Difference between revisions of "Truck" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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A '''truck''' is a motorized vehicle usually used for transporting bulk goods, materials, or equipment. The word "truck" comes from the Greek word ''trochos'', meaning "wheel." In [[North America]], the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine-driven trucks became available, these were called "motor trucks."
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{{redirect|Lorry}}
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[[Image:Logging truck.jpg|thumb|An Australian [[Tractor unit|prime mover]] [[Kenworth]] and [[Semi-trailer truck|B double trailer]] combination]]
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[[Image:truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|DAF [[Tractor unit|tractor]] with an auto-transport [[semi-trailer truck]] carrying [[Škoda Octavia]] cars in [[Cardiff, Wales]]]]
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[[Image:P_1217.14_Palencia.JPG|thumb|Spanish [[Pegaso]] 1217.14 [[tank truck]]]]
  
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'''Lorry''' is a British term for a truck, but it is used only for the medium and heavy types. A [[van]], [[pickup truck]], or [[Jeep]] would not be called a "lorry." Other languages have [[loanword]]s based on these terms, such as the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''lori'' and the [[Mexican Spanish]] ''troca'' (or ''pickup'' in northern [[Mexico]]).
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A '''truck''' is a vehicle for carrying goods and materials. The word "truck" comes from the Greek "trochos", meaning "wheel." In [[North America]], the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine driven trucks came into fashion, these were called "motor trucks." '''Lorry''' is a term from the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], but is only used for the medium and heavy types (see below), i.e. a [[van]], a [[pickup truck|pickup]] or a [[Jeep]] would never be regarded as a "lorry." Other languages have [[loanword]]s based on these terms, such as the [[Malay language]] and the [[Spanish language]]  
 +
in northern [[Mexico]].
  
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In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], a small vehicle with an open back is called a '''ute''' (short for "utility vehicle") and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.
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In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]] a small vehicle with an open back is called a '''ute''' (short for "utility vehicle") or a '''pick-up''' and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.
  
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==Anatomy of a truck==
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In most countries, a special driver's license is required to drive any type of truck greater than 3.5 tonnes (10,000 lb). {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
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Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a [[chassis]], a [[Cabin (truck)|cab]], an area for placing [[cargo]] or equipment, [[axle]]s, [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] and [[wheel]]s, an [[engine]], and a [[drivetrain]]. [[Pneumatic]], [[hydraulic]], [[water]], and [[electrical]] systems may also be identified. They are complex machines. Many also tow one or more [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] or [[semi-trailer]]s.
 
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===Cab===
 
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[[Image:Scania R470 topline.JPG|thumb|[[Scania AB|Scania]] R470 flat nose truck]]
 
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The [[Cabin (truck)|cab]] is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A '''sleeper''' is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver may rest while not driving, sometimes seen in [[semi-trailer truck]]s.
 
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Cabs can be built in a few possible configurations:
 
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* ''[[Cab over]] engine'' (COE) or ''flat nose'', where the driver is seated on top of the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in [[Europe]], where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated. They were common in the United States, but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of ''tilt-cab''. This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads follow the layout of much more ancient path and trackways which require the additional turning capability of the cab over engine type.
 
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[[Image:American truck.JPG|thumb|200px| US truck with ''long nose'' and ''sleeper cab'']]
 
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* ''Conventional'' cabs are the most common in [[North America]], and are known in the UK as ''American cabs''. The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventionals are further divided into large car and aerodynamic designs. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long (6 to 8 foot (1.8 to 2.4 m) or more) hood. With their very square shapes, these trucks experience a lot of wind resistance and typically consume more fuel. They also provide somewhat poorer visibility than their aerodynamic or COE counterparts. By contrast, ''Aerodynamic'' cabs are very [[m:wikt:streamline|streamlined]], with a sloped hood and other features to lower drag. Most owner-operators prefer the square-hooded conventionals.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
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* Cab beside engine designs also exist, but are rather rare.
 
  
 
===Engine===
 
===Engine===
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Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as [[SUV]]s or [[pickup truck|pickup]]s, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America will use [[gasoline]] engines. Most heavier trucks use [[four stroke cycle|four stroke]] [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[intercooler]] [[diesel]] engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Detroit Diesel]] [[two stroke cycle|two stroke]] engine.
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Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s or [[pickup truck|pickup]]s, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America and [[Russia]] will use [[gasoline]] engines. Most heavier trucks use [[four stroke cycle|four stroke]] [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[intercooler]] [[diesel]] engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Detroit Diesel]] [[two stroke cycle|two stroke]] engine.
  
