Difference between revisions of "Yeti" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Yetiscalp.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Purported Yeti [[scalp]] at [[Khumjung]] [[monastery]] ]]
 
[[Image:Yetiscalp.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Purported Yeti [[scalp]] at [[Khumjung]] [[monastery]] ]]
The '''Yeti''' is an alleged apelike animal said to inhabit the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region of [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]]. The names ''Yeti'' and ''Meh-Teh'' are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sherpa and the Snowman|author=Charles Stonor|year=1955 [[Daily Mail]] |publisher=Hollis and Carter}}</ref> and are part of their history and [[mythology]].
+
The '''Yeti''' is an alleged [[ape]]-like animal said to inhabit the [[Himalaya mountains|Himalayan]] region of [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]]. The names ''Yeti'' and ''Meh-Teh'' are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sherpa and the Snowman|author=Charles Stonor|year=1955 Daily Mail |publisher=Hollis and Carter}}</ref> and are part of their history and [[mythology]].
  
Most mainstream [[scientist]]s, explorers and writers consider current evidence of the Yeti's existence to be weak and better explained as a [[hoax]], [[legend]] or misidentification of known species.<ref name=bigfoot>{{cite book |title=Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality |author=John Napier |year= 2005 |id=ISBN 0-525-06658-6}}.</ref> Nevertheless, the Yeti remains one of the most famous creatures of [[cryptozoology]].
+
Most mainstream scientists, explorers, and writers consider current evidence of the Yeti's existence to be weak and better explained as a [[hoax]], [[legend]], or misidentification of known [[species]].<ref name=bigfoot>{{cite book |title=Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality |author=John Napier |year= 2005 |id=ISBN 0-525-06658-6}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Yeti remains one of the most famous creatures of [[cryptozoology]].
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
  
The Yeti has often been compared physiologically to the American [[Sasquatch]], as both are large, hold a structural similarity to the [[great ape]]s family, are covered in hair, have a [[sagittal crest]] atop their heads and possess an extremely potent smell. However, unlike sasquatch, there have been fewer visual sightings at close range of the yeti reported in the last century; much of current understanding of the yeti comes from artistic representations in ancient temples and monasteries, as well as stories and legends passed down by the people of the Himalayas. Because of this, there are many discrepancies in the region as to what exactly the yeti looks like. Some have suggested that the Yeti is light colored, so as to blend in with the snow and always walk upright, while others have stated that the yeti is smaller, of darker color, walks on four legs like a [[bear]] but stands on all two feet when scared or threatened, as [[gorilla]]s are known to do. Because of the location of the yeti and the romantic adventures associated with expeditions to discover one, the image of the yeti as a monster has not as easily been dropped from popular opinion as has the American [[sasquatch]].
+
The Yeti has often been compared [[physiology|physiologically]] to the [[United States|American]] [[Sasquatch]], as both are large, hold a structural similarity to the [[great ape]]s family, are covered in hair, have a [[sagittal crest]] atop their heads and possess an extremely potent smell. However, unlike sasquatch, there have been fewer visual sightings at close range of the yeti reported since the twentieth century; much of current understanding of the yeti comes from [[art]]istic representations in ancient [[temple]]s and [[monastery|monasteries]], as well as stories and [[legend]]s passed down by the people of the [[Himalaya mountains|Himalayas]]. Because of this, there are many discrepancies in the region as to what exactly the yeti looks like.  
 +
 
 +
Some have suggested that the Yeti is light colored, so as to blend in with the [[snow]] and always walk upright, while others have stated that the yeti is smaller, of darker color, walks on four legs like a [[bear]] but stands on all two feet when scared or threatened, as [[gorilla]]s are known to do. Because of the location of the yeti and the romantic adventures associated with expeditions to discover one, the image of the yeti as a monster has not as easily been dropped from popular opinion as has the American [[sasquatch]].
  
