Difference between revisions of "Marinids" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Former Country
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[[Image:Marinid dynasty 1258 - 1420 (AD).PNG|thumb|300px|Marinid region]]{{Infobox Former Country
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|native_name = ''مرينيون '' <small>([[Classical Arabic|ar]])</small>
 
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|conventional_long_name =Marinid Empire <br /><small>[[#full-names|Full names]]</small>
 
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|common_name = Marinid
 
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|continent=Africa & Europe
 
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|region = North Africa & South Europe
 
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|country = Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Gibraltar
 
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|status=Empire
 
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|image_coat=Marinid emblem.png
 
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|symbol_type=Emblem
 
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|year_start = 1215
 
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|year_end = 1465
 
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|image_flag =
 
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|p1 = Almohad Dynasty
 
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|s1=Anarchy]] (Morocco)
 
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|s2=Anfa]] (Pirate)
 
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|s4=Crown of Castille]] (Andalusia)
 
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|s5=Portugal]] (Ceuta)
 
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|s6=Kingdom of Granada]] (exilie)
 
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|s7=Fez]] (king Shorfa)
 
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|s8=Hafsid dynasty]] (Tunis)
 
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|s9=Abdalwadid]] (Algeria)
 
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|flag_s1 = Anarchy-symbol.svg
 
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|flag_s2 = Pirate Flag of Rack Rackham.svg
 
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|flag_s4 = Blason Castille Léon.png
 
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|flag_s5 = PortugueseFlag1248.svg
 
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|flag_s6 = Armoiries Nasrides.jpg‎
 
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|flag_s7 = Sin bandera.svg
 
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|flag_s8 = Tunis_hafsid_flag.png
 
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|flag_s9 = Sin bandera.svg
 
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|common_languages = [[Classical Arabic]] (predominant), [[Berber languages|Berber]] , [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Medieval Hebrew|Hebrew]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[African Romance]], [[Andalusian Arabic]]
 
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|religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (predominant), [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Judaism]], [[Ibadi]], [[Sufism]]
 
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|capital = [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]],
 
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|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
 
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|title_leader = [[Sultan]]
 
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|leader1 =  [[Abd al-Haqq]]
 
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|year_leader1 = 1215-1217
 
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|leader2 = [[Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq]]
 
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|year_leader2 = 1420-1465
 
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|stat_area1 = 39323636
 
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|currency = [[Dinar]], [[Dobla Zaena]], [[Dobla almohad]])
 
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}}
 
  
  
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The '''Marinid dynasty'' or '''Benemerine dynasty''') was an Arabised Berber dynasty formed in 1244. They were largely concentrated in present-day [[Morocco]] and [[Spain]]. They overtook the [[Berber]] [[Almohad dynasty]] in controlling most of the [[Maghreb]] from the mid-1300s to the fifteenth th century, and also supported the [[Kingdom of Granada]], in [[Al-Andalus]], in the thirteenth and fourteenth th centuries. The last Marinid fortress in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] fell to [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] in 1344, and they were in turn replaced by the [[Hafsid]] dynasty in 1465.
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The '''Marinid dynasty'' or '''Benemerine dynasty''') was an Arabised Berber dynasty formed in 1244. They were largely concentrated in present-day [[Morocco]] and [[Spain]]. They overtook the [[Berber]] [[Almohad dynasty]] in controlling most of the [[Maghreb]] from the mid-1300s to the fifteenth century, and also supported the [[Kingdom of Granada]], in [[Al-Andalus]], in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The last Marinid fortress in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] fell to [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] in 1344, and they were in turn replaced by the [[Hafsid]] dynasty in 1465.
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The Marinid (aka '''Beni Marin''', [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: مرينيون ''marîniyûn'' or بنو مرين ''banû marîn''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Mariní''/''Mariníes'') were an Arabised tribe of [[Zenata]] Berber heritage.
 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
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===Origins===
 
[[Image:Medersa bou inania meknes.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Court of the medersa [[Bou Inania]] in [[Meknes]] ([[Morocco]])]]
 
[[Image:Medersa bou inania meknes.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Court of the medersa [[Bou Inania]] in [[Meknes]] ([[Morocco]])]]
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The Marinids originally came from [[Ifriqiya]], through the southeast of present-day [[Morocco]], from which they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the [[Hilali]].<ref>The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic '''Banu Marin''' (also '''Benī Merīn''', which is the source of the Spanish name).</ref> As early as 1145 the Marinids engaged in battles with the Almohads, who defeated them until 1169.
  
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The Marinids originally came from [[Ifriqiya]], through the southeast of present-day [[Morocco]], from which they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the [[Hilali]].<ref>The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic '''Banu Marin''' (also '''Benī Merīn''', which is the source of the Spanish name).</ref> As early as 1145 the Marinids engaged in battles with the Almohadd, who defeated them until 1169.
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The Marinid, or the '''Beni Marin''', Arabic]]: مرينيون ''marîniyûn'' or بنو مرين ''banû marîn''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Mariní''/''Mariníes'') were an Arabised tribe of [[Zenata]] Berber heritage.
  
