Difference between revisions of "Preparatory school" - New World Encyclopedia

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==History==
 
==History==
−
In Europe, preparatory schools originated out of the turmoil from the [[Protestant Reformation]], which helped to dislodge the grip of the [[Catholic Church]] on many areas of life, including education. The concept was also inspired and developed based on the new ideals of Humanism. Individual schools that taught and focused more upon [[rhetoric]], [[grammar]], [[logic]], [[mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[music]], and [[geometry]] more than the traditional curriculum of theology began to spring up in the [[Germany|German]] states.<ref> Encarta® Online Encyclopedia [http://encarta.msn.com/"Gymnasium (school)]" (Microsoft Corporation, 2008). Retrieved June 10, 2008. </ref>
+
In Europe, preparatory schools originated out of the turmoil from the [[Protestant Reformation]], which helped to dislodge the grip of the [[Catholic Church]] on many areas of life, including education. The concept was also inspired and developed based on the new ideals of Humanism. Individual schools that taught and focused more upon [[rhetoric]], [[grammar]], [[logic]], [[mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[music]], and [[geometry]] more than the traditional curriculum of theology began to spring up in the [[Germany|German]] states.<ref> ''Encarta® Online Encyclopedia'' [http://encarta.msn.com/"Gymnasium (school)]" (Microsoft Corporation, 2008). Retrieved June 10, 2008. </ref>
 
[[Image:Girard College.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Girard College, [[Pennsylvania]], one of the first preparatory schools in the world for disadvantaged children, with grades 1-12, opened in 1848]]
 
[[Image:Girard College.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Girard College, [[Pennsylvania]], one of the first preparatory schools in the world for disadvantaged children, with grades 1-12, opened in 1848]]
−
In the United States, preparatory schools were first designed to prepare the male children of wealthy parents for universities. Charging tuition, these schools instructed students in the classical curriculum of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Education. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education"
+
In the United States, preparatory schools were first designed to prepare the male children of wealthy parents for universities. Charging tuition, these schools instructed students in the classical curriculum of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Education''. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education"
−
History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref>. A rise in the middle class around the beginning of the 19th century meant that more and more parents could afford to send their children to universities, which meant that preparatory school enrollment improved as well. While these schools flourished, the establishment of public high schools towards the end of the 19th century threatened the survival of preparatory schools, since public schools were free. However, preparatory schools remained in the United States as schools that the wealthy and upper class could send their children to, since the private schools had become more selective.<ref>Encyclopedia of Education. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education"
+
History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref>. A rise in the middle class around the beginning of the nineteenth century meant that more and more parents could afford to send their children to universities, which meant that preparatory school enrollment improved as well. While these schools flourished, the establishment of public high schools towards the end of the 19th century threatened the survival of preparatory schools, since public schools were free. However, preparatory schools remained in the United States as schools that the wealthy and upper class could send their children to, since the private schools had become more selective.<ref>Encyclopedia of Education. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education"
 
History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref> There were a few notable exceptions, such as Girard College, which opened in [[Pennsylvania]] in 1848, specifically designed as a preparatory school for disadvantaged students.<ref>(2008) Boarding School Review [http://www.boardingschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/235"Girard College]Retrieved June 19, 2008</ref>
 
History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref> There were a few notable exceptions, such as Girard College, which opened in [[Pennsylvania]] in 1848, specifically designed as a preparatory school for disadvantaged students.<ref>(2008) Boarding School Review [http://www.boardingschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/235"Girard College]Retrieved June 19, 2008</ref>
  
