Difference between revisions of "Saint Sebastian" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 08:56, 25 August 2007

Sebastian
200px
Martyr
Born	unknown
Died	January 20, 287 (martyred)
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church
Feast	January 20, (Catholic), December 18, (Eastern Orthodox)
Attributes	arrows
Patronage	Soldiers, plagues, arrows, athletes; (unofficially): youth, male beauty, male homosexuals

Saint Sebastian (traditionally died January 20, 287) was a Christian saint and martyr, who is said to have died under the persecution of Christians by the Roman emperor Diocletian in the 3rd century. He is commonly depicted in art and literature as a beautiful, hairless youth tied to a post and pierced with arrows.

Etymology

Sebastian's name, though it receives an elaborately constructed etymology in Legenda Aurea, may actually derive from the cognomen "Sebastianus". Sebaste was a common toponym in Antiquity, the Greek equivalent of the Latin Augusta.^[1]

Hagiography

Reliquary of St Sebastian around 1497^[2] © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

The details of Sebastian's martyrdom were first elaborated by Ambrose of Milan (died 397), in his sermon (number XX) on the 118th Psalm. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, states that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was already venerated there in the fourth century.

According to Sebastian's fifth-century Acta,^[3] still attributed to Ambrose by the seventeenth-century hagiographer Jean Bolland, and the briefer account in Legenda Aurea which is followed here, he was a man of Gallia Narbonensis who was taught in Milan and appointed as a captain of the Praetorian Guard under Diocletian and Maximian, unaware that he was a Christian. Sebastian was reportedly known for having encouraged in their faith two Christian prisoners due for martyrdom, who were bewailed and entreated by their family to forswear Christ and offer token sacrifice. His aura cured a woman of her muteness, and the miracle instantly converted seventy-eight people. The father of the two prisoners having been cured of gout was confronted by the provost, who was convinced to break the Cult idols. Diocletian reproached Sebastian for his supposed betrayal, and "he commanded him to be led to the field and there to be bounden to a stake for to be shot at. And the archers shot at him till he was as full of arrows as an urchin [hedgehog] is full of pricks."^[4] and thus left him there for dead. Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him. The widow of St. Castulus went to retrieve his body to bury it, and found he was still alive. She brought him back to her house and nursed him back to health. The other residents of the house doubted he was a Christian. One of those people was a girl who was deaf and blind. Sebastian asked her "Do you wish to be with God?" he then made the sign of the Cross on her head and she then said "Yes", regaining at the same time her sight. Sebastian then stood on a step and harangued Diocletian as he passed by; the emperor had him beaten to death and his body thrown in a privy. But in an apparition Sebastian told a Christian widow where they might find his body undefiled and bury it "at the catacombs by the apostles."

Of the miraculous effect of the example of Sebastian, Legenda Aurea reports

"And Saint Gregory telleth in the first book of his Dialogues that a woman of Tuscany which was new wedded was prayed for to go with other women to the dedication of the church of Sebastian, and the night tofore she was so moved in her flesh that she might not abstain from her husband, and on the morn, she having greater shame of men than of God, went thither, and anon as she was entered into the oratory where the relics of Saint Sebastian were, the fiend took her and tormented her before all the people."

Sebastian was accounted a defense against the plague. Legenda Aurea transmits the episode of a great plague that afflicted the Lombards in the time of King "Gumburt" and was stopped by the erection of an altar to Saint Sebastian in the church of Saint Peter, Pavia.

Location of Remains

The mortal remains asserted to be those of St. Sebastian are currently housed in a basilica that was built by Pope Damasus I in 367 (Basilica Apostolorum), on the site of the provisional tomb of St. Peter and St. Paul. The church, today called San Sebastiano fuori le mura, was rebuilt in the 1610s, under the patronage of Scipio Borghese.

Patronage

Though a protector from the Bubonic plague, Sebastian is not one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The connection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plague is not an intuitive one. In Greco-Roman myth, Apollo, the archer-god is the deliverer of pestilence; the figure of Sebastian Christianizes this familiar literary trope. The chronicler Paul the Deacon relates that Rome was freed from a raging pestilence in 680, by the patronage of this saint.

Sebastian, like Saint George, was one of a class of military martyrs and soldier saints of the Early Christian Church, whose cults originated in the 4th century and culminated at the end of the Middle Ages, in the 14th and 15th centuries, both in the East and the West. Details of their martyrologies may provoke some skepticism among modern readers, but certain consistent patterns emerge that are revealing of Christian attitudes. Such a saint was an athleta Christi, an "athlete of Christ", and a "Guardian of the heavens"

Saint Sebastian, along with Saint George, is the patron saint of the cities of Qormi (Malta) and Caserta (Italy). Saint Sebastian is also the patron saint of the city of Palma de Mallorca (Spain), where on January 20th—a public holiday—there are street festivities and celebrations.

