Difference between revisions of "Riot" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
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[[Category:Law]]
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:''For the band Riot, see [[Riot (band)]].''
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<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[image:riots.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Riots in [[Newark, New Jersey]].]] —>
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{{Off-topic-other|List of notable riots}}
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'''Riots''' occur when crowds or even small groups of people gather to commit acts of [[violence]] and property damage, usually in reaction to a perceived [[grievance]] or out of dissent. Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or [[quality of life|living conditions]], [[government]] [[oppression]], [[taxation]] or [[conscription]], conflicts between [[race]]s or [[religion]]s (see [[race riot]] and [[pogrom]]), or even the outcome of a [[sport]]ing event. Some claim that rioters are motivated by a rejection of or frustration with legal channels through which to air their grievances.
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Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property. The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.
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== Police response ==
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Riots are typically dealt with by the police (as [[riot control]]), although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include [[attack dog]]s, [[water cannon]]s, [[plastic bullet]]s, [[rubber bullets]], [[pepper spray]], and [[flexible baton round]]s. Many police forces, such as the London [[Metropolitan Police Service]], have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations (see [[Territorial Support Group]], [[Special Patrol Group]], [[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]], [[Mobiele Eenheid]]). The policing of riots is controversial due to allegations that officers instigate, provoke or exacerbate situations into full-blown riots (see [[Police riot]]); also, while the weapons described above are officially designated as [[non-lethal]], a number of people have died or been injured as a result of their use.
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Rioters often make use of various tactics to counter the police, including gas masks (to protect against chemical weapons), projectiles such as rocks, bottles and [[Molotov cocktail]]s, Firecrackers to scare away K-9 Units, and the removal of police weapons (e.g. batons, shields).
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== Laws against riots ==
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=== England and Wales ===
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Under [[English law]], a riot is defined by the [[Public Order Act 1986]] as twelve or more persons who "together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety". A single person can be liable for an offence of riot when they ''use'' violence provided that it can be shown there were at least twelve present using ''or threatening'' violence. The violence can be against the person or against property. This carries the possibility of a fine and a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.
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If there are fewer than twelve people present, the lesser offence of "Violent Disorder" is charged, for which there is a requirement for at least three persons to use or threaten unlawful violence together. This is defined similarly to riot, but no common purpose is required.
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In the past, The [[Riot Act]] had to be read by an official - with the wording exactly correct - before any policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after the act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd.
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===Current English Law===
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In English Law '''Riot''' forms part of the [[Public Order Act 1986]] under section 1.
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The Public Order Act 1986 s.1 states:
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1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.
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2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.
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3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.
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4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.
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5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.
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=== Ramifications ===
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* Was an [[Arrestable offence|Arrestable Offence]], changed to an [[indictable offence]] by the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]])
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* [[Trial (law)|Triable]] on indictment (Can be brought before a [[Magistrates' Court]] or [[Crown court]])
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* Ten years [[prison|imprisonment]] and/or a [[fine]]
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=== United States ===
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[[Image:Battle strike 1934.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Teamsters]], armed with [[pipe (material)|pipes]], riot in a clash with [[riot police]] in the [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934]].]]
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Under [[Law of the United States|United States federal law]], a riot is defined as ''A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual.'' 18 U.S.C. §2102.
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As every state in the [[United States]] has its own laws (subject to the [[Supremacy Clause]]), each has its own definition of 'riot.' In [[New York State]], for example, the term 'riot' is not defined explicitly, but under § 240.08 of the N.Y. Penal Law, ''A person is guilty of inciting to riot when he urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm.''
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== Notable riots ==
