Difference between revisions of "Persimmon" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 14: Line 14:
 
}}
 
}}
 
'''Persimmon''' is the common name for several tropical and subtropical [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the [[genus]] ''Diospyros'' of the ebony wood family ([[Ebenaceae]]), characterized by alternate [[leaf|leaves]], hard wood, and fleshy, globular [[fruit]]s. Two well known persimmons are the Japanese persimmon (''D. kaki'') and the common persimmon or eastern persimmon (''D. virginiana''). The name persimmon also is used for the edible [[fruit]] of these trees, which is a popular commercial fruit.  
 
'''Persimmon''' is the common name for several tropical and subtropical [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the [[genus]] ''Diospyros'' of the ebony wood family ([[Ebenaceae]]), characterized by alternate [[leaf|leaves]], hard wood, and fleshy, globular [[fruit]]s. Two well known persimmons are the Japanese persimmon (''D. kaki'') and the common persimmon or eastern persimmon (''D. virginiana''). The name persimmon also is used for the edible [[fruit]] of these trees, which is a popular commercial fruit.  
 +
 +
The fruits of the edible persimmons are high in [[glucose]], with a balanced [[protein]] profile, and possess various medicinal and chemical uses.
  
 
==Overview and description==
 
==Overview and description==
Line 27: Line 29:
  
 
[[Image:Persimmon.jpg|thumb|left|American persimmon tree bearing fruit in the fall]]
 
[[Image:Persimmon.jpg|thumb|left|American persimmon tree bearing fruit in the fall]]
−
'''Diospyros virginiana'''. The '''American persimmon''' is native to the eastern [[United States]]. It also is known as the '''common persimmon'', among other names. This range of this tree is roughly that of the Southeastern [[United States]]. Its ranges from [[New England]] to [[Florida]], and  west to [[Texas]], Oklahoma, and [[Kansas]]. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. ''D. virginiana'' is a small tree, usually varying from thirty to eighty feet in height, with a short slender trunk, and spreading, often pendulous branches (Keeler 1900). It has oval entire leaves. The tree produces fragrant flowers in summer, the flowers are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. In the male flowers, there are sixteen stames, arranged in pairs, and the female flowers are solitary. The unisexual flowers are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by [[insect]]s and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about six years old. The fruit of the American persimmon is round or oval. The fruit color is usually orange, ranging to black. The fruit is astringent, which is reduced after subject to frost.  
+
'''Diospyros virginiana'''. The '''American persimmon''' is native to the eastern [[United States]]. It also is known as the '''common persimmon'', among other names. This range of this tree is roughly that of the Southeastern [[United States]]. Its ranges from [[New England]] to [[Florida]], and  west to [[Texas]], Oklahoma, and [[Kansas]]. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. ''D. virginiana'' is a small tree, usually varying from thirty to eighty feet in height, with a short slender trunk, and spreading, often pendulous branches (Keeler 1900). It has oval entire leaves. The tree produces fragrant flowers in summer, the flowers are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. In the male flowers, there are sixteen stames, arranged in pairs, and the female flowers are solitary. The unisexual flowers are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by [[insect]]s and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about six years old. The fruit of the American persimmon is round or oval. The fruit color is usually orange, ranging to black. The fruit is astringent, which is reduced after subject to frost or a bletting process.  
  
 
[[Image:Persimmons yamagata 2005-10.JPG|right|thumb|Nakagawa, Nanyo City, Yamagata, Japan. October 2005.]]
 
[[Image:Persimmons yamagata 2005-10.JPG|right|thumb|Nakagawa, Nanyo City, Yamagata, Japan. October 2005.]]
Line 38: Line 40:
 
[[Image:Persimon.jpg|thumb|right|A persimmon fruit]]
 
[[Image:Persimon.jpg|thumb|right|A persimmon fruit]]
 
[[Image:PersimmonWatercolor.jpg|right|thumb|Japanese persimmon (cultivar 'Hachiya') - watercolor 1887]]
 
[[Image:PersimmonWatercolor.jpg|right|thumb|Japanese persimmon (cultivar 'Hachiya') - watercolor 1887]]
−
 
−
They are high in [[glucose]], with a balanced [[protein]] profile, and possess various medicinal and chemical uses.
 