−
From the early twentieth century on, preparatory schools in the U.S. have often been seen as the vestiges of the elite and wealthy. In fact, many of the well known politicians and leaders in America started at preparatory schools. Some of the more prestigious universities in America often gave preference to students from prep schools.<ref>Cookson Jr, Peter W. and Caroline Hodges Persell. ''Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools''. Basic Books, 1987, ISBN 0465062695</ref> However, starting in the 1960's, with social pressures to allow all students access to educational opportunities beyond public schools, private preparatory schools have been accepting more and more students from socio-economic backgrounds different from their historical students. Scholarships are now sometimes awarded to those students who meet the academic qualifications of private schools, but cannot afford to go. Some private schools now even accept international students.<ref> Heiter, Celeste. ''American Boarding Schools'' ThingsAsian Press 1994. ISBN 097159404X</ref>
+
From the early twentieth century on, preparatory schools in the U.S. have often been seen as the vestiges of the elite and wealthy. In fact, many of the well known politicians and leaders in America started at preparatory schools. Some of the more prestigious universities in America often gave preference to students from prep schools.<ref>Peter W. Cookson Jr and Caroline Hodges Persell. ''Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools''. (Basic Books, 1987, ISBN 0465062695)</ref> However, starting in the 1960's, with social pressures to allow all students access to educational opportunities beyond public schools, private preparatory schools have been accepting more and more students from socio-economic backgrounds different from their historical students. Scholarships are now sometimes awarded to those students who meet the academic qualifications of private schools, but cannot afford to go. Some private schools now even accept international students.<ref> Celeste Heiter, ''American Boarding Schools'' (ThingsAsian Press, 1994, ISBN 097159404X)</ref>
  
 
==Organization==
 
==Organization==
−
Nearly all preparatory schools in the United States and [[Canada]] are private institutions, which means that they are not funded through [[taxes]], nor are they administered by publicly elected school boards. Schools that are religiously affiliated are sometime funded partially or entirely by their church, while some schools must rely upon the tuition they charges as their main source of income. Often time these private schools are run by a Governing Board of Trustees, in conjunction with a headmaster or principle. Religious schools, such as Catholic preparatory schools in the United States, are governed by the Catholic Church. While not administered by the government, these schools must still comply with curriculum requirements and educational standards set by the state.  
+
Nearly all preparatory schools in the United States and [[Canada]] are private institutions, which means that they are not funded through [[tax]]es, nor are they administered by publicly elected school boards. Schools that are religiously affiliated are sometime funded partially or entirely by their church, while some schools must rely upon the tuition they charges as their main source of income. Often time these private schools are run by a Governing Board of Trustees, in conjunction with a headmaster or principle. Religious schools, such as Catholic preparatory schools in the United States, are governed by the Catholic Church. While not administered by the government, these schools must still comply with curriculum requirements and educational standards set by the state.  
  
−
Some schools have living quarters (dormitory, dining room) where students reside (known as [[boarding school]]s); most are day schools, and some boarding schools also admit local students who seek the benefits of the prep school life. Some admit students of only one sex; others are [[co-educational]]. Prep schools tend to be selective, and academically challenging.
+
Some schools have living quarters (dormitory, dining room) where students reside (known as [[boarding school]]s); most are day schools, and some boarding schools also admit local students who seek the benefits of the prep school life. Some admit students of only one sex; others are [[co-education]]al. Prep schools tend to be selective, and academically challenging.
  
−
Parents of top-tier prep school students pay fees comparable to [[Ivy League]] university tuition. Among the principal benefits of prep schools is a very low student-to-teacher ratio, hence, smaller class sizes than in public schools. The tuition allows schools to hire highly-qualified teachers and retain them in [[tenure]]. These schools often have significant [[endowment]]s financing scholarships permitting demographic heterogeneity.
+
Parents of top-tier prep school students pay fees comparable to [[Ivy League]] university tuition. Among the principal benefits of prep schools is a very low student-to-teacher ratio, hence, smaller class sizes than in public schools. The tuition allows schools to hire highly-qualified teachers and retain them in [[academic tenure|tenure]]. These schools often have significant [[endowment]]s financing scholarships permitting demographic heterogeneity.
  
 
==Curriculum==
 
==Curriculum==
 
[[Image:Memorial Hall, Lawrenceville School (Lawrenceville, NJ).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Photograph of Memorial Hall (front facade), Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, [[New Jersey]]]]
 