 
==Origins==
 
==Origins==
[[Image:yumthangnorth.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in [[Sikkim]], in the [[Yumthang]] River valley.]]For centuries, the people who have lived in the Himalayan region of [[Nepal]], [[India]], and [[Tibet]] have believed that the mountains were sacred and mysterious places, due possibly to the fact it is one of the most remote and inaccessible locations on the planet, and remain so to this day. Such a reverence with nature has historically shown a strong projection of supernatural elements and beliefs into similar regions, and such is the case in the Himalayas where many magical creatures were said to inhabit the mountains, one being the yeti. <ref> (1998) "Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume" Time-Life Books, Alexandria </ref> Different cultures in the region have held different opinions of the yeti over the years. The Sherpas for example have an almost ambivalent feeling towards the creature, often using it as bed time story to help keep children disciplined. The Tibetans, on the other hand, have often viewed the yeti as a creature to be dreaded, as it is seen as ferocious in mural artwork. In Nepal, there are stories of yetis coming down from the mountain to feed off of livestock, occasionally terrorizing the local population directly. It should be noted, that what is often lumped into the idea of the yeti, may actually be many different types of creatures and legends. Interpretations and translations by Westerners over the years have left the origin idea of the yeti somewhat muddled. This is best seen in the creature's name. ''Yeti'' derives from ''yeh-teh'' which refers to an animal that resembles the American sasquatch on a smaller scale, while ''meh-teh'' translates as "man beast", which, from the vantage point of popular perception, is a more fitting description, yet the term yeti has seemingly survived as the popular favorite <ref>(1998)"Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume" Time-Life Books, Alexandria </ref>
+
[[Image:yumthangnorth.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in Sikkim, in the Yumthang River valley.]]
 +
For centuries, the people who have lived in the [[Himalaya]]n region of [[Nepal]], [[India]], and [[Tibet]] have believed that the mountains were [[sacred]] and mysterious places, due possibly to the fact it is one of the most remote and inaccessible locations on the planet, and remain so to this day. Such a reverence with nature has historically shown a strong projection of [[supernatural]] elements and beliefs into similar regions. Such is the case in the Himalayas, where many [[magical creature]]s were said to inhabit the mountains, one being the yeti.<ref name=mysteries> ''Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume'' (Time-Life Books, Alexandria 1998) </ref>  
 +
 
 +
Different [[culture]]s in the region have held different opinions of the yeti over the years. The [[Sherpa]]s for example have an almost ambivalent feeling towards the creature, often using it as bed-time story to help keep children disciplined. The Tibetans, on the other hand, have often viewed the yeti as a creature to be dreaded, as it is seen as ferocious in [[mural]] artwork. In Nepal, there are stories of yetis coming down from the mountain to feed off of livestock, occasionally terrorizing the local population directly.  
 +
 
 +
It should be noted, however, that these stories may actually be combinations of many different types of creatures and legends. Interpretations and translations by Westerners over the years have left the original idea of the yeti somewhat muddled. This is best seen in the creature's name. ''Yeti'' derives from ''yeh-teh'' which refers to an animal that resembles the [[United States|American]] [[sasquatch]] on a smaller scale, while ''meh-teh'' translates as "man beast," which, from the vantage point of popular perception is a more fitting description. Yet it is the term yeti that has survived as the popular favorite.<ref name=mysteries/>
  
 
==The "Abominable Snowman"==
 
==The "Abominable Snowman"==
  
The yeti was first introduced to the western world in 1921, by [[Henry Newman]], a reporter for the ''Calcutta Statesmen''. Writing about a [[Great Britain|British]] expedition into the Himalayas, led by Lieutenant Colonel [[C.K. Howard Bury]], Newman noted that the party observed figures moving above them at about 20,000 feet. When the climbing party finally arrived at the spot, they found foot prints much larger than any human could have made. The [[Sherpas]] attending the climb told Bury that the prints were made by the creature known as ''metoh-kangmi'', which was actually a mistranslation on the part of Bury, one of many throughout the years that would add to the infamously of the yeti.''Metoh-kangmi'' is a generic term used in the region for many creatures, but Bury mistook it for the name of the creature. Newman in turn mistranslated Bury's misunderstanding, believing that ''metch kangmi'' was Tibetan for ''abominable snowman''. <ref> Coleman, Loren.(2003) "Bigfoot!: The True Story of Apes in America" Paraview Pocket Books, New York </ref>. Thus, the western world was exposed to a mysterious creature that captured the imagination and attention of many. (Ironically, the intense interest that the abominable snowman story created also helped develop interest in the sasquatch, which was viewed as the ''American Yeti''). For decades after the story, expeditions from around the world would come to the Himalayas, some to climb, for the first time, the world's largest mountain, [[Mount Everest]], some in search of the snowman.
+
The yeti was first introduced to the western world in 1921, by [[Henry Newman]], a reporter for the ''Calcutta Statesmen''. Writing about a [[Great Britain|British]] expedition into the [[Himalayas]], led by Lieutenant Colonel [[C.K. Howard Bury]], Newman noted that the party observed figures moving above them at about 20,000 feet. When the climbing party finally arrived at the spot, they found foot prints much larger than any human could have made. The [[Sherpa]]s attending the climb told Bury that the prints were made by the creature known as ''metoh-kangmi'', which was actually a mistranslation on the part of Bury, one of many throughout the years that would add to the infamously of the yeti. ''Metoh-kangmi'' is a generic term used in the region for many creatures, but Bury mistook it for the name of the creature. Newman in turn mistranslated Bury's misunderstanding, believing that ''metoh kangmi'' was Tibetan for "abominable snowman."<ref name=coleman> Loren Coleman, ''Bigfoot!: The True Story of Apes in America'' (New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books 2003)</ref>  
 +
 