  
  
 
Commercially, there are generally two types of persimmon fruit: [[astringent]] and non-astringent.   
 
Commercially, there are generally two types of persimmon fruit: [[astringent]] and non-astringent.   
  
−
The heart-shaped Hachiya is the most common variety of astringent persimmon.   Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble [[tannin]]s and are unpalatable if eaten before softening. The astringency of tannins is removed through ripening by exposure to light over several days, or artificially with chemicals such as [[alcohol]] and [[carbon dioxide]] which change tannin into the insoluble form. This [[bletting]] process is sometimes jumpstarted by exposing the fruit to cold or frost which hastens cellular wall breakdown. These astringent persimmons can also be prepared for commercial purposes by drying.
+
The heart-shaped 'Hachiya' is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble [[tannin]]s and are unpalatable if eaten before softening. The astringency of tannins is removed through ripening by exposure to light over several days, or artificially with chemicals such as [[alcohol]] and [[carbon dioxide]], which change tannin into the insoluble form. This [[bletting]] process is sometimes jumpstarted by exposing the fruit to cold or frost, which hastens cellular wall breakdown. These astringent persimmons can also be prepared for commercial purposes by drying.
−
 
 
−
The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu.  Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as the term suggests, but rather are far less astringent before ripening, and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm to very very soft.
 
−
[[Image:2006persimmon.PNG|thumb|left|Persimmon output in 2006]]
 
−
There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside -known as goma in Japan, and the fruit can be eaten firm. These varieties are highly sought after and can be found at specialty markets or farmers markets only. Tsurunoko, sold as "Chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, Maru, sold as "Cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and Hyakume, sold as "Brown sugar" are the three best known.
 
  
 +
The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu.  Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as the term suggests, but rather are far less astringent before ripening, and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm to very, very soft.
 +
[[Image:2006persimmon.PNG|thumb|right|Persimmon output in 2006]]
 +
There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant, non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside and the fruit can be eaten firm. These varieties are highly sought after and can be found at specialty markets or farmers markets only. The three best known are 'Tsurunoko', sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, 'Maru', sold as "cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and 'Hyakume', sold as "brown sugar."
 
{|
 
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
Line 75: Line 74:
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
==Culinary uses==
 
{{nutritionalvalue
 
{{nutritionalvalue
 
| name          = Persimmons
 
| name          = Persimmons
Line 118: Line 118:
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
===Culinary uses===
+
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 
Persimmons are eaten fresh or dried, [[raw food diet|raw]] or cooked. When eaten fresh the peel is usually cut/peeled off and the fruit is often cut into quarters or eaten whole like an apple. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy and the texture is unique. The flesh is very sweet and when firm possesses an apple-like crunch.
 
Persimmons are eaten fresh or dried, [[raw food diet|raw]] or cooked. When eaten fresh the peel is usually cut/peeled off and the fruit is often cut into quarters or eaten whole like an apple. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy and the texture is unique. The flesh is very sweet and when firm possesses an apple-like crunch.
 
In [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Vietnam]] after harvesting, 'Hachiya' persimmons are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques, outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market. In Japan the [[dried fruit]] is called ''hoshigaki'' ([[:ja:干し柿|干し柿]]), In China it is known as "shi-bing" (柿饼)in Korea it is known as ''gotgam'' (hangul: 곶감), and in Vietnam it is called ''hồng khô''. It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes. In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy [[Punch (drink)|punch]], ''[[sujeonggwa]]'', while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a [[persimmon vinegar]] called ''gamsik cho'' (감식초), which is believed to have a wide variety of holistic properties. The ''hoshigaki'' tradition traveled to California with [[Japanese American]] immigrants. A few farms still practice the art, which is being revived in part through the efforts of [[Slow Food USA]], which describes the technique on its site and provides links to producers.
 