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In the United States, highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as [[Caterpillar Inc.|CAT]], [[Cummins]], or [[Detroit Diesel]]. The only exceptions to this are [[Volvo Trucks]] and [[Mack Trucks]], which are available with [[Volvo]] and [[Mack]] diesel engines, respectively, and Freightliner, a [[subsidiary]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]], which are available with [[Mercedes-Benz]] and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and busses built by the [[Navistar International]] can also contain International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the US-market because of this third party tradition.
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North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as [[Caterpillar Inc.|CAT]], [[Cummins]], or [[Detroit Diesel]]. The only exceptions to this are [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and its subsidiary [[Mack Trucks]], which are available with own engines. [[Freightliner]], [[Sterling Trucks]] and [[Western Star]], [[subsidiary|subsidaries]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]], are available with [[Mercedes-Benz]] and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by the [[Navistar International]] can also contain International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the U.S.-market because of this third party tradition.
  
 
In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations, the regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.
 
In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations, the regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.
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===Drivetrain===
 
===Drivetrain===
 
[[Image:Truck.jpg|thumb|left|A logging truck]]
 
[[Image:Truck.jpg|thumb|left|A logging truck]]
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Small trucks use the same type of [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] as almost all [[automobile|cars]] which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with [[synchromesh|synchroniser]]s. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisors which are lighter weight although some synchronised transmissions have been used in larger trucks. Transmissions without synchronisors require either double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries,) or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of shifting which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops. Although widely used, due to the tiring nature of double clutching, floating is technically illegal{{Fact|date=October 2007}} and can not be used on trucks which do not have a tachometer{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Common North American setups include 10, 13 and 18 speeds. [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] and [[semi-automatic transmission]]s for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10 and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission would have anything from 5 to 12 gears.
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Small trucks use the same type of [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] as almost all [[automobile|cars]] which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with [[synchromesh|synchroniser]]s. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisers which have less bulk and weight although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronisers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize, so that a smooth shift can be made e.g. when upshifting, accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved in to neutral, clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next highest gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain required engine rpms. Although this is a relatively fast movement perhaps a second or so while transmission is in neutral it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion except the engine speed is now required to increase (while transmission is in neutral) just a right amount in order to achieve the synchronisation for the smooth non-crunching gearchange. The so called skip changing is also widely used, in principle operation is the same but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gearchange.  
 +
Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] and [[semi-automatic transmission]]s for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10 and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy trucks transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern ) and split" type where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection. 
  
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The trend in Europe is that more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a [[manual transmission]] is damaging to their knees.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} And the fact that you can lower fuel consumption and improve the durability of the truck.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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In Europe more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a [[manual transmission]] is damaging to their knees {{Fact|date=February 2007}}and the fuel consumption can be lowered and truck durability improved.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The primary reason perhaps is the fact that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions.
  
 
===Chassis===
 
===Chassis===
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[[Image:Polski Fiat 621 L Warsaw.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] 1936-built Fiat 621 L [[fire truck]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland]]
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[[Image:Polski Fiat 621 L Warsaw.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] [[1936]]-built Fiat 621 L [[fire truck]] in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]]]
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The [[chassis]] or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two [[beam (structure)|beams]], and several [[crossmembers]]. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable.  The chassis is usually made of [[steel]], but can be made (whole or in part) of [[aluminium]] for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition ([[carbon]], [[molybdenum]], etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicenced persons. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it.  A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends.
+
The [[chassis]] or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two [[beam (structure)|beams]], and several [[crossmembers]]. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable.  The chassis is usually made of [[steel]], but can be made (whole or in part) of [[aluminium]] for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition ([[carbon]], [[molybdenum]], etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicenced persons. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it.  A [[Drawbar (haulage)|tow bar]] may be found attached at one or both ends.
  
 
==Environmental effects==
 
==Environmental effects==
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Trucks contribute to air, noise and [[water pollution]] in a similar fashion to [[automobile]]s.   In fact,  in the case of [[air pollution]] emissions, trucks may actually emit lower emissions than autos on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher.<ref>[http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency]</ref> With respect to [[noise pollution]] trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles; this contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/  C. Michael Hogan, '' Analysis of Highway Noise'', Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, Sept., 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979]</ref>
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Trucks contribute to air, noise, and [[water pollution]] in a similar fashion to [[automobile]]s. In the case of [[air pollution]] emissions, trucks may actually emit lower emissions than autos on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher and diesel soot is especially problematic for health.<ref>[http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency]</ref> With respect to [[noise pollution]] trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles; this contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/  C. Michael Hogan, '' Analysis of Highway Noise'', Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, Sept., 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979]</ref>
  
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Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on [[global warming]]. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency. <ref>http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ''U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector''</ref>
+
Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on [[global warming]]. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.<ref>http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ''U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector''</ref>
  
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In 2005, Transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector <ref>http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions''</ref>.
+
In 2005, Transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.<ref>http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions''</ref>
  
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Between 1985 and 2004, in the US, energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%,
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Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%,
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while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.
+
while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.<ref>http://intensityindicators.pnl.gov/delivered_transportation.stm U.S. Department of Energy ''Transportation Sector - Delivered Energy''</ref>
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<ref>http://intensityindicators.pnl.gov/delivered_transportation.stm U.S. Department of Energy ''Transportation Sector - Delivered Energy''</ref>
 
 
"Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines."
 
"Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines."
  
−
According to a 1995 US Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks and nearly 20,000 for air transport.
+
According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks and nearly 20,000 for air transport.<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 'Energy Efficiency'</ref> and many environment organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.<ref>http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ConsultationsEnvironmentalAuditCommittee.htm Freight on Rail Website</ref>
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<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 'Energy Efficiency'</ref> and many environment organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe <ref>http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ConsultationsEnvironmentalAuditCommittee.htm Freight on Rail Website</ref>.
 
  
 
==Quality and sales==
 
==Quality and sales==
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===Heavy trucks market worldwide===
 
===Heavy trucks market worldwide===
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[[Image:CementTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer," or a "transit mixer" in U.S. English.]]
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[[Image:CementTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer", or a "transit mixer".]]
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[[Image:MuncyTruck.jpg|thumbnail|180px|A "strait-job" International moving truck.]]
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[[Image:MuncyTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A "straight-job" [[International Harvester|International]] moving truck.]]
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
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|+Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 tonnes GVW in 2005. <ref>[http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS127c_Motor_Vehicle_industry/The_Motor_Vehicle_Industry_in_Sweden_FS127c.pdf The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden] PUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH INSTITUTE SEPTEMBER 2006 FS 127 C. Retrieved 6 January 2007.</ref>
+
|+Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 tonnes GVW in 2005.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS127c_Motor_Vehicle_industry/The_Motor_Vehicle_Industry_in_Sweden_FS127c.pdf The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden] PUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH INSTITUTE SEPTEMBER 2006 FS 127 C. Retrieved [[6 January]] 2007.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Pos. !! Make !! Units  
 
! Pos. !! Make !! Units  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 1
 
! 1
−
| [[DaimlerChrysler]] ([[Mercedes-Benz]])|| 241,515  
+
| [[Daimler AG]] ([[Mercedes-Benz]],[[Freightliner]],[[Sterling]],[[Unimog]],[[Western Star]],[[Fuso]])|| 241,515  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 2
 
! 2
−
|  [[Volvo]] || 177,106  
+
|  [[Volvo]] ([[Volvo]],[[Mack]],[[Renault]],[[UD Nissan Diesel]])|| 177,106  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 3
 
! 3
−
| [[PACCAR]] ([[DAF Trucks]])|| 124,406  
+
| [[PACCAR]] ([[DAF Trucks]],[[Kenworth]],[[Peterbilt]],[[Leyland Trucks]])|| 124,406  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 4
 
! 4
−
| [[Navistar International Corporation|International]] || 61,066  
+
| [[Navistar International Corporation]] ([[International]],[[Workhorse]]|| 61,066  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 5
 
! 5
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|-
 
|-
 
! 8
 
! 8
−
| [[Iveco]] ([[Fiat Group]]) || 43,364
+
| [[Iveco]] ([[Iveco]],[[Magirus]],[[Astra]],[[Seddon Atkinson]],[[Yuejin]]) || 43,364
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 9
 
! 9
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====Europe====
 
====Europe====
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''Western European manufacturers''
+
[[Image:Scania_porteur_benne_tp.jpeg‎|thumb|A heavy [[Scania]] dump truck in France]]
 +
*[[Acmat]] ([[France]])
 +
*[[Alexander Dennis]] ([[UK]])
 +
*[[BMC (Turkey)]]
 +
*[[Carmichael]] ([[UK]])
 
*[[DAF Trucks]] ([[Netherlands]]) (division of [[PACCAR]])
 
*[[DAF Trucks]] ([[Netherlands]]) (division of [[PACCAR]])
 +
*[[Dennis Eagle]] ([[UK]])
 +
*[[ELBO]] ([[Greece]])
 +
*[[Ford]]
 +
*[[Ginaf]] ([[Netherlands]])
 
*[[Iveco]] ([[Italy]])
 
*[[Iveco]] ([[Italy]])
 
*[[MAN AG]] ([[Germany]])
 
*[[MAN AG]] ([[Germany]])
 
*[[Mercedes-Benz]] ([[Germany]])
 
*[[Mercedes-Benz]] ([[Germany]])
 +
*[[Namco]] ([[Greece]])
 +
* [[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]])
 +
*[[Panhard]] ([[France]])
 
*[[Renault Trucks]] ([[France]])
 