In the Greek Orthodox Church, the feast day of Sebastian the Martyr is December 18. In the Roman Catholic Church, his feast day, set on January 20, is not mandatory.

Officially, Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Informally, in the tradition of the Afro-Brazilian religious syncretism Saint Sebastian is often associated with Ogum, especially in the state of Bahia, in the northeast of the country, while Ogum in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul is more likely to be associated with Saint George.

Equally, in the LGBT community many gay Catholics think of Saint Sebastian as their patron and intercessor saint before God.[1]

Saint Sebastian is also regarded as the Patron Saint of soldiers generally, of infantrymen particularly, of athletes generally, of archers particularly and of municipal police officers.

Depictions in art and literature

'The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, by Andrea Mantegna.

The earliest representation of St Sebastian is a mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy) dated between 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basilica contains large mosaics representing a procession of 26 Martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Saint Sebastian. The Martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lacking any individuality, and have all identical expressions.

Another early representation is in a mosaic in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome, Italy), which probably belongs to the year 682, shows a grown, bearded man in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow"^[5]

As protector of potential plague victims and soldiers, Sebastian naturally occupied a very important place in the popular medieval mind, and hence was among the most frequently depicted of all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists. The opportunity to show a semi-nude male, often in a contorted pose, also made Sebastian a favorite subject. His shooting with arrows was the subject of the largest engraving by the Master of the Playing Cards in the 1430s, when there were few other current subjects with male nudes other than Christ. Sebastian appears in many other prints and paintings, although this was also due to his popularity with the faithful. Among many others, Sandro Botticelli, Andrea Mantegna, and Perugino all painted Saint Sebastians, and later El Greco, Gerrit van Honthorst and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. ^[6] The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youth pierced by arrows. There were predella scenes, when required, often of his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor, and final beheading. The illustration in the infobox is the Saint Sebastian of Il Sodoma, at the Pitti Palace, Florence.

St Sebastian tended by Saint Irene, Georges de La Tour ca. 1645.

A mainly seventeenth-century subject was St Sebastian tended by St Irene, painted by Georges de La Tour, Jusepe de Ribera, Hendrick ter Brugghen and others. This may have been a deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from the single nude subject.

There exist several cycles depicting the life of Saint Sebastian. Among them, the frescos in the "Basilica di San Sebastiano" of Acireale (Italy) with paintings by Pietro Paolo Vasta.

In his novella Death in Venice, Thomas Mann hails the "Sebastian-Figure" as the supreme emblem of Apollonian beauty, that is, the artistry of differentiated forms, beauty as measured by discipline, proportion, and luminous distinctions. This allusion to Saint Sebastian's suffering, associated with the self-defeating professionalism of the novella's protagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides a model for the "heroism born of weakness," which characterizes poise amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one's fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized achievement and artistic triumph.

Egon Schiele, an Austrian Expressionist artist, painted a self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915.

During Salvador Dalí's "Lorca (Frederico Garcia Lorca) Period", he painted Sebastian several times, most notably in his "Neo-Cubist Academy". For reasons unknown, the left vein of Sebastian is always exposed.

George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four makes a reference to Saint Sebastian when the protagonist, Winston, fantasizes about tying another character, Julia, to a stake naked and shooting her "full of arrows like Saint Sebastian".

In the novel Fabiola by Nicholas Wiseman, Sebastian is portrayed both in his glory days as a well-loved centurion and commander, and also in his days of martyrdom. He appears as a friend of the main character, the Roman lady Fabiola, and her father.

Notes

Saint Sebastian, by Carlo Saraceni (c. 1610-15), Castle Museum, Prague

↑ For instance, compare the etymology of the Legenda Aurea with that found in the Online Etymology Dictionary: "masc. proper name, from L. Sebastianus, from Gk. Sebastianos, "man of Sebastia," a city in Pontus that was named for Augustus Caesar, first Roman emperor, from Gk. sebastos "venerable," a translation of L. augustus, the epithet of Caesar."
↑ Reliquary of St Sebastian. Metalwork. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
↑ Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris, in J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus Accurante (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021-1058; the details given here follow the abbreviated account in Jacob de Voragine, Legenda Aurea.
↑ Legenda Aurea.
↑ Catholic Encyclopedia 1908.
↑ For a discussion of the image of St. Sebastian in the paintings of Ribera, see: Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation", PhD Dissertation, (Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University, 2000).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Baring-Gould, S. (Sabine). The Lives of the Saints. With introduction and additional Lives of English martyrs, Cornish, Scottish, and Welsh saints, and a full index to the entire work. Volume I. Edinburgh : J. Grant, 1914.
Butler, Alban. Lives of the Saints. Edited, revised, and supplemented by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater. Palm Publishers, 1956. The original version is accessible online at: the Global Catholic Network.
Farmer, David Hugh. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0192800582.
Goldman, Jason. "Subjects of the Visual Arts: St. Sebastian" in The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
Löffler, Klemens. "Saint Sebastian" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
Parker, Brian. "Tennessee Williams and the Legends of St Sebastian." University of Toronto Quarterly Vol. 69 (Summer 2000), 634-660.
Stechow, Wolfgang. "Terbrugghen's 'Saint Sebastian'." The Burlington Magazine. Vol. 96, No. 612 (March 1954). 70-74.
Williamson, Mark A. The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation. PhD Dissertation. Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University, 2000.