[[Image:Memorial Hall, Lawrenceville School (Lawrenceville, NJ).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Photograph of Memorial Hall (front facade), Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, [[New Jersey]]]]
−
College preparatory schools often have curricula that are similar to regular high schools, only more intensive. Curricula are determined by what the majority of colleges and universities seek in potential students, such as 4 years of composition, [[social studies]], [[mathematics]], [[science]] and often a foreign [[language]]. Beyond successfully mastering the material of each class, students are encouraged to write, present and think of the information in ways that they will be as college students, which is one of the main advantages of attending a prep school; while normal high schools tend to focus on students meeting the local and state education requirements, preparatory schools often prepare the student better for the type of studying and work required at a college.<ref> ''Peterson's Private Secondary Schools 2008'' Peterson''s; 28th edition, ISBN 0768923999</ref> Often prep schools will often '''Advanced Placement''' or '''AP''' classes, advanced studies that earn students college credit. Preparatory schools often have [[music]] and [[fine arts]] programs, as well extracurricular activities and clubs that could be considered important for developing student profiles that universities want from freshmen applicants. [[Sports]] are often highly valued in prep schools, and college sports coaches often recruit heavily from these students.
+
College preparatory schools often have [[curriculum|curricula]] that are similar to regular [[high school]]s, only more intensive. Curricula are determined by what the majority of colleges and universities seek in potential students, such as 4 years of composition, [[social studies]], [[mathematics]], [[science]] and often a foreign [[language]]. Beyond successfully mastering the material of each class, students are encouraged to write, present and think of the information in ways that they will be as college students, which is one of the main advantages of attending a prep school; while normal high schools tend to focus on students meeting the local and state education requirements, preparatory schools often prepare the student better for the type of studying and work required at a college.<ref> ''Peterson's Private Secondary Schools 2008'' Peterson''s; 28th edition, ISBN 0768923999</ref> Often prep schools will often '''Advanced Placement''' or '''AP''' classes, advanced studies that earn students college credit. Preparatory schools often have [[music]] and [[fine arts]] programs, as well extracurricular activities and clubs that could be considered important for developing student profiles that universities want from freshmen applicants. [[Sports]] are often highly valued in prep schools, and college sports coaches often recruit heavily from these students.
  
 
==Variations==
 
==Variations==
 
===France===
 
===France===
 
[[Image:mines_facade.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|''École des Mines'', created in 1783 by King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], one of the most prominent French [[engineering]] schools, one of the ''Grandes écoles'']]
 
[[Image:mines_facade.jpg|left|thumb|250 px|''École des Mines'', created in 1783 by King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], one of the most prominent French [[engineering]] schools, one of the ''Grandes écoles'']]
−
In [[France]], certain private or public secondary schools offer special postgraduate classes called [[Classes Préparatoires|classes préparatoires]], equivalent in level to the first years of [[university]]. French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools but generally not charging fees.
+
In [[France]], certain private or public secondary schools offer special postgraduate classes called ''[[Classes Préparatoires]]'', equivalent in level to the first years of [[university]]. French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools but generally not charging fees.
  
−
There are also the [[Grandes écoles]] of France, higher education establishments aside the mainstream framework of the public universities. They include sciences & engineering schools, business schools, specific humanities schools, but include neither medical institutes, nor architecture institutes nor law institutes. They are generally focused on a single subject area, such as engineering or business, have a moderate size, and are often quite selective in their admission of students. Due to their competitive entrance exams, they are widely regarded as a prestigious cursus by students, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists and executives. Some Grandes écoles are part of the more traditional [[Lycee]] system in French Secondary education.
+
There are also the ''[[Grandes écoles]]'' of France, higher education establishments aside the mainstream framework of the public universities. They include [[science]] and [[engineering]] schools, [[business]] schools, specific [[humanities]] schools, but include neither [[medicine|medical]] institutes, nor [[architecture]] institutes nor [[law]] institutes. They are generally focused on a single subject area, such as engineering or business, have a moderate size, and are often quite selective in their admission of students. Due to their competitive entrance exams, they are widely regarded as prestigious by students, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists and executives. Some ''Grandes écoles'' are part of the more traditional [[Lycee]] system in French Secondary education.
  
−
The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) are a two-year cursus extensible to three-years, acting as a prep course with the main goal of training undergraduate students for enrollment in a Grande École.
+
The ''classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles'' (CPGE) are a two-year program extensible to three-years, acting as a prep course with the main goal of training undergraduate students for enrollment in a ''Grande École''.
  