*[[Renault Trucks]] ([[France]])
 +
*[[Sides]] ([[France]])
 
*[[Sisu Auto]] ([[Finland]])
 
*[[Sisu Auto]] ([[Finland]])
 
*[[Scania AB|Scania]] ([[Sweden]])
 
*[[Scania AB|Scania]] ([[Sweden]])
 +
*[[Temax]] ([[Greece]])
 +
*[[Uro (trucks)|URO]] ([[Spain]])
 
*[[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles]] ([[Germany]])
 
*[[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles]] ([[Germany]])
 
*[[Volvo Trucks]] ([[Sweden]]) (not to be confused with [[Volvo cars]], which is part of [[Ford Motor Company]])
 
*[[Volvo Trucks]] ([[Sweden]]) (not to be confused with [[Volvo cars]], which is part of [[Ford Motor Company]])
−
''Eastern European manufacturers''
+
*[[Zil]] ([[Russia]])
 +
*[[Avia Trucks]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 +
*[[BelAZ]] ([[Russia]])
 
*[[Fabrika Automobila Priboj]] ([[Serbia]])
 
*[[Fabrika Automobila Priboj]] ([[Serbia]])
−
*[[Avia Trucks]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
 
*[[Kamaz]] ([[Russia]])
 
*[[Kamaz]] ([[Russia]])
 +
*[[KrAZ]] ([[Ukraine]])
 
*[[MAZ]] ([[Belarus]])
 
*[[MAZ]] ([[Belarus]])
 +
*[[Roman (vehicle manufacturer)|Roman]] ([[Romania]])
 
*[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
*[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
*[[Liberecké automobilové závody|LIAZ]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
*[[Liberecké automobilové závody|LIAZ]] ([[Czech Republic]])
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*[[GAZ]] ([[Russia]])
 
*[[GAZ]] ([[Russia]])
 
*[[Zastava Trucks]] ([[Serbia]])
 
*[[Zastava Trucks]] ([[Serbia]])
−
*[[Star]] ([[Poland]])
+
*[[FCS Star|Star]] ([[Poland]])
 
*[[Jelcz]] ([[Poland]])
 
*[[Jelcz]] ([[Poland]])
  
 
====Asia====
 
====Asia====
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[[Image:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg|thumb|A truck stop in [[Ladakh]], India]]  
+
[[Image:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg|thumb|A truck stop in [[Ladakh]], India]]
 +
 
 
Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically):
 
Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically):
 
* [[Ashok Leyland]] ([[India]])
 
* [[Ashok Leyland]] ([[India]])
−
* [[Asia Motorworks]] ([[India]])[http://www.amwasia.com/index.html]
+
* Askam Kamyon (Fargo, De Soto) ([[Turkey]])
 +
* [[Asia Motorworks]] ([[India]])
 +
* [[AIL]] ([[Israel]])
 +
* [[BMC]] ([[Turkey]])
 
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] ([[Peoples Republic of China|China]], Under joint ventures with [[Nissan Diesel]] as [[Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company|Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel]], and with [[Cummins]] as [[Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited|DFAC]].)
 
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] ([[Peoples Republic of China|China]], Under joint ventures with [[Nissan Diesel]] as [[Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company|Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel]], and with [[Cummins]] as [[Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited|DFAC]].)
 
* [[Eicher Motors]] ([[India]])
 
* [[Eicher Motors]] ([[India]])
 
* [[Force Motors Ltd|Force Motors]] ([[India]]), Under joint venture with [[MAN AG]]
 
* [[Force Motors Ltd|Force Motors]] ([[India]]), Under joint venture with [[MAN AG]]
−
* [[Hino Motors]] ([[Japan]]) also in joint venture with [[Scania]]  
+
* [[Hino Motors]] ([[Japan]]) in joint venture with [[Scania]]  
 +
* [[HinoPak motors]] ([[Pakistan]])
 
* [[Isuzu]] ([[Japan]])
 
* [[Isuzu]] ([[Japan]])
−
* [[Iveco]] ([[Italy]], but local divisions in Asia)
 
 
* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] ([[India]])
 
* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] ([[India]])
 
* [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi]] ([[Japan]])
 
* [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi]] ([[Japan]])
 +
* [[New Sentosa CV]] ([[Indonesia]])
 
* [[Nissan Diesel]] ([[Japan]])
 
* [[Nissan Diesel]] ([[Japan]])
−
* [[Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle|TATA Daewoo Commercial Vehicle]] ([[South Korea]]) (subsidiary of TATA Motors)
+
* [[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]])
 +
* [[Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle|TATA Daewoo Commercial Vehicle]] ([[South Korea]]) (subsidiary of TATA Motors, India)
 
* [[TATA Motors]] ([[India]])
 