External links

All external links retrieved August 24, 2007

Credits

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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

[1] For instance, compare the etymology of the Legenda Aurea with that found in the Online Etymology Dictionary: "masc. proper name, from L. Sebastianus, from Gk. Sebastianos, "man of Sebastia," a city in Pontus that was named for Augustus Caesar, first Roman emperor, from Gk. sebastos "venerable," a translation of L. augustus, the epithet of Caesar."

[2] Reliquary of St Sebastian. Metalwork. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-17.

[3] Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris, in J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus Accurante (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021-1058; the details given here follow the abbreviated account in Jacob de Voragine, Legenda Aurea.

[4] Legenda Aurea.

[5] Catholic Encyclopedia 1908.

[6] For a discussion of the image of St. Sebastian in the paintings of Ribera, see: Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation", PhD Dissertation, (Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University, 2000).

[1]

[2]

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[6]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |titles = Martyr
 |birth_date=unknown
-|death_date=[[January 20]], [[287]] (martyred)
+|death_date=January 20, 287 (martyred)
-|venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox Church]]
+|venerated_in=Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church
 |attributes=arrows
-|feast_day=[[January 20]] (Catholic),<br>[[December 18]] (Eastern Orthodox)
+|feast_day=January 20, (Catholic),<br>December 18, (Eastern Orthodox)
-|patronage=[[Soldiers]], plagues, [[arrows]], [[athletes]];<br>''(unofficially)'': [[youth]], male [[beauty]], [[homosexuality|gay]] men}}
+|patronage=Soldiers, plagues, arrows, athletes;<br>''(unofficially)'': youth, male beauty, male homosexuals}}
-{{Redirect|Sebastian}}
-'''Saint Sebastian''' (traditionally died [[January 20]],<ref>Commemorated in his feast day</ref> [[287]]) was a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[saint]] and [[martyr]], who is said to have died under the [[persecution of Christians]] by the [[Roman Emperor|Roman emperor]] [[Diocletian]] in the [[3rd century]]. He is commonly depicted in art and literature tied to a post and shot with arrows.
+'''Saint Sebastian''' (traditionally died January 20, 287) was a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[saint]] and [[martyr]], who is said to have died under the persecution of Christians by the Roman emperor Diocletian in the 3rd century. He is commonly depicted in art and literature as a beautiful, hairless youth tied to a post and pierced with arrows.
-== Location of Remains ==
+==Etymology==
-The mortal remains asserted to be those of  St. Sebastian are currently housed in a basilica that was built by [[Pope Damasus I]] in [[367]] (''Basilica Apostolorum''), on the site of the provisional tomb of St. Peter and St. Paul. The church, today called [[San Sebastiano fuori le mura]], was rebuilt in the 1610s, under the patronage of [[Scipione Borghese|Scipio Borghese]].
+Sebastian's name, though it receives an elaborately constructed  etymology in ''Legenda Aurea'', may actually derive from the cognomen "Sebastianus".  Sebaste was a common toponym in Antiquity, the Greek equivalent of the Latin ''Augusta''.<ref>For instance, compare the etymology of the [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden155.htm ''Legenda Aurea''] with that found in the [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sebastian Online Etymology Dictionary]: "masc. proper name, from L. Sebastianus, from Gk. Sebastianos, "man of Sebastia," a city in Pontus that was named for Augustus Caesar, first Roman emperor, from Gk. sebastos "venerable," a translation of L. augustus, the epithet of Caesar."</ref>
-==Meaning of name==
-Sebastian's name, though it receives an elaborately constructed  [[etymology]] in ''[[Golden Legend|Legenda Aurea]]'', may actually derive from the [[cognomen]] "Sebastianus".  [[Sebaste]] was a common [[Toponymy|place name]] in Antiquity, the Greek equivalent of the Latin ''Augusta''.
-==Life==
+== Hagiography ==
-=== Hagiography ===
+[[Image:Stsebastian.jpg|thumb|Reliquary of St Sebastian around 1497<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Victoria and Albert Museum
-[[Image:Stsebastian.jpg|thumb|Reliquary of St Sebastian around 1497<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
   |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/4447-popup.html
   |title= Reliquary of St Sebastian
@@ Line 30: / Line 25: @@
   |accessdate= 2007-08-17}}</ref> © Victoria and Albert Museum, London]]
-The details of Sebastian's martyrdom were first elaborated by [[Ambrose of Milan]] (died 397), in his sermon (number XX) on the 118th Psalm. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, states that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was already venerated there in the fourth century.
+The details of Sebastian's martyrdom were first elaborated by Ambrose of Milan (died 397), in his sermon (number XX) on the 118th Psalm. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, states that Sebastian came from Milan and that he was already venerated there in the fourth century.