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In 1169, the Marinids began their pursuit of taking [[Morocco]] from the Almohads, the ruling dynasty at the time. Following their expulsion from the south, they moved northwards under the command of [[Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq]] and took [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] in 1248, making it their capital. This marked the beginning of the Marinid dynasty.
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They were a pastoral, nomadic tribe "until they became involved in [[politics|political]] [[conflict|conflicts]] with the Almohads."<ref>Abun-Nasr, page 103.</ref> Since they were not proponents of "any particular [[religion|religious]] doctrine]] they were probably first attracted to the Maghrib by the "prospect of good pasturage and booty."<ref>Abun-Nasr, page 103.</ref> In 1169, the Marinids began their pursuit of taking [[Morocco]] from the Almohads, the ruling dynasty at the time. Following their expulsion from the south, they moved northwards under the command of [[Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq]] and took [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] in 1248, making it their capital. This marked the beginning of the Marinid dynasty.
  
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The Marinid leadership installed in [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] declared war on the Almohads with the aid of [[Chistianity|Christian]] [[mercenary|mercenaries]]. [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub]] (1259-1286) captured [[Marrakech]] in 1269, and then took control of most of the [[Maghreb]] towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, [[Algeria]] and part of [[Tunisia]]. After the [[Nasrid]]s cession of [[Algeciras]] to the Marinidas, Abu Yusuf went to [[Andalucia]] to support them in their struggle against the [[Kingdom of Castile]].
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===Expansion===
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The Marinid leadership installed in [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] declared war on the Almohads with the aid of [[Chistianity|Christian]] [[mercenary|mercenaries]].<ref>Fage, et al. page 364.</ref> After defeats in 1217 and 1244, their leader, [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub]] (1259-1286) nominally submitted to the Almohads in 1248. When the Almohad caliph was killed later the same year, Yaqub's troops regrouped, captured [[Marrakech]] in 1269, then took control of most of the [[Maghreb]] towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, [[Algeria]] and part of [[Tunisia]]. After the [[Nasrid]]s cession of [[Algeciras]] to the Marinidas, Abu Yusuf went to [[Andalucia]] to support them in their struggle against the [[Kingdom of Castile]].  
  
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Having obtained this control, the Marinid dynasty tried to extend its control to the commercial traffic of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. To this end, they declared ''[[jihad]]'' on the [[Christians]] and occupied the cities of [[Rota, Spain|Rota]], [[Algiers]] and [[Gibraltar]] successively, surrounding [[Tarifa]] for the first time in 1294.
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The Marinid dynasty tried to extend its control to the commercial traffic of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. To this end, they declared ''[[jihad]]'' on the [[Christians]] and occupied the cities of [[Rota, Spain|Rota]], [[Algiers]] and [[Gibraltar]] successively, surrounding [[Tarifa]] for the first time in 1294.
  
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Internal power struggles among the Merinids followed, which didn't however prevent [[Abu Said Utman II]] (1310-1331) from substantial construction work in Fez. Several [[madrassa]]s for the education of public servants were founded, in order to support the centralisation of [[administration]] and to reduce the influence of the not always reliable Marabuts.  
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Internal power struggles among the Merinids followed, which did not, however prevent [[Abu Said Utman II]] (1310-1331) from substantial construction work in Fez. Several [[madrassa]]s for the [[education]] of public servants were founded, in order to support the centralization of [[administration]] and to reduce the influence of Sufi teachers.  
  
 
The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the [[Kingdom of Granada]], from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the mid 1300s, Castile made several incursions into Morocco and in 1267 a full-scale invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended Morocco and drove out the [[Castilians]].  
 
The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the [[Kingdom of Granada]], from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the mid 1300s, Castile made several incursions into Morocco and in 1267 a full-scale invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended Morocco and drove out the [[Castilians]].  
  
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Under [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali I|Abu Hasan]] (1331-1348) another attempt to reunite the [[Maghreb]] was made. In 1337 the empire of the [[Abdalwadid]]s in (what is now called) [[Algeria]] was conquered, followed in 1347 by the empire of the [[Hafsid]]s in [[Ifriqiya]] (Tunisia). However in 1340 the Marinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Portuguese-Castilian coalition at the [[Battle of Rio Salado]], and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia. Abu l-Hasan was deposed by his son [[Abu Inan Faris]] (1348-1358), who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, the dynasty began to decline after the murder of Abu Inan Faris, strangled by his own vizier in 1358.
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Under [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali I|Abu Hasan]] (1331-1348) another attempt to reunite the [[Maghreb]] was made. In 1337 the empire of the [[Abdalwadid]]s in (what is now called) [[Algeria]] was conquered, followed in 1347 by the empire of the [[Hafsid]]s in [[Ifriqiya]] (Tunisia). However in 1340 the Marinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Portuguese-Castilian coalition at the [[Battle of Rio Salado]], and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia. Abu l-Hasan was deposed by his son [[Abu Inan Faris]] (1348-1358), who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, the dynasty began to decline after the murder of Abu Inan Faris, strangled by his own vizier in 1358.  
  