* [[TATA Motors]] ([[India]])
−
* [[Volvo Trucks]] ([[Sweden]])
 
  
 
====South America====
 
====South America====
 
Registrations of heavy trucks in South America  
 
Registrations of heavy trucks in South America  
 
(2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):
 
(2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):
 +
* [[Aeolus]]([[Uruguay]])
 +
* [[Agrale]]([[Brasil]])
 +
* [[Chevrolet]](commercial vehicules for the Colombian market only)
 
* DaimlerChrysler
 
* DaimlerChrysler
−
* [[Scania AB|Scania]]
+
* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Truck]]([[Brasil]])(cargo line)
 +
* [[Libertad]]([[Uruguay]])
 
* [[Mack Trucks]]
 
* [[Mack Trucks]]
−
* [[Volvo Trucks]]
+
* [[Matra]]([[Brasil]])
−
* [[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles|Volkswagen Truck & Bus]]
+
* [[Orejano]]([[Uruguay]])
−
* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Truck]]
+
* [[Randon]]([[Brasil]])
−
* [[Agrale]]
+
* [[Renault]]([[Uruguay]])
−
* [[Chevrolet]]
+
* [[Troller]]([[Brasil]])
−
* [[Renault]]<!--[http://www.nordex.com.uy/]—>
+
* [[Volvo Trucks]]([[Brasil]])
−
* [[Troller]]<!--[http://www.troller.com.br/pantanal/]—>
+
* [[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles|Volkswagen Truck & Bus]]([[Brasil]])
−
* [[Matra]]<!--[http://www.matraveiculos.com.br/]—>
 
−
* [[Iveco]]
 
  
 
====North America====
 
====North America====
−
[[Image:American truck - shell.JPG|thumb|180px|right|US truck - California]]
+
[[Image:American truck blue.JPG|thumb|right|U.S. [[Peterbilt]] truck - California]]
−
[[Image:American truck blue.JPG|thumb|180px|right|US truck - California]]
+
[[Image:Truck_VolvoVN780.jpg|thumb|right|[[Volvo_Trucks|Volvo]] VNL780, [[United_States|U.S.A.]]]]
 +
[[Image:Truck_convoy-08.jpg|thumb|A convoy of trucks]]
 +
*[[American LaFrance]]
 +
*[[Autocar Company]]([[USA]])
 +
*[[Crane Carrier Corporation]]([[USA]])
 +
*[[Chevrolet]]
 +
*[[Colet]]
 +
*[[Dodge]]
 +
*[[E-One]]
 +
*[[Freightliner LLC]]
 +
*[[Ford]]
 +
*[[General Motors|GMC]]
 +
*[[Hino]] (different models for U.S. market)
 +
*[[Isuzu]]
 +
*[[Kenworth]]
 
*[[Mack Trucks]]
 
*[[Mack Trucks]]
 +
*[[Navistar International|International]]
 +
*[[Nissan]]
 +
*[[Oshkosh]]
 +
*[[Ottawa (Truck)]]
 
*[[Peterbilt]]
 
*[[Peterbilt]]
−
*[[Kenworth]]
+
*[[Pierce]]
−
*[[Freightliner LLC]]
+
*[[Sterling Trucks]]
−
*[[Navistar International|International]]
+
*[[UD Nissan Diesel]]
 +
*[[Volvo Trucks]] (different models for U.S. market)
 
*[[Western Star]]  
 
*[[Western Star]]  
−
*[[Sterling Trucks]]
+
On the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in [[California]] in the early [[1960s]], with long-haul trucking company [[Consolidated Freightways]]. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter, [[aluminium]] cab and frame, and traveled longer distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks.
−
*[[Volvo Trucks]] (different models for US market)
 
−
*[[Oshkosh]][http://www.oshkoshtruck.com/]
 
−
*[[Ford]][http://www.commtruck.ford.com/ctw/default.asp]
 
−
*[[Chevrolet]][http://www.chevrolet.com/mediumduty]
 
−
*[[Hino]] (different models for US market)[http://www.hino.com/]
 
−
*[[Isuzu]][http://www.isuzucv.com/]
 
−
*[[General Motors|GMC]][http://www.gmc.com/mediumduty/index.jsp]
 
−
*[[UD]][http://www.udtrucks.com/]
 
−
*[[Caterpillar, Inc.]][http://www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=37840&x=7&location=drop]
 
−
*[[John Deere]][http://www.deere.com/en_US/cfd/construction/deere_const/adts/deere_adt_selection.html]
 
−
*[[Terex]][http://www.terex.com/main.php?obj=category&action=BROWSE&cid=182b2104d7a1ce2c68b57b49f8c1436c&nav=prod]
 
−
*[[Dodge]]
 
−
*[[Ottawa (Truck)]][http://www.ottawatruck.com/]
 
−
*[[American-Lafrance]][http://www.americanlafrance.com/]
 
−
*[[E-One]][http://www.e-one.com/]
 
−
On the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in [[California]] in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company [[Consolidated Freightways]]. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter-[[aluminium]] cab and frame, and traveled longer-straighter distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel-economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks.
 