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{{see|List of riots}}
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Image:Kallangracialriot.gif|250px|thumb|right|[[Malay people|Malay [[Muslim]]s riot in the [[1964 Race Riots]] near [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]], due to the racial and religious tensions at that time.]]
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=== United States ===
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The worst riots in United States history with respect to lives lost took place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] when immigrant factory workers forcibly resisted the federal government's military draft, the [[New York Draft Riots]]. These riots were graphically depicted in the movie ''[[Gangs of New York]]''. In the 20th century, the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]] were regarded as the worst in recent US history. The [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], however, saw the most well-remembered riots in recent US history and were a strong influence towards the eventual American withdrawal from [[Vietnam]] at the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. Also notable were riots in response to the [[assassination]] of civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], as well as the recent anarchist and anti-globalization riots of the last decade such as the Seattle protests of the [[WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999]] and the [[2005 Toledo Riot]] in Toledo, Ohio.
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=== Australia ===
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The [[Sydney Riot of 1879]], is one of the earliest riots at an international cricket match. Riots have become major news generators, including [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[2004 Redfern riots|riots]] in response to the death of an Aboriginal boy, and most recently the [[2005 Cronulla riots|2005 summer race riots]]. These riots took place on the beaches of the eastern Sydney suburbs, most prominently Cronulla.
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=== Asia ===
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The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the [[People's Republic of China]] between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The demonstrations centred on [[Tiananmen Square]] in [[Beijing]]. Government retaliation was often violent and riots broke out in affected regions.
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The [[Jakarta Riots of May 1998]] were a series of riots against ethnic [[Chinese Indonesian]]s in [[Jakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], [[Indonesia]].There were also hundreds of documented accounts of ethnic Chinese women being raped, tortured and killed [http://www.fas.org/irp/world/indonesia/indonesia-1998.htm]. Human Rights groups have determined that the Indonesian military was involved in the riots, which degenerated into a pogrom[http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2003statement/87/].
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The [[Partition of India]] was a traumatic event in South Asian history that followed the independence of the region from Britisn colonial rule. The ensuing riots resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, with Hindus being ethnically cleansed from the newly formed Islamic republic of [[Pakistan]].
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2002 Gujarat violence refers to incidents that took place in the state of Gujarat in India in the year 2002 involving fatal attacks on the Muslim minority in the state by mobs of Hindus.
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In [[2006]], there were nationwide riots in Pakistan and numerous other areas over the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/Story/0,,1710740,00.html].
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==Reading List==
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*{{cite book | author=Bessel, Richard Emsley, Clive | title=Patterns of Provocation: Police and Public Disorder | poublisher=Berghahn Books |Year=2000 | id=ISBN 1571812288}}
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*{{cite book | author=Hernon, Ian | title=Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day | poublisher=Pluto Press |Year=2006 | id=ISBN 0745325386}}
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*{{cite book | author=Waddington, P.A.J. | title=The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing | poublisher=Clarendon Press |Year=1991 | id=ISBN 0198273592}}
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== See also ==
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* Types of Riot: [[Race riot]], [[police riot]], [[prison riot]], [[student riot]], [[hooliganism]], [[street fighting]]
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* Riot control: [[police]], [[Riot control agent]], [[paramilitary]], [[military]],
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* Riot laws: [[Riot Act]], [[Black Act]]
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* Weapons found in Riots: [[CS gas]], [[Plastic bullet]], [[Rubber bullet]], [[Molotov cocktail]]
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* [[Violence in sports]]
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* [[Demonstration (people)|Demonstration]]
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* [[Town and gown]]
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* [[1968 Democratic National Convention]]
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* [[2005 civil unrest in France]]
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* [[Pogrom]]
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* [[Collective Effervescence]]
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* [[Civil disorder]]
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* [[List of riots related to urban decay]]
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== References ==
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<references/>
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* Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4 General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 245. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928522-5
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{{Credit1|Riot|112044591|}}