-According to Sebastian's fifth-century ''[[Acta]]'',<ref>''Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris'', in [[Migne|J.-P. Migne]], ''Patrologiae Cursus Completus Accurante'' (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021-1058; the details given here follow the abbreviated account in [[Jacob de Voragine]], ''[[Legenda Aurea]]''.</ref> still attributed to Ambrose by the seventeenth-century [[hagiography|hagiographer]] [[Jean Bolland]], and the briefer account in ''[[Legenda Aurea]]'' which is followed here, he was a man of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] who was taught in [[Milan]] and appointed  as a captain of the [[Praetorian Guard]] under [[Diocletian]] and [[Maximian]], unaware that he was a Christian. Sebastian was reportedly known for having encouraged in their faith two Christian prisoners due for martyrdom, who were bewailed and entreated by their family to forswear Christ and offer token sacrifice. His aura cured a woman of her muteness, and the miracle instantly converted seventy-eight people. The father of the two prisoners having been cured of gout was confronted by the provost, who was convinced to break the [[Cult image|idol]]s. Diocletian reproached Sebastian for his supposed betrayal, and "he commanded him to be led to the field and there to be bounden to a stake for to be shot at. And the archers shot at him till he was as full of arrows as an [[hedgehog|urchin]] is full of pricks."<ref>''Legenda Aurea''.</ref> and thus left him there for dead. Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him.  The widow of St. Castulus went to retrieve his body to bury it, and found he was still alive. She brought him back to her house and nursed him back to health.  The other residents of the house doubted he was a Christian.  One of those people was a girl who was deaf and blind. Sebastian asked her "Do you wish to be with God?" he then made the sign of the Cross on her head and she then said "Yes", regaining at the same time her sight.  Sebastian then stood on a step and harangued Diocletian as he passed by; the emperor had him beaten to death and his body thrown in a privy. But in an apparition Sebastian told a Christian widow where they might find his body undefiled and bury it "at the catacombs by the apostles."
+According to Sebastian's fifth-century ''Acta'',<ref>''Acta S. Sebastiani Martyris'', in J.-P. Migne, ''Patrologiae Cursus Completus Accurante'' (Paris 1845), XVII, 1021-1058; the details given here follow the abbreviated account in Jacob de Voragine, ''Legenda Aurea''.</ref> still attributed to Ambrose by the seventeenth-century [[hagiography|hagiographer]] Jean Bolland, and the briefer account in ''Legenda Aurea'' which is followed here, he was a man of Gallia Narbonensis who was taught in Milan and appointed  as a captain of the Praetorian Guard under Diocletian and Maximian, unaware that he was a Christian. Sebastian was reportedly known for having encouraged in their faith two Christian prisoners due for martyrdom, who were bewailed and entreated by their family to forswear Christ and offer token sacrifice. His aura cured a woman of her muteness, and the miracle instantly converted seventy-eight people. The father of the two prisoners having been cured of gout was confronted by the provost, who was convinced to break the Cult idols. Diocletian reproached Sebastian for his supposed betrayal, and "he commanded him to be led to the field and there to be bounden to a stake for to be shot at. And the archers shot at him till he was as full of arrows as an urchin [hedgehog] is full of pricks."<ref>''Legenda Aurea''.</ref> and thus left him there for dead. Miraculously, the arrows did not kill him.  The widow of St. Castulus went to retrieve his body to bury it, and found he was still alive. She brought him back to her house and nursed him back to health.  The other residents of the house doubted he was a Christian.  One of those people was a girl who was deaf and blind. Sebastian asked her "Do you wish to be with God?" he then made the sign of the Cross on her head and she then said "Yes", regaining at the same time her sight.  Sebastian then stood on a step and harangued Diocletian as he passed by; the emperor had him beaten to death and his body thrown in a privy. But in an apparition Sebastian told a Christian widow where they might find his body undefiled and bury it "at the catacombs by the apostles."
 Of the miraculous effect of the example of Sebastian, ''Legenda Aurea'' reports
@@ Line 38: / Line 33: @@
 :"And [[Gregory the Great|Saint Gregory]] telleth in the first book of his Dialogues that a woman of Tuscany which was new wedded was prayed for to go with other women to the dedication of the church of Sebastian, and the night tofore she was so moved in her flesh that she might not abstain from her husband, and on the morn, she having greater shame of men than of God, went thither, and anon as she was entered into the oratory where the relics of Saint Sebastian were, the fiend took her and tormented her before all the people."
-Sebastian was accounted a defense against the plague. ''Legenda Aurea'' transmits the episode of a great plague that afflicted the [[Lombards]] in the time of King "Gumburt" and was stopped by the erection of an altar to Saint Sebastian in the church of Saint Peter, Pavia.
+Sebastian was accounted a defense against the plague. ''Legenda Aurea'' transmits the episode of a great plague that afflicted the Lombards in the time of King "Gumburt" and was stopped by the erection of an altar to Saint Sebastian in the church of Saint Peter, Pavia.