  
 
====Africa====
 
====Africa====
−
{{Sectstub}}
+
* [[TBCO]]([[Libya]])
 +
 
 
====Oceania====
 
====Oceania====
−
{{Sectstub}}
+
[[Image:Hydraulic_Platform-ACTFB.jpg|thumb|Hydraulic Platform fire truck, [[Canberra]] [[Australia]]]]
 +
*[[Volvo]] (Australia)
 +
*[[Mack]] (Australia)
 +
*[[Iveco]] (different models for Australian market)
 +
*[[Kenworth]] (different models for Australian market)
  
 
== Insuring trucks for commercial hauling ==
 
== Insuring trucks for commercial hauling ==
Line 193: Line 212:
  
 
Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.
 
Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.
 +
 +
==Truck Shows==
 +
 +
In the UK, three truck shows are incredibly popular - '''Shropshire Truck Show''' [http://www.shropshiretruckshow.co.uk] in Oswestry Showground during May, '''The UK Truck Show''' [http://www.uktruckshow.co.uk] held in June at Santa Pod Raceway and FIA European Drag Racing Championships from the home of European Drag-Racing. The UK Truck Show features drag-racing with 6-ton trucks from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment.
 +
 +
Truck Shows provide operators with an opportunity to win prestigious awards for their trucks.
 +
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
Line 203: Line 229:
 
* [[Battery electric truck]]
 
* [[Battery electric truck]]
 
* [[Brake]]
 
* [[Brake]]
 +
* [[Bus]]
 
* [[Campervan]]
 
* [[Campervan]]
 
* [[Cutaway van chassis]]
 
* [[Cutaway van chassis]]
Line 213: Line 240:
 
* [[List of truck types]]
 
* [[List of truck types]]
 
* [[Noise regulation]]
 
* [[Noise regulation]]
 +
* [[Refrigerator truck]]
 
{{col-2}}
 
{{col-2}}
 
* [[Panel truck]]
 
* [[Panel truck]]
Line 224: Line 252:
 
* [[Sport Tractor]]
 
* [[Sport Tractor]]
 
* [[Tail lift]]
 
* [[Tail lift]]
 +
* [[Tank truck]]
 
* [[Tractor unit]]
 
* [[Tractor unit]]
 
* [[Trailer (vehicle)]]
 
* [[Trailer (vehicle)]]
 
* [[Truck and trailer bodies]]
 
* [[Truck and trailer bodies]]
 
* [[Truck driver]]
 
* [[Truck driver]]
 +
* [[Trucking industry in the United States]]
 
* [[Weigh station]]
 
* [[Weigh station]]
 
{{col-end}}
 
{{col-end}}
  
−
==Notes==
+
==References==
 
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
 
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
 
   See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a  
 
   See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a  
Line 243: Line 273:
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved November 23, 2007
 
 
*{{dmoz|Business/Transportation_and_Logistics/Trucking/}}
 
*{{dmoz|Business/Transportation_and_Logistics/Trucking/}}
 
*[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration]
 
*[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration]
 +
*[http://www.truckinfo.net/ Truckinfo.net]
  
 
<!-- Notice that fi: writes "Suomi" in the language board, so alphabetically fi comes just before sv —>
 
<!-- Notice that fi: writes "Suomi" in the language board, so alphabetically fi comes just before sv —>
  
−
[[Category:Physical sciences]]
+
[[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]]
−
[[Category:Transportation technology]]
+
[[Category:Trucks| ]]
 +
[[Category:Sport Tractor]]
 +
 
 +
{{Link FA|it}}
  
−
{{credit|173112668}}
+
[[ar:شاحنة]]
 +
[[bs:Kamion]]
 +
[[bg:Камион]]
 +
[[cs:Nákladní automobil]]
 +
[[da:Lastbil]]
 +
[[de:Lastkraftwagen]]
 +
[[es:Camión]]
 +
[[eo:Kamiono]]
 +
[[fr:Camion]]
 +
[[ko:트럭]]
 +
[[hi:ट्रक]]
 +
[[hr:Kamion]]
 +
[[id:Truk]]
 +
[[is:Vörubíll]]
 +
[[it:Autocarro]]
 +
[[he:משאית]]
 +
[[lv:Kravas automašīna]]
 +
[[lt:Sunkvežimis]]
 +
[[hu:Tehergépkocsi]]
 +
[[ms:Lori]]
 +
[[nl:Vrachtauto]]
 +
[[ja:貨物自動車]]
 +
[[no:Lastebil]]
 +
[[pl:Samochód ciężarowy]]
 +
[[pt:Camião]]
 +
[[ro:Autocamion]]
 +
[[ru:Грузовой автомобиль]]
 +
[[simple:Truck]]
 +
[[fi:Kuorma-auto]]
 +
[[sv:Lastbil]]
 +
[[ta:சுமையுந்து]]
 +
[[vi:Xe tải]]
 +
[[tr:Kamyon]]
 +
[[uk:Вантажний автомобіль]]
 +
[[yi:לאסט אויטא]]
 +
[[zh:载货汽车]]