 
Unruly [[Bedouin]] and Berber tribes increasingly spread anarchy in Morocco, which accelerated the fall of the empire. The support of the Marabuts also declined, after the Merinids reduced their financial support in the 15th century due to a financial crisis. The empire became fractured into multiple small kingdoms and city-states, such as the [[Kingdom of Fez]], which partitioned from the Marinid dynasty in 1374, and opposed the [[Kingdom of Marrakech]]. The Kingdom of Fez covered a vast area in today's eastern Algeria to the gates of [[Tlemsen]], Spanish ''[[Plaza de soberanía]]'' and northern Morocco.  
 
Unruly [[Bedouin]] and Berber tribes increasingly spread anarchy in Morocco, which accelerated the fall of the empire. The support of the Marabuts also declined, after the Merinids reduced their financial support in the 15th century due to a financial crisis. The empire became fractured into multiple small kingdoms and city-states, such as the [[Kingdom of Fez]], which partitioned from the Marinid dynasty in 1374, and opposed the [[Kingdom of Marrakech]]. The Kingdom of Fez covered a vast area in today's eastern Algeria to the gates of [[Tlemsen]], Spanish ''[[Plaza de soberanía]]'' and northern Morocco.  
  
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Merinid rulers after 1358 came under the control of the [[Wattasid]]s which exercised the real power in the empire as [[vizier]]s. They rotated Merinid sultans, often still children, in quick succession to ensure a strong viziership. The Wattasids were however equally unable to consolidated the empire, so that in 1415 [[Portugal]] occupied the town of [[Ceuta]] and by 1513 had occupied all important harbours on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. After [[Abdalhaqq II]] (1421-1465) tried in vain to break the power of the Wattasids, they finally toppled the dynasty of the Merinids.
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===Decline and Fall===
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After 1358, real power was exercised by the [[Wattasid]]s, who technically were vizie]s. They rotated Merinid sultans, often still children, in quick succession to ensure a strong viziership. The Wattasids, however, were equally unable to consolidated the empire; that in 1415 [[Portugal]] occupied the town of [[Ceuta]] and by 1513 had occupied all important harbours on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. After [[Abdalhaqq II]] (1421-1465) tried in vain to break the power of the Wattasids, they finally toppled the dynasty of the Marinids.
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Two factors contributed to the decline of the Marindids. First, "lack of religious ideology as a source of legitimacy and for mobilizing popular support" left "force as the principal means of securing political authority."<ref>Fage, Oliver. page 364.</ref> The fact that they relied on Christians to exercise this force also alienated their Muslim subjects. Disputes about succession began as early as 1258. Sultans constantly faced revolt from family members; "not only brothers and cousins challenged the reigning sultan, but also sons revolted against fathers." The succession was complicated by "lack of established rules of succession." Of the seventeen sultans who ruled from 1358 until 1465, three were children, succeeding at the ages of four, five and ten.<ref>Fage, Oliver. page 365.</ref>
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While the Viziers exercised real power during these sultanates, they were also vulnerable to threats from "other ambitious politicians" and "held office for periods which were almost as short as those of the sultan's reigns."<ref>Fage, et al. page 365.</ref>
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==Chronology of events==
 
==Chronology of events==
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* 1269: Seizure of [[Marrakesh]] and the end of the Almohad domination in Western [[Maghreb]]. The Marinids prefer build a new city [[Fes Jdid]] that will replace Marrakesh as a capital city 1276.
 
* 1269: Seizure of [[Marrakesh]] and the end of the Almohad domination in Western [[Maghreb]]. The Marinids prefer build a new city [[Fes Jdid]] that will replace Marrakesh as a capital city 1276.
 
* 1274: The marinids seizure of [[Sijilmassa]].
 
* 1274: The marinids seizure of [[Sijilmassa]].
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* 1276: Founding of [[Fes Jdid]] (''New Fes''), a new city beside [[Fes]] which is considered rather as a new district of Fes in opposition to [[Fes el Bali]] (''Old Fes'').
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* 1276: Founding of [[Fes Jdid]] ''(New Fes)'', a new city beside [[Fes]] which is considered rather as a new district of Fes in opposition to [[Fes el Bali]] ''(Old Fes)''.
 
* 1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in [[Algeciras]] (nowadays in [[Spain]]) after a fourth expedition to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. His son [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]] replaces him.
 