-== Depictions in art and literature ==
+== Location of Remains ==
-[[Image:sebastia.jpg|left|215px|thumb|'''The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian'', by [[Andrea Mantegna]].]]
+The mortal remains asserted to be those of  St. Sebastian are currently housed in a basilica that was built by Pope Damasus I in 367 (''Basilica Apostolorum''), on the site of the provisional tomb of St. Peter and St. Paul. The church, today called San Sebastiano fuori le mura, was rebuilt in the 1610s, under the patronage of Scipio Borghese.
-The [http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/anon-santo-apollinare.jpg earliest representation of St Sebastian] is a mosaic in the [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]] (Ravenna, Italy) dated between 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basilica contains large mosaics representing a procession of 26 Martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Saint Sebastian. The Martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lacking any individuality, and have all identical expressions.
+== Patronage ==
+{{Main|Military saint}}
-[http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/vincoli.jpg Another early representation] is in a mosaic in the Church of [[San Pietro in Vincoli]] (Rome, Italy), which probably belongs to the year 682, shows a grown, bearded man in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow"<ref>''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908. </ref>
+Though a protector from the [[Bubonic plague]], Sebastian is not one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The connection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plague is not an intuitive one. In Greco-Roman myth, [[Apollo]], the archer-god is the deliverer of pestilence; the figure of Sebastian Christianizes this familiar literary trope. The chronicler Paul the Deacon relates that Rome was freed from a raging pestilence in 680, by the patronage of this saint.
-As protector of potential plague victims and soldiers, Sebastian naturally occupied a very important place in the popular medieval mind, and hence was among the most frequently depicted of all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists.  The opportunity to show a semi-nude male, often in a contorted pose, also made Sebastian a favourite subject.  His shooting with arrows was the subject of the largest [[engraving]] by the ''[[Master of the Playing Cards]]'' in the 1430s, when there were few other current subjects with male nudes other than Christ.  Sebastian appears in many other [[old master print|prints]] and paintings, although this was also due to his popularity with the faithful.  Among many others,  [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Andrea Mantegna]], and [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]] all painted Saint Sebastians, and later [[El Greco]], [[Gerard van Honthorst|Gerrit van Honthorst]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]. <ref>(For a discussion of the image of St. Sebastian in the paintings of Ribera, see:
+Sebastian, like Saint George, was one of a class of military martyrs and soldier saints of the Early Christian Church, whose cults originated in the 4th century and culminated at the end of the [[Middle Ages]], in the 14th and 15th centuries, both in the East and the West. Details of their martyrologies may provoke some skepticism among modern readers, but certain consistent patterns emerge that are revealing of Christian attitudes.  Such a saint was an ''athleta Christi'', an "athlete of Christ", and a "Guardian of the heavens"
-Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation", PhD Dissertation, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 2000 (available online at myspace.com/markwilliamson13732)</ref>
-The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youth pierced by arrows.  There were [[predella]] scenes, when required, often of his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor, and final beheading.  The illustration in the infobox is the ''Saint Sebastian'' of [[Il Sodoma]], at the [[Palazzo Pitti|Pitti Palace]], Florence.
-[[Image:Georges de La Tour 003.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''St Sebastian tended by [[Saint Irene]], [[Georges de La Tour]] c 1645]]
-A mainly seventeenth-century subject was ''St Sebastian tended by St Irene'', painted by [[Georges de La Tour]], [[Jusepe de Ribera]], [[Hendrick ter Brugghen]] and others.  This may have been a deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from the single nude subject.
-There exist several cycles depicting the life of Saint Sebastian. Among them, the frescos in the "Basilica di San Sebastiano" of Acireale (Italy) with paintings by Pietro Paolo Vasta.
+Saint Sebastian, along with Saint George, is the patron saint of the cities of Qormi (Malta) and Caserta (Italy). Saint Sebastian is also the patron saint of the city of Palma de Mallorca (Spain), where on January 20th—a public holiday—there are street festivities and celebrations.
-In his novella ''[[Death in Venice]]'', [[Thomas Mann]] hails the "Sebastian-Figure" as the supreme emblem of [[Apollonian and Dionysian|Apollonian]] beauty, that is, the artistry of differentiated forms, beauty as measured by discipline, proportion, and luminious distinctions. This allusion to Saint Sebastian's suffering, associated with the writerly professionalism of the novella's protagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides a model for the "heroism born of weakness," which characterizes poise amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one's fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized achievement and artistic triumph.
