography]] (such as "sans serif"), was reported as straight news, apparently fooling many readers who did not understand the joke. |
| | | | |
| − | ''The Guardian'', along with other British news outlets, has a tradition of [[Parody|spoof]] articles on [[April Fool's Day]], sometimes contributed by regular advertisers such as [[BMW]]. The most elaborate of these was a travel supplement on [[San Serriffe]], whilst an article in the ''Guardian'' dated [[April 1]] [[2006]] written by one Olaf Priol suggested that [[Chris Martin]] of [[Coldplay]] would be supporting the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] at the next [[General Election]] and had already written a campaign song for them. Olaf Priol is an [[anagram]] of April Fool.
| + | ==Literary and Media Awards== |
| − | | + | ''The Guardian'' is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years it has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye. In addition, the annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded 1999, recognize excellence in [[journalism]] and design of British [[university]] and [[college]] student [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s and [[internet]] websites. |
| − | ===References in fiction===
| |
| − | *In the play ''[[Hobson's Choice]]'' Henry Horatio Hobson worries that his reputation will be in tatters after '[[trespassing]]'. He comments that if the news were to be intercepted by the ''Manchester Guardian'' then everyone would know.
| |
| − | *The 1984 Christmas special of ''[[Yes Minister]]'' shows a number of newspapers tipping Jim Hacker as the next Prime Minister. ''The Guardian'' is among them, but its name is spelt ''The Gaurdian''. In Episode 6 a group of pro-[[badger]] protesters tell [[James Hacker|Jim Hacker]] that the Guardian told them the area they are fighting to save has been inhabitated by badgers for centuries. In fact Hacker points out jokingly the "[[bodgers]]" have lived there for centuries, satirising the Guardian's reputation for spelling errors.
| |
| − | *In Episode 4 of the second series of ''[[Yes Minister|Yes, Prime Minister]]'', Jim Hacker says:
| |
| − | :"I know exactly who reads the papers: ''[[The Daily Mirror]]'' is read by people who think they run the country; ''The Guardian'' is read by people who think they ought to run the country; ''[[The Times]]'' is read by people who actually do run the country; ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' is read by the wives of the people who run the country; ''[[The Financial Times]]'' is read by people who own the country; ''[[The Morning Star]]'' is read by people who think the country ought to be run by another country; and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' is read by people who think it is."
| |
| − | :[[Humphrey Appleby|Sir Humphrey]]: "Prime Minister, what about the people who read ''[[The Sun]]''?"
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| − | :[[Bernard Woolley]]: "''Sun'' readers don't care who runs the country, as long as she's got big tits."
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| − | *In the ''[[The Young Ones (TV series)|Young Ones]]'' episode "Boring," Rick eagerly notes that ''The Guardian'' has an article on how to get an increased [[student grant]]. Unfortunately the paper has totally mangled the spelling of a key part of it, leaving Rick with no idea how to get the increased grant. Worse still, the misspelling happens to sound the same as a Satanic chant, so that when Neil repeats what Rick read out loud he accidentally summons a demon who tries to kill everyone there.
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| − | *In the ''[[Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', an entire planet goes into hibernation to wait out a galactic recession, only reviving themselves when the stock market reaches a satisfactorily high level for their needs. "Arthur [Dent], a regular Guardian reader, was deeply shocked by this."
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| − | *In the [[Sandy Duncan]] episode in the first season of ''[[The Muppet Show]]'', [[Statler]] demonstrates his extreme age by not using the post-1959 name:
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| − | :[[Statler & Waldorf|Waldorf]]: Statler, do you 'get' the banana sketch?