* 1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in [[Algeciras]] (nowadays in [[Spain]]) after a fourth expedition to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. His son [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]] replaces him.
 
* 1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr fights against the revolts which occurred in around [[Draa River]] and the province of Marrakesh.
 
* 1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr fights against the revolts which occurred in around [[Draa River]] and the province of Marrakesh.
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* 1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters [[Ceuta]].
 
* 1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters [[Ceuta]].
 
* 1310: Abu al-Rabi dies carried of disease after having repressed a revolt of army official in Taza. Among them Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother [[Abu Said Uthman]] succeeds him to the throne.
 
* 1310: Abu al-Rabi dies carried of disease after having repressed a revolt of army official in Taza. Among them Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother [[Abu Said Uthman]] succeeds him to the throne.
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* 1323: Construction of the [[Attarin]]'s madrasa in Fes.
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* 1323: Construction of the [[Attarin]]'s madrassa in Fes.
 
* 1329: Victory against the [[Kingdom of Castille|Castilians]] in [[Algeciras]], establish a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing the [[Reconquista]].
 
* 1329: Victory against the [[Kingdom of Castille|Castilians]] in [[Algeciras]], establish a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing the [[Reconquista]].
 
* 1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His son [[Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman]] succeeds him .
 
* 1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His son [[Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman]] succeeds him .
 
* 1337: First occupation of [[Tlemcen]].
 
* 1337: First occupation of [[Tlemcen]].
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* 1340: A combined Portuguese-Castilian army defeats the Marinids at the [[battle of Rio Salado]] close to [[Tarifa]], the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. At that point the Marinids move back to Africa.<ref>[http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/battle-of-rio-salado/ Battle of Rio Salado]</ref>
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* 1340: A combined Portuguese-Castilian army defeats the Marinids at the [[battle of Rio Salado]] close to [[Tarifa]], the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. At that point the Marinids move back to Africa.
 
* 1344: The Castilians take over [[Algeciras]]. Marinids ejected from Iberia.
 
* 1344: The Castilians take over [[Algeciras]]. Marinids ejected from Iberia.
 
* 1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys the [[Hafsid dynasty]] of [[Tunis]] and restores his authority on all [[Maghreb]] but this success was of short duration.
 
* 1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys the [[Hafsid dynasty]] of [[Tunis]] and restores his authority on all [[Maghreb]] but this success was of short duration.
 
* 1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his son [[Abu Inan Faris]] succeeded him as Maririd ruler.
 
* 1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his son [[Abu Inan Faris]] succeeded him as Maririd ruler.
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* 1348: The [[Black Death]] and the rebellions of [[Tlemcen]] and [[Tunis]] mark the beginning of the decline of Marinids which will not manage to drive back the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and the [[Castilians]], thus allowing them, by the means also of their successors [[Wattasid Dynasty|Wattasids]] settling on the coast.
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* 1348: The [[Black Death]] and the rebellions of [[Tlemcen]] and [[Tunis]] mark the beginning of the decline of Marinids.
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* 1350: Construction of [[Bou Inania]]'s medersa in [[Meknes]].
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* 1350: Construction of [[Bou Inania]]'s Madrassa in [[Meknes]].
 
* 1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen.
 
* 1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen.
 
* 1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of another [[Bou Inania]]'s medersa in Fes.
 
* 1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of another [[Bou Inania]]'s medersa in Fes.
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* 1358: Abu Inan is assassinated by his [[vizir]]. Confusions started. Each vizier tries to install his weakest candidate on the throne.
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* 1358: Abu Inan is assassinated by his [[vizir]]. Confusions started. Each vizier tries to install the weakest candidate on the throne.
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* 1358: [[Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris]] was named a Marinid Sultan by the vizirs, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign will last a few months only. [[Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris]] comes to power. He also reigned only a few months.
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* 1358: [[Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris]] was named a Marinid Sultan by the vizier, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign lasted for only a few months. [[Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris]] comes to power. He also reigned for only a few months.
 
* 1359: [[Abu Salim Ibrahim]] is nominated a Sultan by the vizirs. He is one of sons of [[Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman]]. He is supported by [[Kingdom of Castille|king of Castille]] [[Pedro of Castile|Pedro the Cruel]].  
 
* 1359: [[Abu Salim Ibrahim]] is nominated a Sultan by the vizirs. He is one of sons of [[Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman]]. He is supported by [[Kingdom of Castille|king of Castille]] [[Pedro of Castile|Pedro the Cruel]].  
 
* 1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen.
 
* 1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen.
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* 1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son [[Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq]] at the age of 1 year.
 
* 1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son [[Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq]] at the age of 1 year.
 
* 1437: Failure of a Portuguese at an expedition to [[Tangier]]. Many prisoners are being held and the infant [[Fernando, the Saint Prince]] is kept as a hostage. A treaty intervened where the Portuguese obtained to be able to re-embark themselves in condition of returning [[Ceuta]] back. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced by [[Pope Eugene IV]], [[Edward of Portugal]] sacrifices his brother for the national trade interests.
 