Revision as of 22:33, 21 May 2008

For other uses, see Truck (disambiguation).
"Lorry" redirects here.
File:Logging truck.jpg
An Australian prime mover Kenworth and B double trailer combination
DAF tractor with an auto-transport semi-trailer truck carrying Škoda Octavia cars in Cardiff, Wales
File:P 1217.14 Palencia.JPG
Spanish Pegaso 1217.14 tank truck

A truck is a vehicle for carrying goods and materials. The word "truck" comes from the Greek "trochos", meaning "wheel." In North America, the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine driven trucks came into fashion, these were called "motor trucks." Lorry is a term from the United Kingdom and Ireland, but is only used for the medium and heavy types (see below), i.e. a van, a pickup or a Jeep would never be regarded as a "lorry." Other languages have loanwords based on these terms, such as the Malay language and the Spanish language in northern Mexico.

In Australia and New Zealand a small vehicle with an open back is called a ute (short for "utility vehicle") or a pick-up and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.

In most countries, a special driver's license is required to drive any type of truck greater than 3.5 tonnes (10,000 lb). [citation needed]

Engine

Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as SUVs or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America and Russia will use gasoline engines. Most heavier trucks use four stroke turbo intercooler diesel engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine.

North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel. The only exceptions to this are Volvo and its subsidiary Mack Trucks, which are available with own engines. Freightliner, Sterling Trucks and Western Star, subsidaries of DaimlerChrysler, are available with Mercedes-Benz and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by the Navistar International can also contain International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the U.S.-market because of this third party tradition.

In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations, the regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.

Drivetrain

A logging truck

Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchronisers. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisers which have less bulk and weight although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronisers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize, so that a smooth shift can be made e.g. when upshifting, accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved in to neutral, clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next highest gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain required engine rpms. Although this is a relatively fast movement perhaps a second or so while transmission is in neutral it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion except the engine speed is now required to increase (while transmission is in neutral) just a right amount in order to achieve the synchronisation for the smooth non-crunching gearchange. The so called skip changing is also widely used, in principle operation is the same but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gearchange. Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and semi-automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10 and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy trucks transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern ) and split" type where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection.

In Europe more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a manual transmission is damaging to their knees [citation needed]and the fuel consumption can be lowered and truck durability improved.[citation needed] The primary reason perhaps is the fact that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions.

Chassis

A Polish 1936-built Fiat 621 L fire truck in Warsaw, Poland

The chassis or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two beams, and several crossmembers. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminium for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition (carbon, molybdenum, etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicenced persons. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends.

Environmental effects

Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution in a similar fashion to automobiles. In the case of air pollution emissions, trucks may actually emit lower emissions than autos on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher and diesel soot is especially problematic for health.[1] With respect to noise pollution trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles; this contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.[2]

Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on global warming. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.[3]

In 2005, Transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.[4]

Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.[5] "Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines."

According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks and nearly 20,000 for air transport.[6] and many environment organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.[7]

Quality and sales

Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by automobile manufacturers[citation needed]. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line.

Heavy trucks market worldwide

A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer", or a "transit mixer".
A "straight-job" International moving truck.
Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 tonnes GVW in 2005.[8]
Pos. Make Units
1 Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz,Freightliner,Sterling,Unimog,Western Star,Fuso) 241,515
2 Volvo (Volvo,Mack,Renault,UD Nissan Diesel) 177,106
3 PACCAR (DAF Trucks,Kenworth,Peterbilt,Leyland Trucks) 124,406
4 Navistar International Corporation (International,Workhorse 61,066
5 MAN 53,379
6 Scania 53,365
7 Hino Motors (Toyota Group) 44,494
8 Iveco (Iveco,Magirus,Astra,Seddon Atkinson,Yuejin) 43,364
9 Nissan Diesel 25,852
10 Volkswagen 22,684

Europe

A heavy Scania dump truck in France

Asia

File:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg
A truck stop in Ladakh, India

Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically):

