Ursula K. Le Guin

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Ursula Kroeber Le Guin
Ursula K. Le Guin at an informal bookstore Q&A session, July 2004
Born	October 21 1929 (1929-10-21) Berkeley, California, United States
Occupation	Novelist
Nationality	American
Genres	Science fiction fantasy
Influences	Carl Jung J.R.R. Tolkien Greek mythology
Influenced	Neil Gaiman Susanna Clarke Hayao Miyazaki
Official website

Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (pronounced /ˈɝsələ ˈkroʊbɚ ləˈgwɪn/) (born October 21, 1929) is an American author. She has written novels, poetry, children's books, essays, and short stories, most notably in the fantasy and science fiction genres. First published in the 1960s, her works explore Taoist, anarchist, ethnographic, feminist, psychological and sociological themes.

Le Guin is one of the pioneers of a sub-genre of science fiction known as feminist science fiction. Feminist science fiction uses the science fiction genre to examine feminist themes such as equality among the sexes and the distribution of power in society, biological and gender differences based on reproduction, and the relationship of gender to social organization. In the Left Hand of Darkness, Le Guin creates a utopian society in which gender differences play no role in determining power and position as a means of reflecting on the relationships in human society.

Her feminist themes are nonetheless intertwined with her other social, political and religious/spiritual concerns in a way that has drawn criticism from some feminists. Unlike some science fiction, Le Guin's work is less concerned with the importance of technological change and development on human culture, and more interested in using alternative models of society to examine the social, gender and spiritual dimensions of human society.

Biography

Le Guin was born and raised in Berkeley, California, the daughter of anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber and writer Theodora Kroeber. In 1901 Le Guin's father earned the first Ph.D. in anthropology in the United States from Columbia University and went on to found the second department, at the University of California at Berkeley. Theodora Kroeber's biography of her husband, Alfred Kroeber: A Personal Configuration, is a good source for Le Guin's early years and for the biographical elements in her late works, especially her interest in social anthropology.

Le Guin received her B.A. (Phi Beta Kappa) from Radcliffe College in 1951, and M.A. from Columbia University in 1952. She later studied in France, where she met her husband, historian Charles Le Guin. They were married in 1953.

She became interested in literature when she was very young. At the age of eleven she submitted her first story to the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. It was rejected. Her earliest writings, some of which she adapted to include in Orsinian Tales and Malafrena, were non-fantastic stories of imaginary countries. Searching for a publishable way to express her interests, she returned to her early interest in science fiction and began to be published regularly in the early 1960s. She received wide recognition for her novel The Left Hand of Darkness, which won the Hugo and Nebula awards in 1970.

In later years, Le Guin did some work in film and audio. She contributed to The Lathe of Heaven, a 1979 PBS Film. In 1985, she collaborated with avant-garde composer David Bedford on the libretto of Rigel 9, a space opera.

Le Guin has lived in Portland, Oregon, since 1958. She has three children and four grandchildren.

Themes

Much of Le Guin's science fiction places a strong emphasis on the social sciences, including sociology and anthropology, thus placing it in the subcategory known as soft science fiction. Her writing often makes use of alien cultures to convey a message about human culture. An example is the exploration of sexual identity through an androgynous race in The Left Hand of Darkness. Such themes place her work in the category of feminist science fiction, although she is not singularly interested in questions of gender, but how they intersect with other social and political concerns. For example, her works are also often concerned with ecological issues.

The Left Hand of Darkness explores gender by creating a gender neutral society in which sexual difference appears to play no role, although love and jealousy remain. While the world she creates is a peaceful society, the reason for this remains open to interpretation. The It could be due to the Gethenians' unique biology (the absence of a deep sense of duality implied by strong gender divisions may cause the Gethenians to lack a necessary component of nationalism), or it could simply be a side effect of the planet's harsh climate, limiting warfare to small skirmishes by simple economics.

Also related is the far slower pace of technological development. The Gethenians are mentioned as having gone through a very slow-paced and gradual industrialization, with many semi-feudal social institutions left intact, rather than the breakneck industrial revolution which Earth experienced since the 18th Century. In one episode, it is specifically mentioned that a particular type of truck has been in use for centuries, almost unchanged, and that Gethenians feel no special need to improve on it and develop a more advanced model. Like the above, this may be related to the absence of a sharp male/female dichotomy, or may simply be a side-effect of Gethen's meager natural resources, which are deficient not only in pure raw materials, but also in certain forms of inspiration (Genly Ai speculates at one point that the Gethenians' failure to invent the airplane may be due to the planet's lack of birds).