 +
Thus, the western world was exposed to a mysterious creature that captured the imagination and attention of many. For decades after the story, expeditions from around the world would come to the Himalayas, some to climb, for the first time, the world's largest mountain, [[Mount Everest]], some in search of the snowman. Ironically, the intense interest that the abominable snowman story created also helped develop interest in the sasquatch, which was viewed as the "American Yeti."
  
 
==Expeditions and Evidence==
 
==Expeditions and Evidence==
  
In 1925, [[N.A. Tombazi]], a [[photographer]] and member of the [[Royal Geographical Society]], allegedly saw a creature at about 15,000 ft (4572 meter) (near Zemu [[Glacier]]. Tombazi later wrote that he observed the creature from about 200 or 300 yards, for about a minute. "Unquestionably, the figure in outline was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to pull at some [[dwarf]] [[rhododendron]] bushes. It showed up dark against the snow, and as far as I could make out, wore no clothes." About two hours later, Tombazi and his companions descended the mountain, and saw what they assumed to be the creature's prints, described as "similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide....  The prints were undoubtedly those of a biped."
+
In 1925, [[N. A. Tombazi]], a [[photography|photographer]] and member of the [[Royal Geographical Society]], allegedly saw a creature at about 15,000 ft (4,572 meters) near [[Zemu Glacier]]. Tombazi later wrote that he observed the creature from about 200 or 300 yards, for about a minute: "Unquestionably, the figure in outline was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to pull at some [[dwarf]] [[rhododendron]] bushes. It showed up dark against the snow, and as far as I could make out, wore no clothes." About two hours later, Tombazi and his companions descended the mountain, and saw what they assumed to be the creature's prints, described as "similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide....  The prints were undoubtedly those of a biped."
  
Western interest in the Yeti peaked dramatically in the 1950s. While attempting to scale Mount Everest in 1951, [[Eric Shipton]] took [[photograph]]s of a number of large prints in the snow, at about 6,000 m (19,685 ft) above [[sea level]]. These photos have been subject to intense scrutiny and debate. Some argue they are the best evidence of Yeti's existence, while others contend the prints to be from a mundane creature, and have been distorted by the melting [[snow]].
+
Western interest in the Yeti peaked dramatically in the 1950s. While attempting to scale [[Mount Everest]] in 1951, [[Eric Shipton]] took photographs of a number of large prints in the [[snow]], at about 19,685 ft (6,000 m) above [[sea level]]. These photos have been subject to intense scrutiny and debate. Some argue they are the best evidence of Yeti's existence, while others contend the prints to be from a mundane creature, and have been distorted by the melting snow.
  