  • Ashok Leyland (India)
  • Askam Kamyon (Fargo, De Soto) (Turkey)
  • Asia Motorworks (India)
  • AIL (Israel)
  • BMC (Turkey)
  • Dongfeng Motor Corporation (China, Under joint ventures with Nissan Diesel as Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel, and with Cummins as DFAC.)
  • Eicher Motors (India)
  • Force Motors (India), Under joint venture with MAN AG
  • Hino Motors (Japan) in joint venture with Scania
  • HinoPak motors (Pakistan)
  • Isuzu (Japan)
  • Mahindra and Mahindra (India)
  • Mitsubishi (Japan)
  • New Sentosa CV (Indonesia)
  • Nissan Diesel (Japan)
  • Otokar (Turkey)
  • TATA Daewoo Commercial Vehicle (South Korea) (subsidiary of TATA Motors, India)
  • TATA Motors (India)

South America

Registrations of heavy trucks in South America (2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):

North America

U.S. Peterbilt truck - California
Volvo VNL780, U.S.A.
A convoy of trucks
  • American LaFrance
  • Autocar Company(USA)
  • Crane Carrier Corporation(USA)
  • Chevrolet
  • Colet
  • Dodge
  • E-One
  • Freightliner LLC
  • Ford
  • GMC
  • Hino (different models for U.S. market)
  • Isuzu
  • Kenworth
  • Mack Trucks
  • International
  • Nissan
  • Oshkosh
  • Ottawa (Truck)
  • Peterbilt
  • Pierce
  • Sterling Trucks
  • UD Nissan Diesel
  • Volvo Trucks (different models for U.S. market)
  • Western Star

On the East Coast, where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the West Coast, the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in California in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company Consolidated Freightways. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter, aluminium cab and frame, and traveled longer distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks.

Africa

Oceania

File:Hydraulic Platform-ACTFB.jpg
Hydraulic Platform fire truck, Canberra Australia
  • Volvo (Australia)
  • Mack (Australia)
  • Iveco (different models for Australian market)
  • Kenworth (different models for Australian market)

Insuring trucks for commercial hauling

Primary Liability Insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Insurance coverage limits range from $35,000 to $1,000,000. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.

Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.

Truck Shows

In the UK, three truck shows are incredibly popular - Shropshire Truck Show [1] in Oswestry Showground during May, The UK Truck Show [2] held in June at Santa Pod Raceway and FIA European Drag Racing Championships from the home of European Drag-Racing. The UK Truck Show features drag-racing with 6-ton trucks from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment.

Truck Shows provide operators with an opportunity to win prestigious awards for their trucks.


See also

Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to::

  • Air brake (road vehicle)
  • Animal transporter
  • Ballast tractor
  • Battery electric truck
  • Brake
  • Bus
  • Campervan
  • Cutaway van chassis
  • Dekotora; Japanese decorated trucks
  • Dump truck
  • Euro IV and Euro V
  • Flatbed truck
  • Forklift
  • Hybrid truck
  • List of truck types
  • Noise regulation
  • Refrigerator truck
  • Panel truck
  • Panel van
  • Pickup truck
  • Road train
  • Air pollution from trucks
  • Roadway noise
  • Sedan delivery
  • Semi-trailer truck; this article covers large trucks such as road trains and articulated lorries.
  • Sport Tractor
  • Tail lift
  • Tank truck
  • Tractor unit
  • Trailer (vehicle)
  • Truck and trailer bodies
  • Truck driver
  • Trucking industry in the United States
  • Weigh station

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency
  2. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, Analysis of Highway Noise, Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, Sept., 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979
  3. ↑ http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector
  4. ↑ http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  5. ↑ http://intensityindicators.pnl.gov/delivered_transportation.stm U.S. Department of Energy Transportation Sector - Delivered Energy
  6. ↑ http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 'Energy Efficiency'
  7. ↑ http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ConsultationsEnvironmentalAuditCommittee.htm Freight on Rail Website
  8. ↑ The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden PUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH INSTITUTE SEPTEMBER 2006 FS 127 C. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  • Conduire un véhicule lourd, Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5

External links


ar:شاحنة bs:Kamion bg:Камион cs:Nákladní automobil da:Lastbil de:Lastkraftwagen es:Camión eo:Kamiono fr:Camion ko:트럭 hi:ट्रक hr:Kamion id:Truk is:Vörubíll it:Autocarro he:משאית lv:Kravas automašīna lt:Sunkvežimis hu:Tehergépkocsi ms:Lori nl:Vrachtauto ja:貨物自動車 no:Lastebil pl:Samochód ciężarowy pt:Camião ro:Autocamion ru:Грузовой автомобиль simple:Truck fi:Kuorma-auto sv:Lastbil ta:சுமையுந்து vi:Xe tải tr:Kamyon uk:Вантажний автомобіль yi:לאסט אויטא zh:载货汽车

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