In fact, Le Guin examines gender related questions surprisingly little, and provides even less in the way of answers. As the novel focuses instead on in-depth examination of curiously toned-down and blended distortions of subjects like Feudalism and Communism, Zen-like eastern mysticism and Christianity, this may in fact be a very subtle answer to the question of gender: "It's not important."

Politics

Gethenians in Karhide do possess an elaborate system of social prestige called shifgrethor, in which individuals jockey for position by subtle maneuvering—the exact kind of social conflict seen in homogeneous groups (compare office politics). The demonization of others is artificial and temporary; alliances shift easily, and prevailing cultural mores are determined and protected by the next clearest division between groups—geography.

Nations exist, and different places have different societies, but they blend at the edges. Low level raiding of indeterminate value preserves a sense of hostility and division that is useful for internal political purposes, but there is little real desire to actually conquer another nation. Indeed, the concept of full-scale war is unknown to Gethenian societies. But it seems possible that Gethen is now drifting towards a war between Karhide and Orgoreyn.

Religion

The book features two major religions: the Handdara, an informal system reminiscent of Taoism and Zen, and the Yomesh or Meshe's cult, a close-to-monotheistic religion based on the idea of absolute knowledge. Handdara is more archaic and dominates in Karhide, while Yomesh is an official religion in Orgoreyn. The difference between them underlies political distinctions between the countries and cultural distinctions between their inhabitants. Estraven is a follower of Handdara, which motivates many of his actions.

Le Guin makes use of the ordinary actions and transactions of everyday life. For example, in "Tehanu" it is central to the story that the main characters are concerned with the everyday business of looking after animals, tending gardens and doing domestic chores. While she has often used otherworldly perspectives to explore political and cultural themes, she has also written fiction set much closer to home; many of her short stories are set in our world in the present or near future.

Several of Le Guin's science fiction works, including her novels The Dispossessed and The Left Hand of Darkness, belong to her Hainish Cycle, which details a future, galactic civilization loosely connected by a organizational body known as the Ekumen. Many of these works deal with the consequences of contact between different worlds and cultures. The Ekumen serves as a framework in which to stage these interactions. For example, the novels The Left Hand of Darkness and The Telling deal with the consequences of the arrival of Ekumen envoys (known as "mobiles") on remote planets and the culture shock that ensues.

Unlike those in much mainstream hard science fiction, none of the civilizations Le Guin depicts possess reliable faster-than-light travel. Instead, Le Guin created the ansible, a device that allows instantaneous communication over any distance. The term and concept have been subsequently borrowed by several other well-known authors.

Legacy

Le Guin is an important figure in the rise of the genre of science fiction in the second half of the twentieth century.

Adaptations of her work

Few of Le Guin's major works have yet been adapted to film or television. Her 1971 novel, The Lathe of Heaven, has been adapted twice. First, in 1980 by thirteen/WNET New York, with her own participation, and again in 2002 by the A&E Network.

In the early 1980s animator and director Hayao Miyazaki asked permission to create an animated adaptation of Earthsea. However, Le Guin, who was unfamiliar with his work and anime in general, turned down the offer. Several years later, after seeing My Neighbour Totoro, she reconsidered her refusal, believing that if anyone should be allowed to direct an Earthsea film, it should be Hayao Miyazaki. Eventually The third and fourth Earthsea books were used as the basis of the 2005 animated film Tales from Earthsea (ゲド戦記, Gedo Senki). The film, however, was directed by Miyazaki's son, Goro, rather than Hayao Miyazaki himself, and Le Guin has expressed mixed feelings toward it.

In 2004 the Sci Fi Channel adapted the first two books of the Earthsea trilogy as the miniseries Legend of Earthsea. Le Guin says that she was "cut out of the process" of this adaptation and that the miniseries was a "far cry from the Earthsea I envisioned." As a result of copyright issues stemming from miniseries, the animated film cannot be released in the United States until 2009.

Awards

Le Guin has received several Hugo and Nebula awards, and was awarded the Gandalf Grand Master award in 1979 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Grand Master Award in 2003. She has received eighteen Locus Awards for her fiction, more than any other author. Her novel The Farthest Shore won the National Book Award for Children's Books in 1973.

Le Guin was the Professional Guest of Honor at the 1975 World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne, Australia. She received the Library of Congress Living Legends award in the "Writers and Artists" category in April 2000 for her significant contributions to America's cultural heritage. In 2004, Le Guin was the recipient of the Association for Library Service to Children's May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture Award and the Margaret Edwards Award. She was honored by The Washington Center for the Book for her distinguished body of work with the Maxine Cushing Gray Fellowship for Writers on 18 October 2006. Robert Heinlein in part dedicated his 1982 novel Friday to Le Guin.

