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Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky (January 24, [O.S. January 12] 1893 – December 6, 1984) was a Russian and Soviet literary theorist, critic, writer, and pamphleteer. He was one of the major figures associated with the development of Russian Formalism, which fundamentally changed how literary criticism worked. As the name implies, Formalism focused not on what the content of the story was, but rather on how it was told. His contributions to Formalist ideas, like "Art as Technique" and the narrative distinction between the "fabula" and the "sjuzhet," gave critics a new vocabulary to analyze literary works.

Newspeak is the fictional language of Oceania, a totalitarian superstate that is the setting of the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell. Newspeak is a controlled language of simplified grammar and restricted vocabulary designed to limit the individual's ability to think and articulate "subversive" concepts such as personal identity, self-expression and free will. Like "Big Brother" and "Thoughtcrime," Newspeak is one of the enduring ideas and terms that remain relevant.