* 1437: Failure of a Portuguese at an expedition to [[Tangier]]. Many prisoners are being held and the infant [[Fernando, the Saint Prince]] is kept as a hostage. A treaty intervened where the Portuguese obtained to be able to re-embark themselves in condition of returning [[Ceuta]] back. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced by [[Pope Eugene IV]], [[Edward of Portugal]] sacrifices his brother for the national trade interests.
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* 1458: The king [[Afonso V of Portugal]] prepares an army for a crusade against the [[Ottomans]] after the call of [[Pope Pius II]]. He finally preferred to turn over his force against a small port located between [[Tangier]] and [[Ceuta]].
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* 1458: The king [[Afonso V of Portugal]] prepares an army for a crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] after the call of [[Pope Pius II]]. He finally preferred to turn over his force against a small port located between [[Tangier]] and [[Ceuta]].
 
* 1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid viziers. Only two brothers survived. They will become the first [[Watassid]]s sultans in 1472.
 
* 1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid viziers. Only two brothers survived. They will become the first [[Watassid]]s sultans in 1472.
 
* 1462: Ferdinand IV of Castille takes over [[Gibraltar]].
 
* 1462: Ferdinand IV of Castille takes over [[Gibraltar]].
 
* 1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq has his throat cut in Fes when a popular revolt breaks out against his having appointed a [[Jewish]] vizier, [[Aaron ben Batash]]. The Portuguese king [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]] finally manages to take Tangier while benefitting from the troubles in Fes.  
 
* 1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq has his throat cut in Fes when a popular revolt breaks out against his having appointed a [[Jewish]] vizier, [[Aaron ben Batash]]. The Portuguese king [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]] finally manages to take Tangier while benefitting from the troubles in Fes.  
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* 1472: [[Abu Abdallah sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya]], one of the two Wattasid viziers survivors of 1459 massacre will install himself in [[Fes]] where he would found the [[Wattasid dynasty]].
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* 1472: [[Abu Abdallah sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya]], one of the two Wattasid viziers survivors of 1459 massacre will install himself in Fes where he would found the [[Wattasid dynasty]].
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[[Image:Marinid dynasty 1258 - 1420 (AD).PNG|thumb|300px|Marinid region]]
 
  
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==Chronology of Marinid rulers==
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==List of Marinid rulers==
 
*[[Abd al-Haqq I]] (1195-1217)
 
*[[Abd al-Haqq I]] (1195-1217)
 
*[[Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq|Uthman I]] (1217-1240)
 
*[[Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq|Uthman I]] (1217-1240)
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== Culture ==
 
== Culture ==
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[[Image:Mansourah-1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Minaret of Mansourah]]
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The explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] (1304-1368 or 1377) traveled through Maranid territory. The Marinids patronized education, further developing Fez as a major center of Islamic learning.
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Catholic diocese in Fez and Marrakech, and [[Málaga]] (1274-1286).
 
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*1220 arrived [[Anthony of Padua]]
 
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*[[Fernando, the Saint Prince]] was capture in 1437 and died in 1445
 
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Jews:
 
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*1356 Jews in [[Gibraltar]] first mentioned
 
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*Mellah de Fès (1438)
 
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Sufis:
 
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*[[Ibn Abbad al-Rundi]] (1333 - 1390)
 
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*[[Muhammad al-Jazuli]] (m.1465)
 
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Poet muslin [[Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi]] (1204-1285)
 
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<br />Explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] (1304-1368 or 1377)
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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==References==
 
==References==
 
* Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. 1987. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521331845.
 
* Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. 1987. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521331845.
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* Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. 2001. North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. Cass series—history and society in the Islamic world. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714651705.
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* Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. 2001. North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. Cass series—history and society in the Islamic world. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714651705.
 +
* Fage, J. D., and Roland Anthony Oliver. 1975. ''The Cambridge history of Africa.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521209816
 
* Lapidus, Ira M. 2002. ''A history of Islamic societies.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770569.
 
* Lapidus, Ira M. 2002. ''A history of Islamic societies.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770569.
 
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1983. ''A history of medieval Spain.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648.
 
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1983. ''A history of medieval Spain.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648.

Revision as of 17:16, 9 January 2009

Marinid region

{{Infobox Former Country


The Marinid dynasty or Benemerine dynasty') was an Arabised Berber dynasty formed in 1244. They were largely concentrated in present-day Morocco and Spain. They overtook the Berber Almohad dynasty in controlling most of the Maghreb from the mid-1300s to the fifteenth century, and also supported the Kingdom of Granada, in Al-Andalus, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The last Marinid fortress in the Iberian Peninsula fell to Castile in 1344, and they were in turn replaced by the Hafsid dynasty in 1465.