Fiction

Earthsea (fantasy)

The Earthsea novels

• A Wizard of Earthsea, 1968
• The Tombs of Atuan, 1971
• The Farthest Shore, 1972 (Winner of the National Book Award)
• Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea, 1990 (Winner of the Nebula Award)
• Tales from Earthsea, 2001
• The Other Wind, 2001

Note: The short story "Dragonfly" from Tales from Earthsea is intended to fit in between Tehanu and The Other Wind and, according to Le Guin, is "an important bridge in the series as a whole".

The Earthsea short stories

• "The Word of Unbinding," 1975 (in The Wind's Twelve Quarters; originally published in the January 1964 issue of Fantastic)
• "The Rule of Names," 1975 (in The Wind's Twelve Quarters)
• "Dragonfly" (in Legends, ed. Robert Silverberg; also in Tales from Earthsea)
• Tales from Earthsea, short story collection, 2001 (winner of Endeavour Award)

Hainish Cycle (science fiction)

The Hainish Cycle novels

• Rocannon's World, 1966
• Planet of Exile, 1966
• City of Illusions, 1967
• The Left Hand of Darkness, 1969 (winner of the Hugo Award and Nebula Award)
• The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia, 1974 (winner of the Hugo Award and Nebula Award)
• The Word for World is Forest, 1976 (winner of the Hugo Award)
• Four Ways to Forgiveness, 1995 (Four Stories of the Ekumen)
• Worlds of Exile and Illusion, 1996 (omnibus of Rocannon's World, Planet of Exile and City of Illusions)
• The Telling, 2000 (winner of Endeavour Award)

The Hainish Cycle short stories

• "Dowry of the Angyar," 1964 (appears as "Semley's Necklace" in The Wind's Twelve Quarters; also used as the prologue of Rocannon's World)
• "Winter's King," 1969 (in The Wind's Twelve Quarters)
• "Vaster Than Empires and More Slow," 1971 (in The Wind's Twelve Quarters)
• "The Day Before the Revolution," 1974 (in The Wind's Twelve Quarters; winner of the Nebula Award and Locus Award)
• "The Shobies' Story," 1990 (in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea)
• "Dancing to Ganam," 1993 (in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea)
• "Another Story OR A Fisherman of the Inland Sea," 1994 (in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea)
• "The Matter of Seggri," 1994 (in The Birthday of the World; winner of the James Tiptree, Jr. Award)
• "Unchosen Love," 1994 (in The Birthday of the World)
• "Solitude," 1994 (in The Birthday of the World; winner of the Nebula Award)
• "Coming of Age in Karhide," 1995 (in The Birthday of the World)
• "Mountain Ways," 1996 (in The Birthday of the World; winner of the James Tiptree, Jr. Award)
• "Old Music and the Slave Women," 1999 (in The Birthday of the World)

Miscellaneous novels and story cycles

• The Lathe of Heaven, 1971 (made into TV movies, 1980 and 2002)
• The Eye of the Heron, 1978 (first published in the anthology Millennial Women)
• Malafrena, 1979
• The Beginning Place, 1980 (also published as Threshold, 1986)
• Always Coming Home, 1985
• Lavinia, 2008
• Direction of the Road, ?

Note: Le Guin has said that The Eye of the Heron might form part of the Hainish cycle. The other tales are unconnected with any of her other works, except that Malafrena takes place in the same realistic-but-imagined part of Europe as Orsinian Tales.

Short story collections

• The Wind's Twelve Quarters, 1975
• Orsinian Tales, 1976
• The Compass Rose, 1982
• Buffalo Gals, and Other Animal Presences, 1987
• Searoad, 1991
• A Fisherman of the Inland Sea, 1994
• Unlocking the Air and Other Stories, 1996
• The Birthday of the World, 2002
• Changing Planes, 2003

Books for children and young adults

The Catwings Collection

• Catwings, 1988
• Catwings Return, 1989
• Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings, 1994
• Jane on her Own, 1999

Annals of the Western Shore

• Gifts, 2004
• Voices, 2006
• Powers, 2007

Other books for children and young adults

• Very Far Away from Anywhere Else, 1976, ISBN 0-15-205208-9
• Leese Webster, 1979, ISBN 0-689-30715-2
• Solomon Leviathan's Nine Hundred and Thirty-First Trip Around the World, 1984, ISBN 0-399-21491-7
• A Visit from Dr. Katz, 1988, ISBN 0-689-31332-2
• Fire and Stone, 1989, ISBN 0-689-31408-6
• Fish Soup, 1992, ISBN 0-689-31733-6
• A Ride on the Red Mare's Back, 1992, ISBN 0-531-07079-4
• Tom Mouse, 2002, ISBN 0-7613-1599-3