In [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Vietnam]] after harvesting, 'Hachiya' persimmons are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques, outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market. In Japan the [[dried fruit]] is called ''hoshigaki'' ([[:ja:干し柿|干し柿]]), In China it is known as "shi-bing" (柿饼)in Korea it is known as ''gotgam'' (hangul: 곶감), and in Vietnam it is called ''hồng khô''. It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes. In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy [[Punch (drink)|punch]], ''[[sujeonggwa]]'', while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a [[persimmon vinegar]] called ''gamsik cho'' (감식초), which is believed to have a wide variety of holistic properties. The ''hoshigaki'' tradition traveled to California with [[Japanese American]] immigrants. A few farms still practice the art, which is being revived in part through the efforts of [[Slow Food USA]], which describes the technique on its site and provides links to producers.

Revision as of 22:56, 5 August 2008

Persimmon
American persimmon flower
American persimmon flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae
Genus: Diospyros
Species

See text

Persimmon is the common name for several tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs in the genus Diospyros of the ebony wood family (Ebenaceae), characterized by alternate leaves, hard wood, and fleshy, globular fruits. Two well known persimmons are the Japanese persimmon (D. kaki) and the common persimmon or eastern persimmon (D. virginiana). The name persimmon also is used for the edible fruit of these trees, which is a popular commercial fruit.

The fruits of the edible persimmons are high in glucose, with a balanced protein profile, and possess various medicinal and chemical uses.

Overview and description

The genus to which persimmons belong, Diospryros, comprises about 500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and trees. They are characterized by alternative leaves, the absence of terminal buds, dioecious or polygamous flowers with male flowers in axillary cymes and female flowers usually solitary, axillary (ZCZ 2008). Berries are fleshy to somewhat leathery, usually with calyx that is enlarged and persistent; seeds often laterally compressed (ZCZ 2008). The majority of the members of this genus are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. The genus includes species of commercial importance, either for their edible fruit (including the persimmons, D. kaki and D. virginiana) or for their timber. These include the two trade groups of ebony: the pure black ebony (notably D. ebenum, but also several other species) and the striped ebony (macassar, mun, and others).

The genus, which is part of the ebony family, Ebenaceae, is variously known as the persimmon genus, ebony genus, star-apple genus, and jackal-berry genus on the basis of the common names of some of its more prominent members (IMCT 2003).

Several species in the Diospryros genus have the common name of persimmon. The persimmon fruit is generally light yellow-orange to dark red-orange in color, and depending on the species, varies in size from 1.5 to 9 centimeters (0.5 to 4 inches) in diameter, and may be spherical, acorn-, or pumpkin-shaped. The calyx often remains attached to the fruit after harvesting, but becomes easier to remove as it ripens. The word persimmon is derived from putchamin, pasiminan, or pessamin, from Powhatan, an Algonquian language (related to Blackfoot, Cree, and Mohican) of the eastern United States, meaning "a dry fruit" (Merriam-Webster 1983).

Species

Diospyros kaki 柿

Diospyros kaki. The most widely cultivated species of persimmon is the Japanese kaki persimmon or kaki (柿 kaki), called "shizi" (柿子) in Chinese. These are sweet, slightly tart fruits with a soft to occasionally fibrous texture. This species, native to China, is deciduous, with broad, stiff leaves. Cultivation of the fruit extended first to other parts of east Asia, and was later introduced to California and southern Europe in the 1800s, and numerous cultivars have been selected. It is edible in its crisp firm state, but has its best flavor when allowed to rest and soften slightly after harvest. The Japanese cultivar 'Hachiya' is a widely grown cultivar. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the immature fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. Persimmons like 'Hachiya' must be completely ripened before consumption. When ripe, this fruit comprises thick pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin skinned shell. "Sharon Fruit" (named originally after Sharon plain in Israel) is the trade name for D. kaki fruit that has been artificially ripened with chemicals (CRFG 1996). It is also known as the "Korean Mango".

American persimmon tree bearing fruit in the fall

'Diospyros virginiana. The American persimmon is native to the eastern United States. It also is known as the common persimmon, among other names. This range of this tree is roughly that of the Southeastern United States. Its ranges from New England to Florida, and west to Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans. D. virginiana is a small tree, usually varying from thirty to eighty feet in height, with a short slender trunk, and spreading, often pendulous branches (Keeler 1900). It has oval entire leaves. The tree produces fragrant flowers in summer, the flowers are dioecious so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. In the male flowers, there are sixteen stames, arranged in pairs, and the female flowers are solitary. The unisexual flowers are pollinated by insects and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about six years old. The fruit of the American persimmon is round or oval. The fruit color is usually orange, ranging to black. The fruit is astringent, which is reduced after subject to frost or a bletting process.