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| − | :Statler: No, I get ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''The Manchester Guardian''.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Literary and media awards== | |
| − | ''The Guardian'' is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The [[Guardian First Book Award]], established in 1999 as a successor to the [[Guardian Fiction Award]] which had run since 1965, and the [[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]], founded in 1967. In recent years it has also sponsored the [[Hay Festival]] in [[Hay-on-Wye]]. In addition, the annual [[Guardian Student Media Awards]], founded 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British [[university]] and college [[student newspapers]], magazines and websites. | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Editors==
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| − | *[[John Edward Taylor]] (1821–1844)
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| − | *[[Jeremiah Garnett]] (1844–1861) (jointly with [[Russell Scott Taylor]] in 1847–1848)
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| − | *[[John Edward Taylor|Edward Taylor]] (1861–1872)
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| − | *[[Charles Prestwich Scott]] (1872–1929)
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| − | *[[Edward Taylor Scott|Ted Scott]] (1929–1932)
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| − | *[[William Percival Crozier]] (1932–1944)
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| − | *[[Alfred Powell Wadsworth]] (1944–1956)
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| − | *[[Alastair Hetherington]] (1956–1975)
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| − | *[[Peter Preston]] (1975–1995)
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| − | *[[Alan Rusbridger]] (1995–)
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| − | | |
| − | ==Notable regular contributors (past and present)==
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| − | {|width=100%
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| − | |-valign=top
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| − | |width=25%|
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| − | '''Columnists'''
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| − | *[[David Aaronovitch]]
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| − | *[[Ian Aitken]]
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| − | *[[John Galbraith Graham|Araucaria]]
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| − | *[[John Arlott]]
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| − | *[[Dilpazier Aslam]]
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| − | *[[David Austin (cartoonist)|David Austin]]
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| − | *[[Leonard Barden]]
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| − | *[[Patrick Barkham]]
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| − | *[[Heston Blumenthal]]
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| − | *[[Sidney Blumenthal]]
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| − | *[[Julian Borger]]
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| − | *[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
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| − | *[[Emma Brockes]]
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| − | *[[Charlie Brooker]]
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| − | *[[Alex Brummer]]
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| − | *[[Inayat Bunglawala]]<!--http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/profile.html—>
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| − | *[[Julie Burchill]]
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| − | *[[James Cameron (journalist)|James Cameron]]
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| − | *[[Duncan Campbell (The Guardian)|Duncan Campbell]]
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| − | *[[Neville Cardus]]
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| − | *[[Mark Cocker]]
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| − | *[[Alistair Cooke]]
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| − | *[[G. D. H. Cole]]
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| − | *[[Terry Eagleton]]
| |
| − | |width=25%|
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| − | *[[Edzard Ernst]]
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| − | *[[Harold Evans]]
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| − | *[[Paul Foot]]
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| − | *[[Brian J. Ford]]
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| − | *[[Michael Frayn]]
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| − | *[[Suzanne Goldenberg]]
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| − | *[[Germaine Greer]]
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| − | *[[Harry Griffin]]
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| − | *[[J. G. Hamilton]]
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| − | *[[Ben Hammersley]]
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| − | *[[Clifford Harper]]
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| − | *[[Patrick Haseldine]]
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| − | *[[Max Hastings]]
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| − | *[[David Hencke]]
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| − | *[[Jon Henley]]
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| − | *[[L. T. Hobhouse]]
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| − | *[[J. A. Hobson]]
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| − | *[[Tom Hodgkinson]]
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| − | *[[Marina Hyde]]
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| − | *[[Simon Jenkins]]
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| − | *[[Stanley Johnson]]
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| − | *[[Alex Kapranos]]
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| − | *[[David Leigh]]
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| − | *[[Rod Liddle]]
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| − | *[[Maureen Lipman]]
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| − | *[[Gareth McLean]]
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| − | *[[Derek Malcolm]]
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| − | *[[Johnjoe McFadden]]
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| − | *[[George Monbiot]]
| |
| − | |width=25%|
| |
| − | *[[C. E. Montague]]
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| − | *[[Malcolm Muggeridge]]
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| − | *[[James Naughtie]]
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| − | *[[Richard Norton-Taylor]]
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| − | *[[Greg Palast]]