+In the Greek Orthodox Church, the feast day of Sebastian the Martyr is December 18. In the Roman Catholic Church, his feast day, set on January 20, is not mandatory.
-[[Egon Schiele]], an Austrian Expressionist artist, painted a self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915.
+Officially, Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Informally, in the tradition of the Afro-Brazilian religious syncretism Saint Sebastian is often associated with Ogum, especially in the state of Bahia, in the northeast of the country, while Ogum in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul is more likely to be associated with Saint George.
-During [[Salvador Dalí]]'s "Lorca ([[Frederico Garcia Lorca]]) Period", he painted Sebastian several times, most notably in his "Neo-Cubist Academy". For reasons unknown, the left vein of Sebastian is always exposed.
+Equally, in the LGBT community many gay Catholics think of Saint Sebastian as their patron and intercessor saint before God.[http://www.glbtq.com/arts/subjects_st_sebastian.html]
-[[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' makes a reference to Saint Sebastian when the protagonist, Winston, fantasises about tying another character, Julia, to a stake naked and shooting her "full of arrows like Saint Sebastian".
+Saint Sebastian is also regarded as the Patron Saint of soldiers generally, of infantrymen particularly, of athletes generally, of archers particularly and of municipal police officers.
-In the novel ''[[Fabiola (novel)|Fabiola]]'' by [[Nicholas Cardinal Wiseman|Nicholas Wiseman]], Sebastian is portrayed both in his glory days as a well-loved centurion and commander, and also in his days of martyrdom. He appears as a friend of the main character, the Roman lady Fabiola, and her father.
+== Depictions in art and literature ==
+[[Image:sebastia.jpg|left|215px|thumb|'''The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian'', by Andrea Mantegna.]]
-== Patronage ==
+The [http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/anon-santo-apollinare.jpg earliest representation of St Sebastian] is a mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy) dated between 527 and 565. The right lateral wall of the basilica contains large mosaics representing a procession of 26 Martyrs, led by Saint Martin and including Saint Sebastian. The Martyrs are represented in Byzantine style, lacking any individuality, and have all identical expressions.
-{{Main|Military saint}}
-Though a protector from the [[Bubonic plague|plague]], Sebastian is not one of the [[Fourteen Holy Helpers]]. The connection of the martyr shot with arrows with the plague is not an intuitive one. In Greco-Roman myth, [[Apollo]], the archer-god is the deliverer of pestilence; the figure of Sebastian [[Christianization|Christianizes]] this familiar literary trope. The chronicler [[Paul the Deacon]] relates that Rome was freed from a raging pestilence in 680, by the patronage of this saint.
+[http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/vincoli.jpg Another early representation] is in a mosaic in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome, Italy), which probably belongs to the year 682, shows a grown, bearded man in court dress but contains no trace of an arrow"<ref>''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908. </ref>
-Sebastian, like [[Saint George]], was one of a class of military martyrs and soldier saints of the Early Christian Church, whose [[Cult (religious practice)|cults]] originated in the [[4th century]] and culminated at the end of the [[Middle Ages]], in the [[14th century|14th]] and [[15th century|15th centuries]], both in the East and the West. Details of their [[Martyrology|martyrologies]] may provoke some skepticism among modern readers, but certain consistent patterns emerge that are revealing of Christian attitudes.  Such a saint was an ''[[athleta Christi]]'', an "athlete of Christ", and a "Guardian of the heavens"
+As protector of potential plague victims and soldiers, Sebastian naturally occupied a very important place in the popular medieval mind, and hence was among the most frequently depicted of all saints by Late Gothic and Renaissance artists.  The opportunity to show a semi-nude male, often in a contorted pose, also made Sebastian a favorite subject.  His shooting with arrows was the subject of the largest engraving by the ''Master of the Playing Cards'' in the 1430s, when there were few other current subjects with male nudes other than Christ.  Sebastian appears in many other prints and paintings, although this was also due to his popularity with the faithful.  Among many others,  Sandro [[Botticelli]], Andrea Mantegna, and Perugino all painted Saint Sebastians, and later [[El Greco]], Gerrit van Honthorst and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]. <ref>For a discussion of the image of St. Sebastian in the paintings of Ribera, see:
+Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation", PhD Dissertation, (Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University, 2000).</ref>