 
[[Image:1954-lowres-JAJ-daily-mail-pangboche-scalp-+hand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Pangboche Hand]] and Yeti "Scalp",  1954 ]]
 
[[Image:1954-lowres-JAJ-daily-mail-pangboche-scalp-+hand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Pangboche Hand]] and Yeti "Scalp",  1954 ]]
  
Perhaps the largest expedition in search of the yeti was the [[Daily Mail]] '''Snowman Expedition''' of 1954. Mountaineering leader [[John Angelo Jackson]], made the first trek from [[Everest]] to [[Kangchenjunga]] during which he photographed symbolic paintings of the Yeti at [[Thyangboche]]. <ref>http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html</ref> Jackson tracked and photographed many footprints in the snow, most of which were identifiable. However, there were many large footprints which could not be identified. The flattened footprint-like indentations were attributed to erosion and subsequent widening of the original footprint by wind and particles. Most surprising of the expedition however was the teams acquisition of hair specimens from a scalp found in Pangboche monastery. The hair was analyzed by Professor [[Frederic Wood Jones]], F.R.S, D.Sc., an expert in human and comparative anatomy. The research consisted of taking microphotographs of the hairs and comparing them with hairs from known animals such as bears and orangutans. Professor Woods-Jones concluded that the hairs of the Pangboche scalp were not actually from a scalp. He contended that some animals do have a ridge of hair extending from the pate to the back, but no animals have a ridge (as in the Pangboche relic) running from the base of the forehead across the pate and ending at the nape of the neck. The hairs were black to dark brown in color in dim light, and fox red in sunlight. None of the hairs had been dyed and were probably exceedingly old. During the study, the hairs were bleached, cut into sections and analyzed microscopically. Wood-Jones was unable to pinpoint the animal from which the Pangboche hairs were taken. He was, however, convinced that the hairs were not of a bear or anthropoid ape. He suggested that the hairs were not from the head of a coarse-haired hoofed animal, but from its shoulder.<ref>(1998)"Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume" Time-Life Books, Alexandria </ref>
+
Perhaps the largest expedition in search of the yeti was the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' Snowman Expedition of 1954. Mountaineering leader [[John Angelo Jackson]], made the first trek from Everest to [[Kangchenjunga]] during which he photographed [[symbol]]ic [[painting]]s of the Yeti at [[Thyangboche]].<ref>[http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html "Daily Mail Expedition will Seek Yeti"] Retrieved April 22, 2007.</ref> Jackson tracked and photographed many footprints in the snow, most of which were identifiable. However, there were many large footprints which could not be identified. The flattened footprint-like indentations were attributed to [[erosion]] and subsequent widening of the original footprint by wind and particles. Most surprising of the expedition however was the team's acquisition of [[hair]] specimens from a [[scalp]] found in Pangboche [[monastery]].  
 +
 
 +
The hair was analyzed by [[Frederic Wood Jones]], an expert in human and comparative [[anatomy]], comparing them with hairs from known animals such as [[bear]]s and [[orangutan]]s. He concluded that the hairs of the Pangboche scalp were not actually from a scalp. He contended that some animals do have a ridge of hair extending from the pate to the back, but no animals have a ridge (as in the Pangboche relic) running from the base of the forehead across the pate and ending at the nape of the neck. The hairs were black to dark brown in color in dim light, and fox red in sunlight. None of the hairs had been dyed and were probably exceedingly old. During the study, the hairs were bleached, cut into sections and analyzed microscopically. Wood-Jones was unable to pinpoint the animal from which the Pangboche hairs were taken. He was, however, convinced that the hairs were not of a bear or anthropoid ape. He suggested that the hairs were not from the head of a coarse-haired hoofed animal, but from its shoulder.<ref name=mysteries/>
  
 
[[Image:pangcboche-19534-John-Jackson.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Dr. Biswamoy Biswas examining the Pangboche Yeti scalp during the [[Daily Mail]] Snowman Expedition of 1954 ]]
 
[[Image:pangcboche-19534-John-Jackson.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Dr. Biswamoy Biswas examining the Pangboche Yeti scalp during the [[Daily Mail]] Snowman Expedition of 1954 ]]
  
Beginning in 1957, wealthy [[United States|American]] [[Petroleum|oilman]] [[Tom Slick]] funded a few missions to investigate Yeti reports. In 1959, supposed Yeti [[feces]] were collected by Slick's expedition; fecal analysis found a [[parasite]] which could not be classified, which may help in determining the existence of the yeti since parasites are most often unique to their host and help in identification purposes <ref> Coleman, Loren.(2003) "Bigfoot!: The True Story of Apes in America" Paraview Pocket Books, New York </ref>.
+
Beginning in 1957, wealthy [[United States|American]] [[Petroleum|oilman]] [[Tom Slick]] funded a few missions to investigate Yeti reports. In 1959, supposed Yeti [[feces]] were collected by Slick's expedition; fecal analysis found a [[parasite]] which could not be classified, which may help in determining the existence of the yeti since parasites are most often unique to their host and help in identification purposes.<ref name=coleman/>
 