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| − | *[[David Pallister]]
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| − | *[[Anne Perkins]]
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| − | *[[Jim Perrin]]
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| − | *[[Melanie Phillips]]
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| − | *[[John Pilger]]
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| − | *[[Agnès Poirier]]
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| − | *[[Arthur Ransome]]
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| − | *[[Brian Redhead]]
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| − | *[[James H Reeve]]
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| − | *[[Jon Ronson]]
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| − | *[[Frank Sidebottom]]
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| − | *[[Jonathan Steele]]
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| − | *[[Mary Stott]]
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| − | *[[Polly Toynbee]]
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| − | *[[Jill Tweedie]]
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| − | *[[F. A. Voigt]]
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| − | *[[Ed Vulliamy]]
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| − | *[[Brian Whitaker]]
| |
| − | |width=25%|
| |
| − | * [[Michael White]]
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| − | *[[Ann Widdecombe]]
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| − | *[[Martin Woollacott]]
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| − | *[[Ted Wragg]]
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| − | *[[Hugo Young]]
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| − | *[[Slavoj Zizek]]
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| − | | |
| − | '''Cartoonists'''
| |
| − | *[[David Austin (cartoonist)|David Austin]]
| |
| − | *[[Steve Bell (cartoonist)|Steve Bell]]
| |
| − | *[[Peter Clarke (cartoonist)|Peter Clarke]]
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| − | *[[John Kent (cartoonist)|John Kent]]
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| − | *[[David Low]]
| |
| − | *[[Martin Rowson]]
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| − | *[[Posy Simmonds]]
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| − | *[[Garry Trudeau]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Satirists'''
| |
| − | *[[Jeremy Hardy]]
| |
| − | *[[Bel Littlejohn]] aka [[Craig Brown (satirist)]]
| |
| − | *[[John O'Farrell]]
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| − | *[[Mark Steel]]
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==The Newsroom archive==
| |
| − | ''The Guardian'' and its sister newspaper ''[[The Observer]]'' also provide [http://www.guardian.co.uk/newsroom The Newsroom], a visitor centre in [[London]]. It contains their [[archive]]s, including bound copies of old editions, a [[photographic]] [[library]] and other items such as [[diaries]], [[letter]]s and [[notebook]]s. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools. There is also an extensive ''Manchester Guardian'' archive at the [[University of Manchester]]'s [[John Rylands Library]] and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The [[British Library]] also has a large archive of the ''Manchester Guardian'', available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their
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| − | [http://www.bl.uk/collections/newspapers.html British Library Newspapers] collection.
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/ ''Guardian Unlimited'']
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| − | *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/rssfeed/0,,1,00.xml ''The Guardian'' Front Page RSS feed] (in [[XML]]; use a [[news aggregator]])
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| − | *[http://digital.guardian.co.uk/ ''Digital Guardian'']
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| − | *[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm Founding of the Manchester Guardian]
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| − | *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/newsroom Information about The Newsroom Archive and Visitor Centre]
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| − | *[http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data2/spcoll/guardian/ Information about ''The Guardian'' Archive at John Rylands Library in Manchester]
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| − | *[http://media.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4777964-105414,00.html ''Media Guardian'': How the broadsheets brightened up]
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| − | *[http://talk.guardian.co.uk ''The Guardian Unlimited'' Talk Board]
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| − | *[http://news.independent.co.uk/media/story.jsp?story=605882 ''Independent on Sunday'' article] on problems with the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format change (subscription service)
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
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| − | {{Template:Guardian Media Group}}
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| | + | ==External links== |
| | + | All links retrieved April 30, 2023. |
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| | + | *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/ ''The Guardian''] |
| | + | *[http://digital.guardian.co.uk/ ''Digital Guardian''] |
| | + | *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/rssfeed/0,,1,00.xml ''The Guardian'' Front Page RSS feed] (in XML; use a news aggregator) |
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| | {{Credit1|The_Guardian|88292621|}} | | {{Credit1|The_Guardian|88292621|}} |
The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. It is published Monday to Saturday in the Berliner format, and is the only British national newspaper to publish in full color. The Guardian generally takes a liberal to left-wing position, and is known for its non-conformist opinions and support of innovative, non-traditional approaches. Together with The Times and The Daily Telegraph it is considered one of the "big three" British quality newspapers. Until 1959 it was called The Manchester Guardian, reflecting its provincial origins. The paper is still occasionally referred to by this name, especially in North America (to distinguish it from other newspapers with similar names), although it has been based in London since 1964 (with printing facilities in both Manchester and London). The Guardian seems to have solidified its place as one of the premier papers in England for the future, and is representative of the strength of British media around the world. If it is able to live up to its founding vision, implementing it with high presentation standards, the newspaper offers substantial support to the improvement of society.