+The saint is ordinarily depicted as a handsome youth pierced by arrows.  There were predella scenes, when required, often of his arrest, confrontation with the Emperor, and final beheading.  The illustration in the infobox is the ''Saint Sebastian'' of Il Sodoma, at the Pitti Palace, Florence.
+[[Image:Georges de La Tour 003.jpg|thumb|right|270px|''St Sebastian tended by Saint Irene, Georges de La Tour ca. 1645.]]
+A mainly seventeenth-century subject was ''St Sebastian tended by St Irene'', painted by Georges de La Tour, Jusepe de Ribera, Hendrick ter Brugghen and others.  This may have been a deliberate attempt by the Church to get away from the single nude subject.
-Saint Sebastian, along with Saint George, is the patron saint of the cities of [[Qormi]] ([[Malta]]) and [[Caserta]] (Italy). Saint Sebastian is also the patron saint of the city of Palma de Mallorca (Spain), where on January 20th—a public holiday—there are street festivities and celebrations.
+There exist several cycles depicting the life of Saint Sebastian. Among them, the frescos in the "Basilica di San Sebastiano" of Acireale (Italy) with paintings by Pietro Paolo Vasta.
-In the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]], the feast day of Sebastian the Martyr is [[December 18]]. In the Roman Catholic Church, his feast day, set on [[January 20]], is not mandatory.
+In his novella ''Death in Venice'', [[Thomas Mann]] hails the "Sebastian-Figure" as the supreme emblem of Apollonian beauty, that is, the artistry of differentiated forms, beauty as measured by discipline, proportion, and luminous distinctions. This allusion to Saint Sebastian's suffering, associated with the self-defeating professionalism of the novella's protagonist, Gustav Aschenbach, provides a model for the "heroism born of weakness," which characterizes poise amidst agonizing torment and plain acceptance of one's fate as, beyond mere patience and passivity, a stylized achievement and artistic triumph.
-Officially, Saint Sebastian is the [[patron saint]] of the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]. Informally, in the tradition of the [[Afro-Brazilian]] religious [[syncretism]] Saint Sebastian is often associated with [[Ogoun|Ogum]], especially in the state of [[Bahia]], in the northeast of the country, while Ogum in the southernmost state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] is more likely to be associated with [[Saint George]].
+[[Egon Schiele]], an Austrian Expressionist artist, painted a self-portrait as Saint Sebastian in 1915.
-Equally, in the [[LGBT]] community many [[gay]] Catholics think of Saint Sebastian as their patron and intercessor saint before [[God]].[http://www.glbtq.com/arts/subjects_st_sebastian.html]
+During [[Salvador Dalí]]'s "Lorca (Frederico Garcia Lorca) Period", he painted Sebastian several times, most notably in his "Neo-Cubist Academy". For reasons unknown, the left vein of Sebastian is always exposed.
-Saint Sebastian is also regarded as the Patron Saint of soldiers generally, of [[Infantry|infantrymen]] particularly, of athletes generally, of [[archery|archers]] particularly and of [[Municipality|municipal]] [[police]] officers.
+[[George Orwell]]'s novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' makes a reference to Saint Sebastian when the protagonist, Winston, fantasizes about tying another character, Julia, to a stake naked and shooting her "full of arrows like Saint Sebastian".
-==Saint Sebastian in popular culture==
+In the novel ''Fabiola'' by Nicholas Wiseman, Sebastian is portrayed both in his glory days as a well-loved centurion and commander, and also in his days of martyrdom. He appears as a friend of the main character, the Roman lady Fabiola, and her father.
-[[Image:SaraceniSebastian.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Saint Sebastian, by [[Carlo Saraceni]] (c1610-15), Castle Museum, Prague]]Versions of the iconic image of Sebastian impaled with arrows appear in:
-* [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]'s "[[Losing My Religion]]" [[music video]], which combines the image of the saint with other religious imagery
-* [[Claude Debussy]]'s "Le Martyre De Saint Sébastien", a musical piece inspired by the saint
-* [[Philip Glass]] includes a short musical piece titled "Saint Sebastian" in his score for the film ''[[Mishima]]'', a reference to [[Mishima Yukio]]'s ''[[Confessions of a Mask]]'' in which a painting of St.Sebastian by [[Guido Reni]] plays a preponderant role in the main character's discovery of his own sexuality.
-* On the [[Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds]] album ''[[Murder Ballads]]'', the song "O'Malley's Bar" includes a brief reference to Saint Sebastian.
-* A small statue of the saint appears in the movie ''[[Carrie (film)|Carrie]]'' in the house where Carrie and her mother live.
-* The chorus of the [[Patti Smith]] song "Boy Cried Wolf" references the means of Sebastian's death.
-* In the TV series ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', the hospital in which Jack Shephard and his father, Christian, work is named after the saint.
-* In the film ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'', V has a painting of St. Sebastian in his home, the Shadow Gallery.
-* In the film ''[[Blown Away (1994 film)|Blown Away]]'', the statue of St. Sebastian symbolically appears throughout the film.
-* In the film ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer (film)]]'', a large painting of St.Sebastial appears on a wall of Sebastian's garden.