 
In 1960, Sir Edmund Hillary mounted an expedition to collect and analyze physical evidence of  the Yeti. He sent a Yeti "[[scalp]]" from the [[Khumjung]] [[monastery]] to the West for testing, whose results indicated the scalp to be manufactured from the skin of the [[Nemorhaedus|serow]], a goat-like Himalayan antelope. But some disagreed with this analysis. Shackley said that the "hairs from the scalp look distinctly monkey-like, and that it contains parasitic mites of a species different from that recovered from the serow.<ref>(1998)"Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume" Time-Life Books, Alexandria </ref>
 
  
 +
In 1960, Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] mounted an expedition to collect and analyze physical evidence of the Yeti. He sent a Yeti "scalp" from the [[Khumjung]] monastery to the West for testing. The results indicated the scalp to be manufactured from the skin of the [[Nemorhaedus|serow]], a [[goat]]-like Himalayan [[antelope]], but some disagreed with this analysis. Shackley said that the "hairs from the scalp look distinctly monkey-like, and that it contains parasitic mites of a species different from that recovered from the serow.<ref name=mysteries/>
  
In 1970, British mountaineer [[Don Whillans]] claims to have witnessed a creature when scaling [[Annapurna]]. While scouting for a campsite, Whillans heard some odd cries which his Sherpa guide attributed to a Yeti's call. That very night, Whillans saw a dark shape moving near his camp. The next day, he observed a few human-like footprints in the snow, and that evening, viewed with [[binoculars]] a bipedal, apelike creature for 20 minutes as it apparently searched for food not far from his camp.  
+
In 1970, British mountaineer [[Don Whillans]] claims to have witnessed a creature when scaling [[Annapurna]]. While scouting for a campsite, Whillans heard some odd cries which his [[Sherpa]] guide attributed to a Yeti's call. That very night, Whillans saw a dark shape moving near his camp. The next day, he observed a few human-like footprints in the snow, and that evening, viewed with [[binoculars]] a bipedal, apelike creature for 20 minutes as it apparently searched for food not far from his camp.
  
 
==Skeptics==
 
==Skeptics==
  
Many modern scientists discredit the idea of the yeti for numerous reasons. First, the evidence of the yeti's existence is thin. Large footprints in the snow are vague at best, and the alleged physical remains found in local temples have proven inconclusive. Since a majority of science looks for the simplest answer, the renowned [[Okum's Razor]] theory, it is far easier to suggest that what has been believed to be sightings of yetis were actually misidentification of known animals of the region, particularly [[bear]]s. To date, the old great ape known to even inhabit an area of such extreme climate conditions such as the Himalayas are humans; all others live in tropical regions, and early hominids that did in fact move into colder areas are now extinct.
+
Many modern scientists discredit the idea of the yeti for numerous reasons. First, the evidence of the yeti's existence is thin. Large footprints in the snow are vague at best, and the alleged physical remains found in local [[temple]]s have proven inconclusive. It is more parsimonious to state that what has been believed to be sightings of yetis were actually misidentification of known animals of the region, particularly [[bear]]s. To date, the oldest [[great ape]] known to even inhabit an area of such extreme climate conditions as the [[Himalayas]] are [[human]]s; all others live in [[tropics|tropical]] regions, and early [[hominid]]s that did in fact move into colder areas are now extinct.
  