Revision as of 03:21, 5 March 2007


For the band Riot, see Riot (band).

Template loop detected: Template:Split Template:Off-topic-other Riots occur when crowds or even small groups of people gather to commit acts of violence and property damage, usually in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, government oppression, taxation or conscription, conflicts between races or religions (see race riot and pogrom), or even the outcome of a sporting event. Some claim that rioters are motivated by a rejection of or frustration with legal channels through which to air their grievances.

Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property. The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.

Police response

Riots are typically dealt with by the police (as riot control), although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include attack dogs, water cannons, plastic bullets, rubber bullets, pepper spray, and flexible baton rounds. Many police forces, such as the London Metropolitan Police Service, have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations (see Territorial Support Group, Special Patrol Group, Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, Mobiele Eenheid). The policing of riots is controversial due to allegations that officers instigate, provoke or exacerbate situations into full-blown riots (see Police riot); also, while the weapons described above are officially designated as non-lethal, a number of people have died or been injured as a result of their use.

Rioters often make use of various tactics to counter the police, including gas masks (to protect against chemical weapons), projectiles such as rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails, Firecrackers to scare away K-9 Units, and the removal of police weapons (e.g. batons, shields).

Laws against riots

England and Wales

Under English law, a riot is defined by the Public Order Act 1986 as twelve or more persons who "together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety". A single person can be liable for an offence of riot when they use violence provided that it can be shown there were at least twelve present using or threatening violence. The violence can be against the person or against property. This carries the possibility of a fine and a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.

If there are fewer than twelve people present, the lesser offence of "Violent Disorder" is charged, for which there is a requirement for at least three persons to use or threaten unlawful violence together. This is defined similarly to riot, but no common purpose is required.

In the past, The Riot Act had to be read by an official - with the wording exactly correct - before any policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after the act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd.

Current English Law

In English Law Riot forms part of the Public Order Act 1986 under section 1.

The Public Order Act 1986 s.1 states:

1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.

2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.

3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.

4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.

5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.

Ramifications

  • Was an Arrestable Offence, changed to an indictable offence by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005)
  • Triable on indictment (Can be brought before a Magistrates' Court or Crown court)
  • Ten years imprisonment and/or a fine

United States

Teamsters, armed with pipes, riot in a clash with riot police in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934.

Under United States federal law, a riot is defined as A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual. 18 U.S.C. §2102.

As every state in the United States has its own laws (subject to the Supremacy Clause), each has its own definition of 'riot.' In New York State, for example, the term 'riot' is not defined explicitly, but under § 240.08 of the N.Y. Penal Law, A person is guilty of inciting to riot when he urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm.

Notable riots

Image:Kallangracialriot.gif|250px|thumb|right|[[Malay people|Malay Muslims riot in the 1964 Race Riots near Kallang, Singapore, due to the racial and religious tensions at that time.]]

United States

The worst riots in United States history with respect to lives lost took place during the Civil War when immigrant factory workers forcibly resisted the federal government's military draft, the New York Draft Riots. These riots were graphically depicted in the movie Gangs of New York. In the 20th century, the 1992 Los Angeles riots were regarded as the worst in recent US history. The 1968 Democratic National Convention, however, saw the most well-remembered riots in recent US history and were a strong influence towards the eventual American withdrawal from Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Also notable were riots in response to the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as the recent anarchist and anti-globalization riots of the last decade such as the Seattle protests of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 and the 2005 Toledo Riot in Toledo, Ohio.

Australia

The Sydney Riot of 1879, is one of the earliest riots at an international cricket match. Riots have become major news generators, including Aboriginal riots in response to the death of an Aboriginal boy, and most recently the 2005 summer race riots. These riots took place on the beaches of the eastern Sydney suburbs, most prominently Cronulla.

Asia

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The demonstrations centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Government retaliation was often violent and riots broke out in affected regions.

The Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were a series of riots against ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Jakarta and Surakarta, Indonesia.There were also hundreds of documented accounts of ethnic Chinese women being raped, tortured and killed [1]. Human Rights groups have determined that the Indonesian military was involved in the riots, which degenerated into a pogrom[2].

The Partition of India was a traumatic event in South Asian history that followed the independence of the region from Britisn colonial rule. The ensuing riots resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, with Hindus being ethnically cleansed from the newly formed Islamic republic of Pakistan.

2002 Gujarat violence refers to incidents that took place in the state of Gujarat in India in the year 2002 involving fatal attacks on the Muslim minority in the state by mobs of Hindus.

In 2006, there were nationwide riots in Pakistan and numerous other areas over the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy [3].

Reading List

  • Bessel, Richard Emsley, Clive. Patterns of Provocation: Police and Public Disorder. ISBN 1571812288. 
  • Hernon, Ian. Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day. ISBN 0745325386. 
  • Waddington, P.A.J.. The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing. ISBN 0198273592. 

See also

  • Types of Riot: Race riot, police riot, prison riot, student riot, hooliganism, street fighting
  • Riot control: police, Riot control agent, paramilitary, military,
  • Riot laws: Riot Act, Black Act
  • Weapons found in Riots: CS gas, Plastic bullet, Rubber bullet, Molotov cocktail
  • Violence in sports
  • Demonstration
  • Town and gown
  • 1968 Democratic National Convention
  • 2005 civil unrest in France
  • Pogrom
  • Collective Effervescence
  • Civil disorder
  • List of riots related to urban decay

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4 General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 245. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928522-5


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