-* In [[The Simpsons season 3|Season 3]] of [[The Simpsons]] in the episode "[[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]]", after [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] and Samantha Stanky are discovered kissing by her over-protective father, Samantha gets transferred from [[Springfield Elementary School]] to Saint Sebastian's School for Wicked Girls.
-* In [[The Simpsons season 16|Season 16]] of [[The Simpsons]] in the episode "[[The Father, The Son, and The Holy Guest Star|The Father, The Son and The Holy Guest Star]]" the saint is mentioned in a comic book "Lives of the Saints" clandestinely read by Bart in a [[catechism]] class.
-* In the video for the song "Zombie" by [[The Cranberries]], the singer, [[Dolores O'Riordan]], is depicted strapped to a tree, surrounded by children, in a style clearly reminiscent of Sebastian.
-* In the Canadian film ''[[Lilies (film)|Lilies]],'' a rehearsal for a church's re-enactment of the scene plays a prominent role in the storyline and iconography.
-* A Glasgow-based band is named San Sebastian, and their CD cover and logo pictures Sebastian.[http://www.soundsofsansebastian.com].
-* Followers of Saint Sebastian figure prominently in [[Loren D. Estleman]]'s "[[Amos Walker]]" novel, "Nicotine Kiss". In the private eye novel, they meet at "The Church of the Freshwater Sea".
-*The [[power metal]] band, [[Sonata Arctica]] made a song called San Sebastian. (Equivalent in [[Spanish language|Spanish]])
-*The novel "Hotel Transylvania," by [[Chelsea Quinn Yarbro]], features a villain named Saint Sebastien.
-*The rock band [[Instar]] wrote a song titled "Saint Sebastian" describing a child's reacting to a painting of the saint.
-*In the film [[I Walked with a Zombie]] a figurehead of St. Sebastian is featured in the garden of the Hollands' residence, and is the name of the fictional island that the movie takes place on.
-*In her short story "Everything That Rises Must Converge" Flannery O'Connor tells us that the character Julian "appeared pinned to the door frame, waiting like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to begin piercing him."
-*St. Sebastian's Hospital is featured in three episodes of the series House. First season 2 episode 9, "Deception", and again in season 3 episode 10, "Merry Little Christmas".
-Several films have been made about the life of Sebastian, mostly focusing on his iconic execution. Most notable of these are [[Derek Jarman]]'s ''[[Sebastiane]]'' and [[Bavo Defurne]]'s 1996 short film, ''Saint'' [http://www.xs4all.be/~laika1/BAVO/READ/saint/saint.html].
 ==Notes==
+[[Image:SaraceniSebastian.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Saint Sebastian, by Carlo Saraceni (c. 1610-15), Castle Museum, Prague]]
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+==References==
+* Baring-Gould, S. (Sabine). ''The Lives of the Saints''. With introduction and additional Lives of English martyrs, Cornish, Scottish, and Welsh saints, and a full index to the entire work. Volume I. Edinburgh : J. Grant, 1914.
+* Butler, Alban. ''Lives of the Saints''. Edited, revised, and supplemented by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater. Palm Publishers, 1956. The original version is accessible online at: [http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/SEBASTN.htm the Global Catholic Network].
+* Farmer, David Hugh. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Saints''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0192800582.
+* Goldman, Jason. "Subjects of the Visual Arts: St. Sebastian" in [http://www.glbtq.com/arts/subjects_st_sebastian.html The Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture]. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
+* Löffler, Klemens. "Saint Sebastian" in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13668a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia]. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
+* Parker, Brian. "Tennessee Williams and the Legends of St Sebastian." ''University of Toronto Quarterly'' Vol. 69 (Summer 2000), 634-660.
+* Stechow, Wolfgang. "Terbrugghen's 'Saint Sebastian'." ''The Burlington Magazine''. Vol. 96, No. 612 (March 1954). 70-74.
+* Williamson, Mark A. ''The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation''. PhD Dissertation. Binghamton, New York: Binghamton University, 2000.
 ==External links==
+'''All external links retrieved August 24, 2007'''
 {{commonscat|Saint Sebastian}}
-*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13668a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908:] "Saint Sebastian"
-* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/SEBASTN.htm Rev. Alban Butler, ''The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints'', vol. I] An elaboration of the ''Acta'', introducing many circumstial details.
 * [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saints03.htm  Patron Saints Index: Sebastian]
 * [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden155.htm ''Legenda Aurea'': Life of Saint Sebastian]
 * [http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/ Iconography of Saint Sebastian]
-* [http://www.ucc.ie/milmart/#Intro David Woods, "The Military Martyrs"]
 * [http://www.goarch.org/en/chapel/saints.asp?contentid=343 Sebastian the Martyr, Greek Orthodox Church]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastian}}
-[[Category:3rd century births]]
-[[Category:287 deaths]]
 [[Category:Ancient Roman Christianity]]
 [[Category:Christian martyrs of the Roman era]]