 
===Germany===
 
===Germany===
 
{{main|Gymnasium (school)}}
 
{{main|Gymnasium (school)}}
 
[[Image:Fichtenberg Oberschule1 Berlin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|German Gymnasium school]]
 
[[Image:Fichtenberg Oberschule1 Berlin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|German Gymnasium school]]
−
A gymnasium constitutes the middle or last tier of secondary education, preparing students to enter university. Deriving from the Greek idea of a school for both physical and intellectual education, the German gymnasium school developed based on ideals of [[Humanism]] in a move away from church-dominated theologically based education, and was designed for those students of the highest academic ability.
+
A gymnasium constitutes the middle or last tier of [[secondary education]], preparing students to enter [[university]]. Deriving from the Greek idea of a school for both physical and intellectual education, the German gymnasium school developed based on ideals of [[Humanism]] in a move away from church-dominated theologically based education, and was designed for those students of the highest academic ability.
  
 
Originally the gymnasium was designed to provide a broad-based, albeit academically oriented, education. The final examination on completing studies at the gymnasium has been used as the main admissions criterion for German universities. Today, however, students may specialize in more practical areas of study, such as [[technology]], or, in certain [[Vocational education|vocational gymnasia]], combine their studies with vocational training.
 
Originally the gymnasium was designed to provide a broad-based, albeit academically oriented, education. The final examination on completing studies at the gymnasium has been used as the main admissions criterion for German universities. Today, however, students may specialize in more practical areas of study, such as [[technology]], or, in certain [[Vocational education|vocational gymnasia]], combine their studies with vocational training.
Line 43: Line 43:
 
===United Kingdom===
 
===United Kingdom===
 
[[Image:Abingdon preparatory school main building.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|Abingdon Preparatory School, Frilford, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire]]
 
[[Image:Abingdon preparatory school main building.jpg|thumb|left|250 px|Abingdon Preparatory School, Frilford, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire]]
−
In the [[United Kingdom]] the term Preparatory School is used  to describe schools which traditionally prepare younger students for [[public school (UK)|independent school]]s, although not all preparatory-school students continue their education within the independent-education sector, and not all students at independent secondary schools have started theirs at preparatory schools. While many prep schools prepare their students for entry to a range of senior schools, some are closely associated with a single school, as [[Colet Court]] is with [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]]. Some state [[Grammar school]]s which are otherwise free have a fee-paying ''Prep Department''.  
+
In the [[United Kingdom]] the term Preparatory School is used  to describe schools which traditionally prepare younger students for [[public school (UK)|independent school]]s, although not all preparatory-school students continue their education within the independent-education sector, and not all students at independent secondary schools have started theirs at preparatory schools. While many prep schools prepare their students for entry to a range of senior schools, some are closely associated with a single school, as [[Colet Court]] is with [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]]. Some state [[Grammar school]]s which are otherwise free have a fee-paying Prep Department.  
  
 
Prep Schools are for eight to thirteen year olds, when they take [[Common Entrance Examination]] for entry into a [[Public School]], (under the age of eight, pupils are educated at a "pre-prep" school, which takes the place of a state primary school). Thus, independently educated boys and girls will,  from 4 or 5 to 8 years old, go to a pre-prep school, from 8 to 13 years old to a prep school and. from 13 to 18 years old to a [[public school]].<ref> UKStudentlife.com [http://www.ukstudentlife.com/Course/Boarding.htm"Independent/public/boarding schools in Great Britian] Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref>
 
Prep Schools are for eight to thirteen year olds, when they take [[Common Entrance Examination]] for entry into a [[Public School]], (under the age of eight, pupils are educated at a "pre-prep" school, which takes the place of a state primary school). Thus, independently educated boys and girls will,  from 4 or 5 to 8 years old, go to a pre-prep school, from 8 to 13 years old to a prep school and. from 13 to 18 years old to a [[public school]].<ref> UKStudentlife.com [http://www.ukstudentlife.com/Course/Boarding.htm"Independent/public/boarding schools in Great Britian] Retrieved June 10, 2008</ref>
  
−
Girls' private schools in England tend to follow the age ranges of state schools more closely than those for boys. Thus, a girls preparatory school will usually admit girls from 5 to 11 years old who will continue on to public school, no age 13 intake.
+
Girls' private schools in England tend to follow the age ranges of state schools more closely than those for boys. Thus, a girls preparatory school will usually admit girls from 5 to 11 years old who will continue on to public school, no age 13 intake.
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==

Revision as of 22:06, 21 June 2008

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A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, or prep school) is a secondary school, usually private, designed to prepare students for a college or university education. Some schools will also include a junior, or elementary, school. This designation is mainly current in North America. In many parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Benelux and Scandinavia secondary schools specializing in college-preparatory education are called Gymnasiums.

