Mary White Ovington

Mary White Ovington (born April 11, 1865 - died July 15, 1951) was an American civil rights activist, women's suffrage fighter, socialist, journalist, and co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She dedicated her whole life to the fight against racial discrimination and providing equal opportunities for African-Americans.

Biography

Early life

Mary White Ovington was born in Brooklyn, New York, just three days before the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Her parents, members of the Unitarian Church were supporters of women's rights and had been involved in the abolition movement. Mary was raised in a strong religious tradition, already as a child developing a firm sense of social justice.

She was educated from 1888-1890 at Packer Collegiate Institute, a prestigious girls’ school in Brooklyn. She then went on to study at Harvard Annex (later Radcliffe College), from 1891 to 1893. She left college early, her father not being able to support her due to his business suffering a setback during the depression of 1893. She found a job as Registrar at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, where she worked for two years.

Civil rights engagement

Ovington became involved in the campaign for civil rights in 1890 after hearing Frederick Douglass speak in a Brooklyn church. In 1895, she helped found the Greenpoint Settlement in Brooklyn, the housing project for the working class. About the same time she became interesting in socialism.

Ovington served as the head of the Greenpoint Settlement from 1895 to 1904, when she was appointed fellow of the Greenwich House Committee on Social Investigations. She received a fellowship from Greenwich House to study the status of blacks in New York City. Over the next five years she studied employment and housing problems of the black community. The result of this effort was her book, Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York (1911), in which she argued that white prejudice prevented blacks from receiving just opportunities to develop their capacities.

During her investigations, she met W.E.B. Du Bois, an African-American from Harvard University, and she was introduced to the founding members of the Niagara Movement. Ovington became one of the closest advisers to Du Bois, and worked with him on various progressive projects.

Ovington joined the Socialist Party in 1905, where she met people such as Daniel De Leon, Asa Philip Randolph, Floyd Dell, Max Eastman, and Jack London, who argued that racial problems were as much a matter of class as of race. She wrote for radical journals and newspapers such as, The Masses, New York Evening Post, and The Call.

Founding of NAACP

On September 3, 1908 she read an article written by socialist William English Walling entitled "Race War in the North" in The Independent. Walling described a massive race riot directed at African-American residents in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois that led to seven deaths. Walling ended the article by calling for a powerful body of citizens to come to aid blacks. Ovington responded to the article by writing Walling and meeting at his apartment in New York City along with social worker Henry Moskowitz. The group decided to launch a campaign by issuing a "call" for a national conference on the civil and political rights of African-Americans on the centennial of Lincoln’s birthday, February 12, 1909.

Many responded to the “call” that eventually led to the formation of the National Negro Committee that held its first meeting in New York on May 31 and June 1, 1909. By May, 1910 the National Negro Committee and attendants, at its second conference, organized a permanent body known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) where Ovington was appointed as its executive secretary. Early members included Josephine Ruffin, Mary Talbert, Mary Church Terrell, Inez Milholland, Jane Addams, George Henry White, W.E.B. Du Bois, Charles Edward Russell, John Dewey, Charles Darrow, Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, Fanny Garrison Villard, Oswald Garrison Villard, and Ida Wells-Barnett.

Engagement within NAACP

The following year Ovington attended the Universal Races Congress in London. She remained active in the struggle for women's suffrage and as a pacifist opposed America's involvement in the First World War. During the war, Ovington supported Asa Philip Randolph and his magazine, The Messenger, which campaigned for black civil rights.

After the war, Ovington continued to serve in the NAACP as acting chairman (1917-19), chair of the board (1919-32), and treasurer (1932-47). She was the main fund-raiser in the organization, and organized numerous conferences and publicity campaigns.

The NAACP fought a long legal battle against segregation and racial discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation. It also fought against racial violence, especially lynching and police brutality. The NAACP appealed to the Supreme Court to rule that several laws passed by southern states were unconstitutional and won three important judgments between 1915-1923 concerning voting rights and housing.

The NAACP was criticized by some members of the African American community. Booker T. Washington opposed the group because it proposed an outspoken condemnation of racist policies in contrast to his policy of quiet diplomacy behind the scenes. Members of the organization were physically attacked by white racists. John R. Shillady, executive secretary of the NAACP was badly beaten up when he visited Austin, Texas in 1919.

Last years

Due to her failing health, Ovington retired as a board member of the NAACP in 1947 and in doing so, ended her 38 years service with the organization. In the same year she published The Walls Came Tumbling Down, her autobiographical history of the NAACP.

She died on July 15, 1951 in Newton Highlands, Massachusetts.

Legacy

Mary White Ovington was crucial in the fight against racial discrimination in the United States. She remains known not only known as a co-founder of the NAACP, but as one of its leaders. She led the organization to devote most of its efforts to the desegregation of the nation's school systems. This resulted in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which declared that segregated schools were illegal.

Publications

• Ovington, Mary W. 1923. The Awakening: A Play. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Ovington, Mary W. 1931. Zeke. Harcourt, Brace & Company
• Ovington, Mary W. 1935 (original published in 1914). How the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Began. New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Ovington, Mary W. 1969 (original published in 1947). The Walls Came Tumbling Down. Arno Press. ISBN 0405018843
• Ovington, Mary W. 1971 (original published in 1921). Portraits in Color. Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 0836925165
• Ovington, Mary W. 1972 (original published in 1913). Hazel. Ayer Co. Publishing. ISBN 0836991176
• Ovington, Mary W. 1972 (original published in 1932). Phillis Wheatley: A Play. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 0836991702
• Ovington, Mary W. 1972 (original published in 1920). The Shadow. Ayer Co. Publishing. ISBN 0836991184
• Ovington, Mary W. 1990. NAACP administrative file. Speech & article file. Mary White Ovington, 1924; 1926. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America.
• Ovington, Mary W. 2005 (original published in 1911). Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York. Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library. ISBN 1425522947

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Luker, Ralph E. (ed.) 1995. Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder. NY: Feminist Press. ISBN 1558611568
• Mary White Ovington. Encyclopedia of World Biography on BookRags.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2007 from <http://www.bookrags.com/Mary_White_Ovington>
• Mary White Ovington. Unitarian Universalist Association at <http://www25.uua.org/>. Retrieved on September 8, 2007, from <http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/marywhiteovington.html>
• Wedin, Carolyn. 1997. Inheritors of the spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP. NY: John Wiley. ISBN 0471168386

External links

All links Retrieved September 20, 2007.

• Mary White Ovington – Biography on About.com
• Mary White Ovington – Biography on Unitarian Universalist Association
• Mary White Ovington: Founder of the NAACP – Biography on Notable American Unitarians
• NAACP – History of the organization

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