Nakagawa, Nanyo City, Yamagata, Japan. October 2005.

Diospyros digyna. The black persimmon or black sapote is native to Mexico. Its fruit has green skin and white flesh, which turns black when ripe.

Other species with the common name persimmon include D. sintenisii, the Chinese persimmon, and D. texana, the Texas persimmon (ITIS 1999).

Fruit

A persimmon fruit
Japanese persimmon (cultivar 'Hachiya') - watercolor 1887


Commercially, there are generally two types of persimmon fruit: astringent and non-astringent.

The heart-shaped 'Hachiya' is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble tannins and are unpalatable if eaten before softening. The astringency of tannins is removed through ripening by exposure to light over several days, or artificially with chemicals such as alcohol and carbon dioxide, which change tannin into the insoluble form. This bletting process is sometimes jumpstarted by exposing the fruit to cold or frost, which hastens cellular wall breakdown. These astringent persimmons can also be prepared for commercial purposes by drying.

The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu. Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as the term suggests, but rather are far less astringent before ripening, and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm to very, very soft.

Persimmon output in 2006

There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant, non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside and the fruit can be eaten firm. These varieties are highly sought after and can be found at specialty markets or farmers markets only. The three best known are 'Tsurunoko', sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, 'Maru', sold as "cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and 'Hyakume', sold as "brown sugar."

  • Astringent
    • Hongsi (Korean, 홍시)- large, tall & shaped as an acorn
    • 'Hachiya' (ja:蜂屋), 'Kōshū hyakume' (ja:甲州百目), 'Fuji' (ja:富士) [1]
    • Tanenashi
      • 'Hiratanenashi' (ja:平核無)[2]
      • 'Tone wase' (ja:刀根早生)[3]
    • 'Saijō' (ja:西条)[4]
    • 'Dōjō hachiya' (ja:堂上蜂屋)[5]
    • 'Gionbō'
    • Sheng
    • Ormond
  • Nonastringent
    • 'Fuyu' (ja:富有)[6]
    • Dan gam (Korean, 단감)- looks like a flattened tomato
    • 'Jirō' (ja:次郎柿)[7]
    • 'Taishū' (ja:太秋)[8]
    • 'Hanagosho' (ja:花御所)
    • 'Izu' (ja:伊豆)[9]
    • 'Sousyū' (ja:早秋)[10]

Culinary uses

Persimmons
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy 70 kcal   290 kJ
Carbohydrates     18.59 g
- Sugars  12.53 g
- Dietary fiber  3.6 g  
Fat .19 g
- saturated  .02 g
Protein .58 g
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  2.5 mg   167%
Folate (Vit. B9)  8 μg  2%
Vitamin C  7.5 mg 13%
Calcium  8 mg 1%
Iron  .15 mg 1%
Sodium  1 mg 0%

Diospyros kaki, raw
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database


Persimmons are eaten fresh or dried, raw or cooked. When eaten fresh the peel is usually cut/peeled off and the fruit is often cut into quarters or eaten whole like an apple. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy and the texture is unique. The flesh is very sweet and when firm possesses an apple-like crunch. In China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam after harvesting, 'Hachiya' persimmons are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques, outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market. In Japan the dried fruit is called hoshigaki (干し柿), In China it is known as "shi-bing" (柿饼)in Korea it is known as gotgam (hangul: 곶감), and in Vietnam it is called hồng khô. It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes. In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy punch, sujeonggwa, while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a persimmon vinegar called gamsik cho (감식초), which is believed to have a wide variety of holistic properties. The hoshigaki tradition traveled to California with Japanese American immigrants. A few farms still practice the art, which is being revived in part through the efforts of Slow Food USA, which describes the technique on its site and provides links to producers. [1] [2] In some areas of Manchuria and Korea, the dried leaves of the fruit are used for making tea. The Korean name for this tea is ghamnip cha (감잎차).