 
==In popular culture==
 
==In popular culture==
  
Perhaps due to the romance of travel and exploration attached to the area the yeti is alleged to inhabit, the yeti has remained more of an iconic and legendary figure. The fervor over the possible existence of Bigfoot in America does not so easily correlate to the yeti, although some cryptozoologists still hold out on the possibility that such a creature is in fact real. Nevertheless, the yeti is largely seen in pop culture as a mysterious creature, living in a far away land. It has been represented in many films over the years, including the 1957 horror classic ''The Abominable Snowman''. Such representations confirm that the idea of the yeti satisfies some [[psychology|psychological]] need to believe in myths and legends in an era where science has debunked so much, as well as the possibility that there are regions left on our increasingly modernized planet that are not fully explored, in which lie mysteries yet to be explained.
+
Perhaps due to the romance of travel and exploration attached to the area the yeti is alleged to inhabit, the yeti has remained an iconic and legendary figure. The fervor over the possible existence of [[Bigfoot]] in [[United States|America]] does not easily correspond to the yeti, although some [[cryptozoology|cryptozoologists]] still hold out on the possibility that such a creature is in fact real.  
 +
 
 +
Nevertheless, the yeti is largely seen in pop culture as a mysterious creature, living in a far away land. It has been represented in many films over the years, including the 1957 horror classic ''The Abominable Snowman''. Such representations confirm that the idea of the yeti satisfies some [[psychology|psychological]] need to believe in [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s in an era where science has debunked so much, as well as the possibility that there are regions left on our increasingly modernized [[planet]] that are not fully explored, in which lie mysteries yet to be explained.
  
 
==Footnotes==
 
==Footnotes==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
  
 
+
==References==
 +
*Coleman, Loren. 2003. ''Bigfoot! : The True Story of Apes in America''. Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN 0743469755
 +
*Messner, Reinhold. 2001. ''My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery''. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 031227078X
 +
*Napier, John. 2005. ''Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality''. ISBN 0-525-06658-6
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
  
* [http://www.cryptozoology.com/cryptids/yeti.php Yeh-teh "that thing out there"]
+
* [http://www.cryptozoology.com/cryptids/yeti.php Yeh-teh "that thing out there"] Retrieved April 22, 2007.
* [http://www.unmuseum.org/yeti.htm The Unmuseum's Yeti page]
+
* [http://www.unmuseum.org/yeti.htm The Unmuseum's Yeti page] Retrieved April 22, 2007.
* [http://www.occultopedia.com/y/yeti.htm Yeti, The Abominable Snowman] - from [[Occultopedia]]
+
* [http://www.occultopedia.com/y/yeti.htm Yeti, The Abominable Snowman] - from Occultopedia Retrieved April 22, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
* [http://www.dprix.com/biblio/yeti/yeti.html A theory of Yeti] (This site is in French)
+
* [http://www.dprix.com/biblio/yeti/yeti.html A theory of Yeti] (This site is in French) Retrieved April 22, 2007.
* [http://www.newanimal.org/yeti.htm The Cryptid Zoo: Yetis]
+
* [http://www.newanimal.org/yeti.htm The Cryptid Zoo: Yetis] Retrieved April 22, 2007.
* [http://www.pbs.org/edens/bhutan/a_migo.htm Migo]
+
* [http://www.pbs.org/edens/bhutan/a_migo.htm Migo] Retrieved April 22, 2007.
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
{{Credit1|Yeti|114928819|}}
 
{{Credit1|Yeti|114928819|}}

Revision as of 00:44, 22 April 2007


Purported Yeti scalp at Khumjung monastery

The Yeti is an alleged ape-like animal said to inhabit the Himalayan region of Nepal and Tibet. The names Yeti and Meh-Teh are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region,[1] and are part of their history and mythology.

Most mainstream scientists, explorers, and writers consider current evidence of the Yeti's existence to be weak and better explained as a hoax, legend, or misidentification of known species.[2] Nevertheless, the Yeti remains one of the most famous creatures of cryptozoology.

Description

The Yeti has often been compared physiologically to the American Sasquatch, as both are large, hold a structural similarity to the great apes family, are covered in hair, have a sagittal crest atop their heads and possess an extremely potent smell. However, unlike sasquatch, there have been fewer visual sightings at close range of the yeti reported since the twentieth century; much of current understanding of the yeti comes from artistic representations in ancient temples and monasteries, as well as stories and legends passed down by the people of the Himalayas. Because of this, there are many discrepancies in the region as to what exactly the yeti looks like.

Some have suggested that the Yeti is light colored, so as to blend in with the snow and always walk upright, while others have stated that the yeti is smaller, of darker color, walks on four legs like a bear but stands on all two feet when scared or threatened, as gorillas are known to do. Because of the location of the yeti and the romantic adventures associated with expeditions to discover one, the image of the yeti as a monster has not as easily been dropped from popular opinion as has the American sasquatch.