Nonfiction

Prose

• The Language of the Night, 1979, revised edition 1992
• Dancing at the Edge of the World, 1989
• Revisioning Earthsea, 1992 (a published lecture - essay)
• Steering the Craft, 1998 (about writing)
• The Wave in the Mind, 2004

Poetry

• Wild Angels, 1975
• Hard Words and Other Poems, 1981
• Wild Oats and Fireweed, 1988
• Going Out with Peacocks and Other Poems, 1994
• Sixty Odd: New Poems, 1999
• Incredible Good Fortune, 2006

Translations and Renditions

• Lao Tzu : Tao Te Ching, a Book about the Way & the Power of the Way, 1997 (a rendition and commentary) ISBN 1-57062-333-3
• Kalpa Imperial, 2003, from Angélica Gorodischer's Spanish original.
• Selected Poems of Gabriela Mistral, from Gabriela Mistral's Spanish originals.

See also: "The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas"

Le Guin is a prolific author and has published many works that are not listed here. Many works were originally published in science fiction literary magazines. Those that have not since been anthologized have fallen into obscurity.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Brown, Joanne, & St. Clair, Nancy, Declarations of Independence: Empowered Girls in Young Adult Literature, 1990–2001 (Lanham, MD, & London: The Scarecrow Press, 2002 [Scarecrow Studies in Young Adult Literature, No. 7]) ISBN 9780810842908
• Cart, Michael, From Romance to Realism: 50 Years of Growth and Change in Young Adult Literature (New York: HarperCollins, 1996). ISBN 9780060242893
• Davis, Laurence & Peter Stillman, eds, The New Utopian Politics of Ursula K. Le Guin's "The Dispossessed" (New York: Lexington Books, 2005) ISBN 9780739110867
• Egoff, Sheila, Stubbs, G. T., & Ashley, L. F., eds, Only Connect: Readings on Children’s Literature (Toronto & New York: Oxford University Press, 1969; 2nd ed., 1980; 3rd ed., 1996) OCLC 77573
• Egoff, Sheila A., Worlds Within: Children’s Fantasy from the Middle Ages to Today (Chicago & London: American Library Association, 1988) ISBN 9780838904947
• Lehr, Susan, ed., Battling Dragons: Issues and Controversy in Children’s Literature (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995) ISBN 9780435088286
• Lennard, John, Of Modern Dragons and other essays on Genre Fiction (Tirril: Humanities-Ebooks, 2007)
• Reginald, Robert, & Slusser, George, eds, Zephyr and Boreas: Winds of Change in the Fictions of Ursula K. Le Guin (San Bernadino, CA: Borgo Press, 1997) ISBN 9780916732783
• Rochelle, Warren G., Communities of the Heart: The Rhetoric of Myth in the Fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001) ISBN 9780853238867
• Sullivan III, C. W., ed., Young Adult Science Fiction (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999 [Contributions to the Study of Science Fiction and Fantasy 79]) ISBN 9780313289408
• Trites, Roberta Seelinger, Disturbing the Universe: Power and Repression in Adolescent Literature (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000) ISBN 9780877457404
• Wayne, Kathryn Ross, Redefining Moral Education: Life, Le Guin, and Language (Lanham, MD: Austin & Winfield, 1995) ISBN 9781880921852
• White, Donna R., Dancing with Dragons: Ursula K. Le Guin and the Critics (Ontario: Camden House, 1998 [Literary Criticism in Perspective]) ISBN 9781571130341

External links

All links retrieved February 19, 2009.

• Interview with Le Guin on The Inkwell Review, on her novel Lavinia.
• Interview with Ramona Koval on the Book Show, ABC Radio National on her novel Lavinia.
• Interview with Le Guin in Guernica Magazine.
• Chronicles of Earthsea Guardian Unlimited Interview with Ursula K. Le Guin, February 9, 2004.
• Ursula Le Guin's homepage
• Ursula K. Le Guin at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• LitWeb.net: Ursula Le Guin Biography
• An audio interview with Ursula K. Le Guin (MP3 format) from Hour 25
• Interview in The Guardian December 17 2005
• More about LeGuin and the Earthsea film
• Radio Interview with Ursula LeGuin on Bookworm
• Reviews, synopses, and cover art at FantasyLiterature.net
• Interview about her Lavinia on National Public Radio's All Things Considered April 26 2008
• Audio interview with Le Guin at National Review Online
• VIDEO: Ursula K. Le Guin reads from her novel, LAVINIA, April 22, 2008, Powell's City of Books, Portland, Oregon.
• Transcript of interview on Australia's ABC Radio National "The Book Show" program - mainly about Lavinia - May 4, 2008
• Interview with Le Guin in "Vice" magazine conducted by Steve Lafreniere - January 2009

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