History

In Europe, preparatory schools originated out of the turmoil from the Protestant Reformation, which helped to dislodge the grip of the Catholic Church on many areas of life, including education. The concept was also inspired and developed based on the new ideals of Humanism. Individual schools that taught and focused more upon rhetoric, grammar, logic, mathematics, astronomy, music, and geometry more than the traditional curriculum of theology began to spring up in the German states.[1]

Girard College, Pennsylvania, one of the first preparatory schools in the world for disadvantaged children, with grades 1-12, opened in 1848

In the United States, preparatory schools were first designed to prepare the male children of wealthy parents for universities. Charging tuition, these schools instructed students in the classical curriculum of Greek and Latin.[2]. A rise in the middle class around the beginning of the nineteenth century meant that more and more parents could afford to send their children to universities, which meant that preparatory school enrollment improved as well. While these schools flourished, the establishment of public high schools towards the end of the 19th century threatened the survival of preparatory schools, since public schools were free. However, preparatory schools remained in the United States as schools that the wealthy and upper class could send their children to, since the private schools had become more selective.[3] There were a few notable exceptions, such as Girard College, which opened in Pennsylvania in 1848, specifically designed as a preparatory school for disadvantaged students.[4]

From the early twentieth century on, preparatory schools in the U.S. have often been seen as the vestiges of the elite and wealthy. In fact, many of the well known politicians and leaders in America started at preparatory schools. Some of the more prestigious universities in America often gave preference to students from prep schools.[5] However, starting in the 1960's, with social pressures to allow all students access to educational opportunities beyond public schools, private preparatory schools have been accepting more and more students from socio-economic backgrounds different from their historical students. Scholarships are now sometimes awarded to those students who meet the academic qualifications of private schools, but cannot afford to go. Some private schools now even accept international students.[6]

Organization

Nearly all preparatory schools in the United States and Canada are private institutions, which means that they are not funded through taxes, nor are they administered by publicly elected school boards. Schools that are religiously affiliated are sometime funded partially or entirely by their church, while some schools must rely upon the tuition they charges as their main source of income. Often time these private schools are run by a Governing Board of Trustees, in conjunction with a headmaster or principle. Religious schools, such as Catholic preparatory schools in the United States, are governed by the Catholic Church. While not administered by the government, these schools must still comply with curriculum requirements and educational standards set by the state.

Some schools have living quarters (dormitory, dining room) where students reside (known as boarding schools); most are day schools, and some boarding schools also admit local students who seek the benefits of the prep school life. Some admit students of only one sex; others are co-educational. Prep schools tend to be selective, and academically challenging.

Parents of top-tier prep school students pay fees comparable to Ivy League university tuition. Among the principal benefits of prep schools is a very low student-to-teacher ratio, hence, smaller class sizes than in public schools. The tuition allows schools to hire highly-qualified teachers and retain them in tenure. These schools often have significant endowments financing scholarships permitting demographic heterogeneity.

Curriculum

Photograph of Memorial Hall (front facade), Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey

College preparatory schools often have curricula that are similar to regular high schools, only more intensive. Curricula are determined by what the majority of colleges and universities seek in potential students, such as 4 years of composition, social studies, mathematics, science and often a foreign language. Beyond successfully mastering the material of each class, students are encouraged to write, present and think of the information in ways that they will be as college students, which is one of the main advantages of attending a prep school; while normal high schools tend to focus on students meeting the local and state education requirements, preparatory schools often prepare the student better for the type of studying and work required at a college.[7] Often prep schools will often Advanced Placement or AP classes, advanced studies that earn students college credit. Preparatory schools often have music and fine arts programs, as well extracurricular activities and clubs that could be considered important for developing student profiles that universities want from freshmen applicants. Sports are often highly valued in prep schools, and college sports coaches often recruit heavily from these students.