History
The Guardian's Newsroom visitor center and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name
The Manchester Guardian The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester, England in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen headed by John Edward Taylor. The prospectus which announced publication of the new newspaper proclaimed that "it will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty … it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will Endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy; and to support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures."[1]
Its most famous editor, C. P. Scott, made The Manchester Guardian into a nationally famous newspaper. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion. Scott's friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration, and in 1948 the Guardian was a supporter of the State of Israel. The story of the relationship between The Guardian and the zionist movement and Israel is told in Daphna Baram's book Disenchantment: The Guardian and Israel.[2]
In June 1936, ownership of the paper was transferred to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the trust). This move ensured the paper's independence, and it was then noted for its eccentric style, its moralizing, and its detached attitude to its finances.
Format
The first edition was published on May 5, 1821, at which time The Manchester Guardian was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing seven pennies; taxes on newspapers made it uneconomical to publish more frequently.[3] When the tax was reduced in 1836 The Guardian added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper.
In 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the advertising that had hitherto filled that space. The editor, A.P. Wadsworth, wrote, "it is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."
The Guardian's offices in London
In 1959 the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply The Guardian, and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidized by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable Manchester Evening News. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with The Times. The paper consolidated its left-wing stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalized by the launch of The Independent in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.
In 1988, The Guardian had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers ink, it also changed its masthead to its soon-familiar (but no-longer used as of 2005) juxtaposition of an italic "The" with a bold "Guardian."
In 1992, it relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and The Guardian's move to the Berliner format. In 1993, the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet "price war" started by Rupert Murdoch's The Times. In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer, thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views.
Its international weekly edition is entitled The Guardian Weekly, though it retained the title Manchester Guardian Weekly for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-center inclination, including Le Monde.
In 2004, The Guardian introduced an online digital version of its print edition, allowing readers to download pages from the last 14 issues.
In September 2005, The Guardian moved to the Berliner paper format and changed the design of its masthead.
The Guardian is the only British national newspaper to publish in full color (although the edition for Northern Ireland still has much black-and-white content).[4] It was also the first newspaper in the UK to be printed in the Berliner size. In November 2005, The Guardian had a certified average daily circulation of 378,618 copies, as compared to sales of 904,955 for The Daily Telegraph, 692,581 for The Times, and 261,193 for The Independent.[5]
Stance
Editorial articles in The Guardian are generally in sympathy with the liberal to left-wing positions in the political spectrum. This is reflected in the paper's readership: a poll taken between April-June 2000 showed that 80 percent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters.[6] According to another poll taken in 2004, 44 percent of Guardian readers vote Labour and 37 percent vote Liberal Democrat.[7]
Traditionally affiliated with the centrist Liberal Party, and with a northern circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War, when along with the Liberal News Chronicle, the Labour Daily Herald, the Communist Daily Worker, and several Sunday and weekly papers it supported the republicans against the insurgent nationalists led by General Francisco Franco.
During the war in Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq, The Guardian attracted a significant proportion of anti-war readers as one of the mass media outlets most critical of UK and USA military initiatives.