Origins

The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in Sikkim, in the Yumthang River valley.

For centuries, the people who have lived in the Himalayan region of Nepal, India, and Tibet have believed that the mountains were sacred and mysterious places, due possibly to the fact it is one of the most remote and inaccessible locations on the planet, and remain so to this day. Such a reverence with nature has historically shown a strong projection of supernatural elements and beliefs into similar regions. Such is the case in the Himalayas, where many magical creatures were said to inhabit the mountains, one being the yeti.[3]

Different cultures in the region have held different opinions of the yeti over the years. The Sherpas for example have an almost ambivalent feeling towards the creature, often using it as bed-time story to help keep children disciplined. The Tibetans, on the other hand, have often viewed the yeti as a creature to be dreaded, as it is seen as ferocious in mural artwork. In Nepal, there are stories of yetis coming down from the mountain to feed off of livestock, occasionally terrorizing the local population directly.

It should be noted, however, that these stories may actually be combinations of many different types of creatures and legends. Interpretations and translations by Westerners over the years have left the original idea of the yeti somewhat muddled. This is best seen in the creature's name. Yeti derives from yeh-teh which refers to an animal that resembles the American sasquatch on a smaller scale, while meh-teh translates as "man beast," which, from the vantage point of popular perception is a more fitting description. Yet it is the term yeti that has survived as the popular favorite.[3]

The "Abominable Snowman"

The yeti was first introduced to the western world in 1921, by Henry Newman, a reporter for the Calcutta Statesmen. Writing about a British expedition into the Himalayas, led by Lieutenant Colonel C.K. Howard Bury, Newman noted that the party observed figures moving above them at about 20,000 feet. When the climbing party finally arrived at the spot, they found foot prints much larger than any human could have made. The Sherpas attending the climb told Bury that the prints were made by the creature known as metoh-kangmi, which was actually a mistranslation on the part of Bury, one of many throughout the years that would add to the infamously of the yeti. Metoh-kangmi is a generic term used in the region for many creatures, but Bury mistook it for the name of the creature. Newman in turn mistranslated Bury's misunderstanding, believing that metoh kangmi was Tibetan for "abominable snowman."[4]

Thus, the western world was exposed to a mysterious creature that captured the imagination and attention of many. For decades after the story, expeditions from around the world would come to the Himalayas, some to climb, for the first time, the world's largest mountain, Mount Everest, some in search of the snowman. Ironically, the intense interest that the abominable snowman story created also helped develop interest in the sasquatch, which was viewed as the "American Yeti."

Expeditions and Evidence

In 1925, N. A. Tombazi, a photographer and member of the Royal Geographical Society, allegedly saw a creature at about 15,000 ft (4,572 meters) near Zemu Glacier. Tombazi later wrote that he observed the creature from about 200 or 300 yards, for about a minute: "Unquestionably, the figure in outline was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to pull at some dwarf rhododendron bushes. It showed up dark against the snow, and as far as I could make out, wore no clothes." About two hours later, Tombazi and his companions descended the mountain, and saw what they assumed to be the creature's prints, described as "similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide.... The prints were undoubtedly those of a biped."

Western interest in the Yeti peaked dramatically in the 1950s. While attempting to scale Mount Everest in 1951, Eric Shipton took photographs of a number of large prints in the snow, at about 19,685 ft (6,000 m) above sea level. These photos have been subject to intense scrutiny and debate. Some argue they are the best evidence of Yeti's existence, while others contend the prints to be from a mundane creature, and have been distorted by the melting snow.

File:1954-lowres-JAJ-daily-mail-pangboche-scalp-+hand.jpg
The Pangboche Hand and Yeti "Scalp", 1954

Perhaps the largest expedition in search of the yeti was the Daily Mail Snowman Expedition of 1954. Mountaineering leader John Angelo Jackson, made the first trek from Everest to Kangchenjunga during which he photographed symbolic paintings of the Yeti at Thyangboche.[5] Jackson tracked and photographed many footprints in the snow, most of which were identifiable. However, there were many large footprints which could not be identified. The flattened footprint-like indentations were attributed to erosion and subsequent widening of the original footprint by wind and particles. Most surprising of the expedition however was the team's acquisition of hair specimens from a scalp found in Pangboche monastery.