History

Origins

Court of the medersa Bou Inania in Meknes (Morocco)

The Marinids originally came from Ifriqiya, through the southeast of present-day Morocco, from which they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the Hilali.[1] As early as 1145 the Marinids engaged in battles with the Almohads, who defeated them until 1169.

The Marinid, or the Beni Marin, Arabic]]: مرينيون marîniyûn or بنو مرين banû marîn; Spanish Mariní/Mariníes) were an Arabised tribe of Zenata Berber heritage.

They were a pastoral, nomadic tribe "until they became involved in political conflicts with the Almohads."[2] Since they were not proponents of "any particular religious doctrine]] they were probably first attracted to the Maghrib by the "prospect of good pasturage and booty."[3] In 1169, the Marinids began their pursuit of taking Morocco from the Almohads, the ruling dynasty at the time. Following their expulsion from the south, they moved northwards under the command of Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq and took Fes in 1248, making it their capital. This marked the beginning of the Marinid dynasty.

Expansion

The Marinid leadership installed in Fes declared war on the Almohads with the aid of Christian mercenaries.[4] After defeats in 1217 and 1244, their leader, Abu Yusuf Yaqub (1259-1286) nominally submitted to the Almohads in 1248. When the Almohad caliph was killed later the same year, Yaqub's troops regrouped, captured Marrakech in 1269, then took control of most of the Maghreb towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, Algeria and part of Tunisia. After the Nasrids cession of Algeciras to the Marinidas, Abu Yusuf went to Andalucia to support them in their struggle against the Kingdom of Castile.

The Marinid dynasty tried to extend its control to the commercial traffic of the Strait of Gibraltar. To this end, they declared jihad on the Christians and occupied the cities of Rota, Algiers and Gibraltar successively, surrounding Tarifa for the first time in 1294.

Internal power struggles among the Merinids followed, which did not, however prevent Abu Said Utman II (1310-1331) from substantial construction work in Fez. Several madrassas for the education of public servants were founded, in order to support the centralization of administration and to reduce the influence of Sufi teachers.

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the Kingdom of Granada, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the mid 1300s, Castile made several incursions into Morocco and in 1267 a full-scale invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended Morocco and drove out the Castilians.

Under Abu Hasan (1331-1348) another attempt to reunite the Maghreb was made. In 1337 the empire of the Abdalwadids in (what is now called) Algeria was conquered, followed in 1347 by the empire of the Hafsids in Ifriqiya (Tunisia). However in 1340 the Marinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Portuguese-Castilian coalition at the Battle of Rio Salado, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia. Abu l-Hasan was deposed by his son Abu Inan Faris (1348-1358), who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, the dynasty began to decline after the murder of Abu Inan Faris, strangled by his own vizier in 1358.

Unruly Bedouin and Berber tribes increasingly spread anarchy in Morocco, which accelerated the fall of the empire. The support of the Marabuts also declined, after the Merinids reduced their financial support in the 15th century due to a financial crisis. The empire became fractured into multiple small kingdoms and city-states, such as the Kingdom of Fez, which partitioned from the Marinid dynasty in 1374, and opposed the Kingdom of Marrakech. The Kingdom of Fez covered a vast area in today's eastern Algeria to the gates of Tlemsen, Spanish Plaza de soberanía and northern Morocco.

Decline and Fall

After 1358, real power was exercised by the Wattasids, who technically were vizie]s. They rotated Merinid sultans, often still children, in quick succession to ensure a strong viziership. The Wattasids, however, were equally unable to consolidated the empire; that in 1415 Portugal occupied the town of Ceuta and by 1513 had occupied all important harbours on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. After Abdalhaqq II (1421-1465) tried in vain to break the power of the Wattasids, they finally toppled the dynasty of the Marinids.

Two factors contributed to the decline of the Marindids. First, "lack of religious ideology as a source of legitimacy and for mobilizing popular support" left "force as the principal means of securing political authority."[5] The fact that they relied on Christians to exercise this force also alienated their Muslim subjects. Disputes about succession began as early as 1258. Sultans constantly faced revolt from family members; "not only brothers and cousins challenged the reigning sultan, but also sons revolted against fathers." The succession was complicated by "lack of established rules of succession." Of the seventeen sultans who ruled from 1358 until 1465, three were children, succeeding at the ages of four, five and ten.[6] While the Viziers exercised real power during these sultanates, they were also vulnerable to threats from "other ambitious politicians" and "held office for periods which were almost as short as those of the sultan's reigns."[7]


Chronology of events

  • 1215: Banu Marin (Marinids) attack the Almohads when the young 16 year old Almohad caliph Yusuf II Al-Mustansir took power in 1213. The battle took place on the coast of Rif. Under the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower to protect the royal palace in Seville was erected.
  • 1217: Abd al-Haqq I dies during a victorious combat against Almohads. His son Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq (Uthman I) succeeds to the throne. Marinids take possession of Rif and seemed to want to remain there. The Almohades take the initiative of vain counter-attacks.
  • 1240: Uthman I is assassinated by one of his Christian slaves. His brother Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq (Muhammad I) succeeds him.
  • 1244: Muhammad I is killed by an officer of his own Christian mercenaries' militia. Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq, the third son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds him.
  • 1249: Severe repression of an anti-marinids in Fes.
  • 1258: Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq dies of disease. After a period of abandonment of the ancient city of Chellah, a necropolis is built there and Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq is buried at Chellah. His uncle Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq, fourth son of Abd Al-Haqq succeeds to the throne.
  • 1260: Raid of the Castilians over Salé.
  • 1269: Seizure of Marrakesh and the end of the Almohad domination in Western Maghreb. The Marinids prefer build a new city Fes Jdid that will replace Marrakesh as a capital city 1276.
  • 1274: The marinids seizure of Sijilmassa.
  • 1276: Founding of Fes Jdid (New Fes), a new city beside Fes which is considered rather as a new district of Fes in opposition to Fes el Bali (Old Fes).
  • 1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in Algeciras (nowadays in Spain) after a fourth expedition to the Iberian Peninsula. His son Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr replaces him.
  • 1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr fights against the revolts which occurred in around Draa River and the province of Marrakesh.
  • 1296: Construction of Sidi Boumediene mosque , or Sidi Belhasan in Tlemcen (nowadays Algeria).
  • 1299: Beginning of Tlemcen's siege by the Marinids which will last nine years.
  • 1288: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr receives envoys of king de Granada in Fes to which it was returned the town of Cadiz (nowadays Spain).
  • 1291: Construction of the mosque of Taza, the first preserved Marinid building.
  • 1306: conquest & destroy Taroudant
  • 1307: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is assassinated by an eunuch for an obscure business of harem. His son Abu Thabit Amir succeeds him to the throne.
  • 1308: Abu Thabit dies of disease in Tetouan, a city which he had just founded. He dies of a disease after one year in power. His brother, Abu al-Rabi Sulayman succeeds him.
  • 1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters Ceuta.
  • 1310: Abu al-Rabi dies carried of disease after having repressed a revolt of army official in Taza. Among them Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother Abu Said Uthman succeeds him to the throne.
  • 1323: Construction of the Attarin's madrassa in Fes.
  • 1329: Victory against the Castilians in Algeciras, establish a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing the Reconquista.
  • 1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His son Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman succeeds him .
  • 1337: First occupation of Tlemcen.
  • 1340: A combined Portuguese-Castilian army defeats the Marinids at the battle of Rio Salado close to Tarifa, the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. At that point the Marinids move back to Africa.
  • 1344: The Castilians take over Algeciras. Marinids ejected from Iberia.
  • 1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys the Hafsid dynasty of Tunis and restores his authority on all Maghreb but this success was of short duration.
  • 1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his son Abu Inan Faris succeeded him as Maririd ruler.
  • 1348: The Black Death and the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis mark the beginning of the decline of Marinids.
  • 1350: Construction of Bou Inania's Madrassa in Meknes.
  • 1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen.
  • 1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of another Bou Inania's medersa in Fes.
  • 1358: Abu Inan is assassinated by his vizir. Confusions started. Each vizier tries to install the weakest candidate on the throne.
  • 1358: Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris was named a Marinid Sultan by the vizier, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign lasted for only a few months. Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris comes to power. He also reigned for only a few months.
  • 1359: Abu Salim Ibrahim is nominated a Sultan by the vizirs. He is one of sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman. He is supported by king of Castille Pedro the Cruel.
  • 1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen.
  • 1361: Abu Salim Ibrahim is replaced by Abu Umar Tachfin. This one was supported by the Christian militia and was named successor of Abu Salim Ibrahim by the vizirs. He reigned only a few months.
  • 1361: The period called the "reign of the vizirs" is over.
  • 1362: Muhammad ibn Yaqub takes power. He is a small son of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who had taken refuge in Castille.
  • 1366: Muhammad ibn Yaqub is assassinated by his vizir. He is replaced by Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, one of the sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who until this time, had been held locked up in the palace of Fes.
  • 1370: Third seizure of Tlemcen.
  • 1372: Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali dies of disease leaving the throne to his very young son Muhammad as-Said. This led to a new period marked by instability. The vizirs try on several occasions to impose a puppet sovereign.
  • 1373: Muhammad as-Said who is presented like an heir to his father Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali at the 5 years old cannot reign as he dies in 1373.
  • 1374: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, supported by the Nasrid princes of Granada takes power.
  • 1374: Partition of the empire into two Kingdoms; the Kingdom of Fes and the Kingdom of Marrakech.
  • 1384: Abu al-Abbas is removed temporarily by the Nasrids after 10 years of reign. Nasrids replace him with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, a disabled person and son of Abu Inan Faris which ensured a kind of interim during the reign of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad from 1384 to 1386.
  • 1384: Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman reigns over the Kingdom of Marrakech from 1384 to 1387 while the Marinid throne is still based in Fes.
  • 1386: Al-Wathiq ensures the second part of the interim in the reign of Abu al-Abbas from 1386 to 1387.
  • 1387: Abu Al-Abbas begins to give vizirs more power. Morocco knows six years of peace again although Abu Al-Abbas benefits from this period to reconquer Tlemcen and Algiers.
  • 1393: Abu Al-Abbas dies. Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad is designated as the new Sultan. The troubles which followed the sudden death of Abu Al-Abbas in Taza made it possible to the Christian sovereigns to carry the war in Morocco.
  • 1396: Abu Amir Abdallah succeeds to the throne.
  • 1398: Abu Amir dies. His brother Abu Said Uthman ibn Ahmad takes power.
  • 1399: Benefitting from the anarchy within the Marinid kingdom, the king Henry III of Castile unloads in Morocco, seizes Tetouan, massacres half of the population and reduced it to slavery.
  • 1415: King John I of Portugal seizes Ceuta. This conquest marks the beginning of the overseas European expansion.
  • 1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq at the age of 1 year.
  • 1437: Failure of a Portuguese at an expedition to Tangier. Many prisoners are being held and the infant Fernando, the Saint Prince is kept as a hostage. A treaty intervened where the Portuguese obtained to be able to re-embark themselves in condition of returning Ceuta back. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced by Pope Eugene IV, Edward of Portugal sacrifices his brother for the national trade interests.
  • 1458: The king Afonso V of Portugal prepares an army for a crusade against the Ottomans after the call of Pope Pius II. He finally preferred to turn over his force against a small port located between Tangier and Ceuta.
  • 1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid viziers. Only two brothers survived. They will become the first Watassids sultans in 1472.
  • 1462: Ferdinand IV of Castille takes over Gibraltar.
  • 1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq has his throat cut in Fes when a popular revolt breaks out against his having appointed a Jewish vizier, Aaron ben Batash. The Portuguese king Afonso V finally manages to take Tangier while benefitting from the troubles in Fes.
  • 1472: Abu Abdallah sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, one of the two Wattasid viziers survivors of 1459 massacre will install himself in Fes where he would found the Wattasid dynasty.


List of Marinid rulers

  • Abd al-Haqq I (1195-1217)
  • Uthman I (1217-1240)
  • Muhammad I (1240-1244)
  • Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq (1244 - 1258)
  • Umar (1258 - 1259)
  • Abu Yusuf Yaqub (1259 - 1286)
  • Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1286 - 1306)
  • Abu Thabit (1307 - 1308)
  • Abu l-Rabia (1308 - 1310)
  • Abu Said Uthman II (1310 - 1331)
  • Abu al-Hasan 'Ali (1331 - 1348)
  • Abu Inan Faris (1348 - 1358)
  • Muhammad II as Said (1359)
  • Abu Salim Ali II (1359 - 1361)
  • Abu Umar Taschufin (1361)
  • Abu Zayyan Muhammad III (1362 - 1366)
  • Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I (1366 - 1372)
  • Abu l-Abbas Ahmad (1372 - 1374)
  • Abu Zayyan Muhammad IV (1384 - 1386)
  • Muhammad V (1386 - 1387)
  • Abu l-Abbas Ahmad (1387 - 1393)
  • Abdul Aziz II (1393 - 1398)
  • Abdullah (1398 - 1399)
  • Abu Said Uthman III (1399 - 1420)
  • Abdalhaqq II (1420 - 1465)

Chronology of Marinid viziers

  • 1344: Askar Ibn Tahabrit
  • 1420-1448 : Abu Zakariya Yahya
  • 1448-1458 : Ali ibn Yusuf
  • 1458-1459 : Yahya ibn Abi Zakariya Yahya

Culture

The explorer Ibn Battuta (1304-1368 or 1377) traveled through Maranid territory. The Marinids patronized education, further developing Fez as a major center of Islamic learning.

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name).
  2. ↑ Abun-Nasr, page 103.
  3. ↑ Abun-Nasr, page 103.
  4. ↑ Fage, et al. page 364.
  5. ↑ Fage, Oliver. page 364.
  6. ↑ Fage, Oliver. page 365.
  7. ↑ Fage, et al. page 365.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. 1987. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521331845.
  • Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. 2001. North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. Cass series—history and society in the Islamic world. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714651705.
  • Fage, J. D., and Roland Anthony Oliver. 1975. The Cambridge history of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521209816
  • Lapidus, Ira M. 2002. A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770569.
  • O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1983. A history of medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801492648.
  • Shillington, Kevin. 2005. Encyclopedia of African history. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 9781579582456.

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