In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily G2 supplement, edited by Ian Katz, launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, a small county in a swing state. Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked people to write to those on the list undecided in the election. It was left to readers to decide in what way they should seek to influence these voters' preferences, but it was acknowledged that most Guardian readers would probably back John Kerry over George Bush.[8] There was something of a backlash to this campaign, and on October 21, 2004, the paper retired it.
In October 2004, The Guardian published a humor column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of US President George W. Bush.[9] This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.[10]
The Guardian in the popular imagination
The paper is sometimes referred to as The Grauniad, a name which originated with the satirical magazine Private Eye. This came about because of The Guardian's reputation for text mangling, technical typesetting failures, and typographical errors. There were even a number of errors in the first issue, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at "atction" instead of "auction." Hence the popular myth that the paper once misspelled its own name on the page one masthead as "The Gaurdian." Although such errors are now less frequent than they used to be, the "corrections and clarifications" column can still often provide amusement.
Until the founding of The Independent, The Guardian was the only serious national daily newspaper in Britain that was not clearly conservative in its political affiliation. The term "Guardian reader" is therefore often used pejoratively by those who do not agree with the paper or self-deprecatingly by those who do.
The stereotype of a Guardian reader is a person with leftist or liberal politics rooted in the 1960s, working in the public sector, regularly eating lentils and muesli, living in north London (especially Camden and Islington), wearing sandals and believing in alternative medicine. This stereotype is a persistent feature of British political discourse:
Does my right hon. Friend find it bizarre—as I do—that the yoghurt- and muesli-eating, Guardian-reading fraternity are only too happy to protect the human rights of people engaged in terrorist acts, but never once do they talk about the human rights of those who are affected by them?[11]
Even doctors have perpetuated it by using the acronym GROLIES (Guardian Reader Of Low Intelligence in Ethnic Skirt) on patient notes.[12]
The Guardian's science coverage is now extensive and although its Weekend supplement features a column by Emma Mitchell, a natural health therapist, and G2 was until the relaunch home to Edzard Ernst's weekly column on complementary medicine,[13] the paper now carries the Bad Science column by Ben Goldacre and a quizzical column in G2 called The Sceptic,[14] which looks at the evidence for popular treatments and remedies. Also, as alternative and complementary medicine have become more widely accepted most of the quality dailies now feature at least one column or writer devoted to the subject.
The Guardian, along with other British news outlets, has a tradition of spoof articles on April Fool's Day, sometimes contributed by regular advertisers such as BMW. The most elaborate of these was a travel supplement on "San Serriffe," a fictional island nation created for April Fool's Day. An elaborate description of the nation, using puns and plays on words relating to typography (such as "sans serif"), was reported as straight news, apparently fooling many readers who did not understand the joke.
Literary and Media Awards
The Guardian is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years it has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye. In addition, the annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded 1999, recognize excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and internet websites.
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Founding of the Manchester Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ↑ Baram, Daphna. 2003. Disenchantment: The "Guardian" and Israel. Politico. ISBN 1842751190
- ↑ Spartacus Educational. Manchester Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ "More black and white than colour for Ireland." Village. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd.
- ↑ 2003. International Socialism. ISBN 1898876975
- ↑ MORI. 2005. "Voting Intention" in Newspaper Readership. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ 2004. "My fellow non-Americans..." in The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ Goodenough, Patrick. 2004. "Left-Wing UK Paper Pulls Bush Assassination Column." CyberCast News Service. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ Brooker, Charlie. 2004. "Screen Burn, The Guide" in The Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ↑ Hansard 374:54 2001-11-19 Labour Member of Parliament Kevin Hughes's largely rhetorical question in the House of Commons on November 19, 2001. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ “Doctor slang is a dying art.” BBC News (August 18, 2003). Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ↑ Boseley, Sarah. 2003. "The alternative professor." The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ Burch, Druin. The Sceptic. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
External links
All links retrieved April 30, 2023.
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