The hair was analyzed by Frederic Wood Jones, an expert in human and comparative anatomy, comparing them with hairs from known animals such as bears and orangutans. He concluded that the hairs of the Pangboche scalp were not actually from a scalp. He contended that some animals do have a ridge of hair extending from the pate to the back, but no animals have a ridge (as in the Pangboche relic) running from the base of the forehead across the pate and ending at the nape of the neck. The hairs were black to dark brown in color in dim light, and fox red in sunlight. None of the hairs had been dyed and were probably exceedingly old. During the study, the hairs were bleached, cut into sections and analyzed microscopically. Wood-Jones was unable to pinpoint the animal from which the Pangboche hairs were taken. He was, however, convinced that the hairs were not of a bear or anthropoid ape. He suggested that the hairs were not from the head of a coarse-haired hoofed animal, but from its shoulder.[3]

Dr. Biswamoy Biswas examining the Pangboche Yeti scalp during the Daily Mail Snowman Expedition of 1954

Beginning in 1957, wealthy American oilman Tom Slick funded a few missions to investigate Yeti reports. In 1959, supposed Yeti feces were collected by Slick's expedition; fecal analysis found a parasite which could not be classified, which may help in determining the existence of the yeti since parasites are most often unique to their host and help in identification purposes.[4]

In 1960, Sir Edmund Hillary mounted an expedition to collect and analyze physical evidence of the Yeti. He sent a Yeti "scalp" from the Khumjung monastery to the West for testing. The results indicated the scalp to be manufactured from the skin of the serow, a goat-like Himalayan antelope, but some disagreed with this analysis. Shackley said that the "hairs from the scalp look distinctly monkey-like, and that it contains parasitic mites of a species different from that recovered from the serow.[3]

In 1970, British mountaineer Don Whillans claims to have witnessed a creature when scaling Annapurna. While scouting for a campsite, Whillans heard some odd cries which his Sherpa guide attributed to a Yeti's call. That very night, Whillans saw a dark shape moving near his camp. The next day, he observed a few human-like footprints in the snow, and that evening, viewed with binoculars a bipedal, apelike creature for 20 minutes as it apparently searched for food not far from his camp.

Skeptics

Many modern scientists discredit the idea of the yeti for numerous reasons. First, the evidence of the yeti's existence is thin. Large footprints in the snow are vague at best, and the alleged physical remains found in local temples have proven inconclusive. It is more parsimonious to state that what has been believed to be sightings of yetis were actually misidentification of known animals of the region, particularly bears. To date, the oldest great ape known to even inhabit an area of such extreme climate conditions as the Himalayas are humans; all others live in tropical regions, and early hominids that did in fact move into colder areas are now extinct.

In popular culture

Perhaps due to the romance of travel and exploration attached to the area the yeti is alleged to inhabit, the yeti has remained an iconic and legendary figure. The fervor over the possible existence of Bigfoot in America does not easily correspond to the yeti, although some cryptozoologists still hold out on the possibility that such a creature is in fact real.

Nevertheless, the yeti is largely seen in pop culture as a mysterious creature, living in a far away land. It has been represented in many films over the years, including the 1957 horror classic The Abominable Snowman. Such representations confirm that the idea of the yeti satisfies some psychological need to believe in myths and legends in an era where science has debunked so much, as well as the possibility that there are regions left on our increasingly modernized planet that are not fully explored, in which lie mysteries yet to be explained.

Footnotes

  1. Charles Stonor (1955 Daily Mail). The Sherpa and the Snowman. Hollis and Carter. 
  2. John Napier (2005). Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality. ISBN 0-525-06658-6. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mysteries of the Unknown: Mysterious Creatures Volume (Time-Life Books, Alexandria 1998)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Loren Coleman, Bigfoot!: The True Story of Apes in America (New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books 2003)
  5. "Daily Mail Expedition will Seek Yeti" Retrieved April 22, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Coleman, Loren. 2003. Bigfoot! : The True Story of Apes in America. Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN 0743469755
  • Messner, Reinhold. 2001. My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 031227078X
  • Napier, John. 2005. Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality. ISBN 0-525-06658-6

External links


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