Variations

France

École des Mines, created in 1783 by King Louis XVI, one of the most prominent French engineering schools, one of the Grandes écoles

In France, certain private or public secondary schools offer special postgraduate classes called Classes Préparatoires, equivalent in level to the first years of university. French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools but generally not charging fees.

There are also the Grandes écoles of France, higher education establishments aside the mainstream framework of the public universities. They include science and engineering schools, business schools, specific humanities schools, but include neither medical institutes, nor architecture institutes nor law institutes. They are generally focused on a single subject area, such as engineering or business, have a moderate size, and are often quite selective in their admission of students. Due to their competitive entrance exams, they are widely regarded as prestigious by students, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists and executives. Some Grandes écoles are part of the more traditional Lycee system in French Secondary education.

The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) are a two-year program extensible to three-years, acting as a prep course with the main goal of training undergraduate students for enrollment in a Grande École.

Germany

Main article: Gymnasium (school)
German Gymnasium school

A gymnasium constitutes the middle or last tier of secondary education, preparing students to enter university. Deriving from the Greek idea of a school for both physical and intellectual education, the German gymnasium school developed based on ideals of Humanism in a move away from church-dominated theologically based education, and was designed for those students of the highest academic ability.

Originally the gymnasium was designed to provide a broad-based, albeit academically oriented, education. The final examination on completing studies at the gymnasium has been used as the main admissions criterion for German universities. Today, however, students may specialize in more practical areas of study, such as technology, or, in certain vocational gymnasia, combine their studies with vocational training.

United Kingdom

File:Abingdon preparatory school main building.jpg
Abingdon Preparatory School, Frilford, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire

In the United Kingdom the term Preparatory School is used to describe schools which traditionally prepare younger students for independent schools, although not all preparatory-school students continue their education within the independent-education sector, and not all students at independent secondary schools have started theirs at preparatory schools. While many prep schools prepare their students for entry to a range of senior schools, some are closely associated with a single school, as Colet Court is with St Paul's School. Some state Grammar schools which are otherwise free have a fee-paying Prep Department.

Prep Schools are for eight to thirteen year olds, when they take Common Entrance Examination for entry into a Public School, (under the age of eight, pupils are educated at a "pre-prep" school, which takes the place of a state primary school). Thus, independently educated boys and girls will, from 4 or 5 to 8 years old, go to a pre-prep school, from 8 to 13 years old to a prep school and. from 13 to 18 years old to a public school.[8]

Girls' private schools in England tend to follow the age ranges of state schools more closely than those for boys. Thus, a girls preparatory school will usually admit girls from 5 to 11 years old who will continue on to public school, no age 13 intake.

Notes

  1. ↑ Encarta® Online Encyclopedia "Gymnasium (school)" (Microsoft Corporation, 2008). Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Education. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education" History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008
  3. ↑ Encyclopedia of Education. The Gale Group, Inc[http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-secondary-education" History of Secondary Education."] (Answers.com 2002). Retrieved June 10, 2008
  4. ↑ (2008) Boarding School Review "Girard CollegeRetrieved June 19, 2008
  5. ↑ Peter W. Cookson Jr and Caroline Hodges Persell. Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools. (Basic Books, 1987, ISBN 0465062695)
  6. ↑ Celeste Heiter, American Boarding Schools (ThingsAsian Press, 1994, ISBN 097159404X)
  7. ↑ Peterson's Private Secondary Schools 2008 Petersons; 28th edition, ISBN 0768923999
  8. ↑ UKStudentlife.com "Independent/public/boarding schools in Great Britian Retrieved June 10, 2008

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Cookson Jr, Peter W. and Caroline Hodges Persell. Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1987. ISBN 0465062695
  • Heiter, Celeste. American Boarding Schools. ThingsAsian Press, 1994. ISBN 097159404X
  • Peterson's. Private Secondary Schools 2008; 28th edition. Peterson's, 2007. ISBN 0768923999
  • Powell, Arthur. Lessons from Privilege: The American Prep School Tradition. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0674525535

External links

All links Retrieved December 11, 2007.

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