干し柿 Hoshigaki, Japanese dried persimmon

The persimmon also figures prominently in American culinary tradition. It can be used in cookies, cakes, puddings, salads and as a topping for breakfast cereal. Persimmon pudding is a dessert using fresh persimmons. An annual persimmon festival, featuring a persimmon pudding contest, is held every September in Mitchell, Indiana. Persimmon pudding is a baked pudding that has the consistency of pumpkin pie but resembles a brownie and is almost always topped with whipped cream. Persimmons may be stored at room temperature (20°C) where they will continue to ripen. It is also a native plant in Brazil, South America, where it is referred to as the Caqui.

Ethnomedical uses

  • In traditional Chinese medicine the fruit regulates ch'i
  • The raw fruit is used to treat constipation and hemorrhoids, and to stop bleeding. As such, it is not a good idea to consume too many persimmons at once- they can induce diarrhea.
  • The cooked fruit is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery

Phytonutrients

The fruits of some persimmon varieties contain the tannins catechin and gallocatechin,[3] as well as the anti-tumor compounds betulinic acid and shibuol, although the latter may also cause gastrointestinal problems.

Medical precaution

Unripened persimmons contain the soluble tannin shibuol, which, upon contact with a weak acid, polymerizes in the stomach and forms a gluey coagulum that can affix with other stomach matter.[4] The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy notes that consumption of persimmons has been known to cause bezoars that require surgery in over 90% of cases. Persimmon bezoars often occur in epidemics in regions where the fruit is grown.[5][6] Horses may develop a taste for the fruit growing on a tree in their pasture and overindulge also, making them quite ill. It is often advised that persimmons should not be eaten with crab meat[7][8][9], nor should they be eaten on an empty stomach.

Wood

An example of persimmon wood furniture

Though persimmon trees belong to the same genus as ebony trees, persimmon tree wood has a limited use in the manufacture of objects requiring hard wood. Persimmon wood is used for paneling in traditional Korean and Japanese furniture.

In North America, the lightly colored, fine-grained wood of D. virginiana is used to manufacture billiard cues and shuttles (used in the textile industry). Persimmon wood was also heavily used in making the highest-quality heads of the golf clubs known as "woods," until the golf industry moved primarily to metal woods in the last years of the 20th century. Persimmon woods are still made, but in far lower numbers than in past decades. Over the last few decades persimmon wood has become popular among bow craftsmen, especially in the making of traditional longbows.

Like some other plants of the genus Diospyros, older persimmon heartwood is black or dark brown in color, in stark contrast to the sapwood and younger heartwood, which is pale in color.

Gallery

  • Persimmon orchard northern Kansai region, Japan.

  • Hachiya persimmons in December

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • ITIS 1999.

Iziko Museums of Cape Town (IZCT). 2003. Genus: Diospyros (ebony, persimmon, star-apple, jackal-berry genus. Biodiversity Explorer. Biodiversity Explorer. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

[10]

ZipCodeZoo (ZCZ). 2008. Diospyros (genus). Bay Science Foundation. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

[11]

External links

Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to::

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

  1. ↑ Slow Food USA
  2. ↑ Food for Health, Produces Most Honestly [sic]. Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp.. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  3. ↑ SpringerLink WoodScience
  4. ↑ Verstanding AG, Bauch K, Bloom R, Hadas I, Libson E; Small-bowel phytobezoars: detection with radiography, Radiology, 1989;172:705-707
  5. ↑ The Merck Manuals Online Medical Libraries, Section: Gastrointestinal Disorders, Subject: Bezoars and Foreign Bodies, Topic: Bezoars
  6. ↑ Merck Manual, Rahway, New Jersey, Sixteenth Edition, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Section 52, page 780
  7. ↑ http://www.zagalchi.co.kr/zagal/eza-sangsik1.php
  8. ↑ http://www.eatingchinese.org/dazha/dazha1.htm
  9. ↑ http://www.newsgd.com/enjoylife/living/dining/200409070006.htm
  10. ↑ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 195-199. 
  11. ↑ Merriam-Webster. 1983. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachuetts, U.S.A.:1984—Merriam-Webster Page 877 ISBN
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Persimmon&oldid=776307

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki