Difference between revisions of "Mahabalipuram" - New World Encyclopedia
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<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details —>{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details —>{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | | ||
native_name = Mahabalipuram | | native_name = Mahabalipuram | | ||
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* [[Varaha Cave Temple]] - a small rock-cut temple dating back to the 7<sup>th</sup> century. | * [[Varaha Cave Temple]] - a small rock-cut temple dating back to the 7<sup>th</sup> century. | ||
* The [[Shore Temple]] - a structural temple along the [[Bay of Bengal]] with the entrance from the western side away from the sea. Recent excavations have revealed new structures here. The temple was reconstructed stone by stone from the sea after being washed away in a cyclone. | * The [[Shore Temple]] - a structural temple along the [[Bay of Bengal]] with the entrance from the western side away from the sea. Recent excavations have revealed new structures here. The temple was reconstructed stone by stone from the sea after being washed away in a cyclone. | ||
| − | * ''[[Pancha Rathas]]'' (Five Chariots) - five monolithic pyramidal structures named after the [[Pandava]]s ([[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]], [[Yudhishtra]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]) and [[Draupadi]]. An interesting aspect of the rathas is that, despite their sizes they are not | + | * ''[[Pancha Rathas]]'' (Five Chariots) - five monolithic pyramidal structures named after the [[Pandava]]s ([[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]], [[Yudhishtra]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]) and [[Draupadi]]. An interesting aspect of the rathas is that, despite their sizes they are not assembled—each of these is carved from one single large piece of stone. |
{{Infobox World Heritage Site | {{Infobox World Heritage Site | ||
|Name = Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram | |Name = Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
|Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ | |Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ | ||
|Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] | |Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] | ||
| − | |Year = | + | |Year = 1984 |
|Session = 8th | |Session = 8th | ||
|Extension = | |Extension = | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
== Underwater city== | == Underwater city== | ||
| − | According to descriptions by early travel writers from [[Great Britain|Britain]], the area near Mahabalipuram had seven [[pagoda]]s by the sea. Accounts of Mahabalipuram were first written down by British traveller [[John Goldingham]] who was told of the "[[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram|Seven Pagodas]]" when he visited in | + | According to descriptions by early travel writers from [[Great Britain|Britain]], the area near Mahabalipuram had seven [[pagoda]]s by the sea. Accounts of Mahabalipuram were first written down by British traveller [[John Goldingham]] who was told of the "[[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram|Seven Pagodas]]" when he visited in 1798. |
An ancient port city and parts of a temple built in the 7<sup>th</sup> century may have been uncovered by the [[tsunami]] that resulted from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. As the waves gradually receded, the force of the water removed sand deposits that had covered various rocky structures and revealed carvings of animals, which included an elaborately carved head of an elephant and a horse in flight. A small square-shaped niche with a carved statue of a deity could be seen above the head of the elephant. In another structure, there was a sculpture of a reclining lion. The use of these animal sculptures as decorations is consistent with other decorated walls and temples from the Pallava period in the 7<sup>th</sup> and [[8th century|8<sup>th</sup>]] centuries. | An ancient port city and parts of a temple built in the 7<sup>th</sup> century may have been uncovered by the [[tsunami]] that resulted from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. As the waves gradually receded, the force of the water removed sand deposits that had covered various rocky structures and revealed carvings of animals, which included an elaborately carved head of an elephant and a horse in flight. A small square-shaped niche with a carved statue of a deity could be seen above the head of the elephant. In another structure, there was a sculpture of a reclining lion. The use of these animal sculptures as decorations is consistent with other decorated walls and temples from the Pallava period in the 7<sup>th</sup> and [[8th century|8<sup>th</sup>]] centuries. | ||
| − | The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] sent divers to begin underwater excavations of the area on | + | The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] sent divers to begin underwater excavations of the area on February 17, 2005. |
== Demography == | == Demography == | ||
| Line 172: | Line 172: | ||
*[http://asi.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/10.htm Archaeological Survey of India site on Mahabalipuram] | *[http://asi.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/10.htm Archaeological Survey of India site on Mahabalipuram] | ||
*[http://www.tsunami2004-india.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=90 Sea level falls after tsunami] | *[http://www.tsunami2004-india.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=90 Sea level falls after tsunami] | ||
| − | *[http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/30/stories/2004123001602200.htm The Shore Temple stands its ground] T.S. Subramanian in ''[[The Hindu]]'', | + | *[http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/30/stories/2004123001602200.htm The Shore Temple stands its ground] T.S. Subramanian in ''[[The Hindu]]'', 30 December 2004 |
| − | *[http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/10/stories/2005041004161800.htm Newly-discovered Mahabalipuramtemple fascinates archaeologists] T.S. Subramanian in ''The Hindu'', | + | *[http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/10/stories/2005041004161800.htm Newly-discovered Mahabalipuramtemple fascinates archaeologists] T.S. Subramanian in ''The Hindu'', 10 April 2005 |
*[http://www.tamilnation.org/culture/architecture/mahabalipuram.htm Mahabalipuram Temple Architecture] | *[http://www.tamilnation.org/culture/architecture/mahabalipuram.htm Mahabalipuram Temple Architecture] | ||
*[http://www.india-picture.net/tamilnadu?page=4 Mahabalipuram Photos from india-picture.net] | *[http://www.india-picture.net/tamilnadu?page=4 Mahabalipuram Photos from india-picture.net] | ||
*[http://www.india-atlantis.org/ The India Atlantis Expedition - March 2002] | *[http://www.india-atlantis.org/ The India Atlantis Expedition - March 2002] | ||
*[http://www.religiousportal.com/MahabalipuramTemple.html Read Useful Details about Mahabalipuram Temple] | *[http://www.religiousportal.com/MahabalipuramTemple.html Read Useful Details about Mahabalipuram Temple] | ||
| − | *[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050218.warch0218/BNStory/Front Tsunami's might opens way for science] ([[The Globe and Mail]]; | + | *[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050218.warch0218/BNStory/Front Tsunami's might opens way for science] ([[The Globe and Mail]]; February 18, 2005) |
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4302115.stm BBC News: India finds more 'tsunami gifts'] | *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4302115.stm BBC News: India finds more 'tsunami gifts'] | ||
| − | *[http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com Inscriptions of | + | *[http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com Inscriptions of India—Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments] |
*[http://www.indiamonuments.org Photographs of Mahabalipuram and other sites in Tamil Nadu] | *[http://www.indiamonuments.org Photographs of Mahabalipuram and other sites in Tamil Nadu] | ||
*[http://www.archive.org/details/HarisDoneMahabs A videograph of Mahabalipuram in HD] | *[http://www.archive.org/details/HarisDoneMahabs A videograph of Mahabalipuram in HD] | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
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{{credits|167329085}} | {{credits|167329085}} | ||
Revision as of 03:42, 1 December 2007
| Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu • India | |
  | |
| Coordinates: | |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Area • Elevation |
• 12 m (39 ft) |
| District(s) | Kancheepuram |
| Population | 12,049 (2001) |
| Codes • Pincode • Telephone • Vehicle |
• 603104 • +91-44 • TN-21 |
Coordinates: Mahabalipuram (Tamil:மகாபலிபுரம்) (also known as Mamallapuram) is a town in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It has an average elevation of 12 metres (39 feet).
Mahabalipuram was a 7th century port city of the South Indian dynasty of the Pallavas around 60 km south from the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu. It is believed to have been named after the Pallava king Mamalla. It has various historic monuments built largely between the 7th and the 9th century, and has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Landmarks
The monuments are mostly rock-cut and monolithic, and constitute the early stages of Dravidian architecture wherein Buddhist elements of design are prominently visible. They are constituted by cave temples, monolithic rathas (chariots), sculpted reliefs and structural temples. The pillars are of the Dravidian order. The sculptures are excellent examples of Pallava art.
It is believed by some that this area served as a school for young sculptors. The different sculptures, some half finished, may have been examples of different styles of architecture, probably demonstrated by instructors and practiced on by young students. This can be seen in the Pancha Rathas where each Ratha is sculpted in a different style.
Some important structures include:
- Thirukadalmallai, the temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. It was also built by Pallava King in order to safeguard the sculptures from the ocean. It is told that after building this temple, the remaining architecture was preserved and was not corroded by sea.
- Descent of the Ganges - a giant open-air bas relief
- Arjuna's Penance - relief sculpture on a massive scale extolling an episode from the Hindu epic, The Mahabharata.
- Varaha Cave Temple - a small rock-cut temple dating back to the 7th century.
- The Shore Temple - a structural temple along the Bay of Bengal with the entrance from the western side away from the sea. Recent excavations have revealed new structures here. The temple was reconstructed stone by stone from the sea after being washed away in a cyclone.
- Pancha Rathas (Five Chariots) - five monolithic pyramidal structures named after the Pandavas (Arjuna, Bhima, Yudhishtra, Nakula and Sahadeva) and Draupadi. An interesting aspect of the rathas is that, despite their sizes they are not assembled—each of these is carved from one single large piece of stone.
| Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iii, iv |
| Reference | 249 |
| Region** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1984 (8th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
Underwater city
According to descriptions by early travel writers from Britain, the area near Mahabalipuram had seven pagodas by the sea. Accounts of Mahabalipuram were first written down by British traveller John Goldingham who was told of the "Seven Pagodas" when he visited in 1798.
An ancient port city and parts of a temple built in the 7th century may have been uncovered by the tsunami that resulted from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. As the waves gradually receded, the force of the water removed sand deposits that had covered various rocky structures and revealed carvings of animals, which included an elaborately carved head of an elephant and a horse in flight. A small square-shaped niche with a carved statue of a deity could be seen above the head of the elephant. In another structure, there was a sculpture of a reclining lion. The use of these animal sculptures as decorations is consistent with other decorated walls and temples from the Pallava period in the 7th and 8th centuries.
The Archaeological Survey of India sent divers to begin underwater excavations of the area on February 17, 2005.
Demography
As of 2001 India census,[1] Mahabalipuram had a population of 12,049. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mahabalipuram has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 66%. In Mahabalipuram, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Gallery
A view of the 'Five Rathas' at Mahabalipuram
Human head, lion body sculpture
Lion Pillar
Mahishasuramarthini cave temple (front view)
Bus Routes
Apart from private bus operators, TNSTC and MTC Chennai are operating buses to and from Mahabalipuram
| Route Number | Start | End | Via |
|---|---|---|---|
| 115 | Mahabalipuram | Tambaram | Thiruporur,Kelambakkam |
| 108 B | Mahabalipuram | Chennai | Thirukazhukundram,Chengalpattu |
| 117 | Mahabalipuram | Kovalam (Tamil Nadu) | East Coast Road |
| 118 | Chennai | Kalpakkam | Mahabalipuram,East Coast Road |
| 119 | Chennai | Kalpakkam | Mahabalipuram,Old Mahabalipuram Road |
| 188 (ECR) | Chennai | Puducherry | Mahabalipuram |
| 188 C | Chennai | Cheyyur | Mahabalipuram,Kalpakkam |
| 188 D | Chennai | Anaicut | Mahabalipuram,Kalpakkam |
| 188 K | Chennai | Kadapakkam | Mahabalipuram,Kalpakkam |
| 212 A | Mahabalipuram | Kanchipuram | Thirukazhukundram,Chengalpattu |
| 515 | Mahabalipuram | Tambaram | Thiruporur,Kelambakkam |
| 568 | Mahabalipuram | Adyar,Chennai | Old Mahabalipuram Road |
| 588 | Mahabalipuram | Adyar,Chennai | East Coast Road |
See also
- Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram
External links and references
- Mahabalipuram
- Travel guide to Mahabalipuram from Wikitravel
- Mahabalipuram in UNESCO List
- Arjuna's Penance
- `I show you Mahabalipuram'
- National Institute of Oceanography: Mahabalipuram and Poompuhar
- Archaeological Survey of India site on Mahabalipuram
- Sea level falls after tsunami
- The Shore Temple stands its ground T.S. Subramanian in The Hindu, 30 December 2004
- Newly-discovered Mahabalipuramtemple fascinates archaeologists T.S. Subramanian in The Hindu, 10 April 2005
- Mahabalipuram Temple Architecture
- Mahabalipuram Photos from india-picture.net
- The India Atlantis Expedition - March 2002
- Read Useful Details about Mahabalipuram Temple
- Tsunami's might opens way for science (The Globe and Mail; February 18, 2005)
- BBC News: India finds more 'tsunami gifts'
- Inscriptions of India—Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments
- Photographs of Mahabalipuram and other sites in Tamil Nadu
- A videograph of Mahabalipuram in HD
| |||||||
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
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