Difference between revisions of "Liger" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:bertramliger.jpg|thumb|250px|Liger]]
 
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The '''liger''' is a [[hybrid]] [[crossbreeding|cross]] between a male ''Panthera leo'' ([[lion]]), and a female ''Panthera tigris'' ([[tiger]]) and is denoted scientifically as ''Panthera tigris × Panthera leo'' (Singh 2006) (Milne 1927).  A liger resembles  a giant lion with diffused stripes.  They are the largest cats in the world, although the [[Siberian Tiger]] is the largest pure sub-species.  Like tigers, but unlike lions, ligers enjoy swimming.  A similar hybrid, the offspring of a [[male]] tiger and a [[female]] lion is called a ''[[tigon]]''.
 
  
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According to ''The Tiger, Symbol of Freedom'' rare reports have been made of tigresses mating with lions in the wild (Courtney 1980). Under exceptional circumstances it has been known for a tiger to be forced into ranges inhabited by the [[Asiatic Lion]], ''Panthera leo persica'', which is a different species to the tiger, ''Panthera tigris''. This ''may'' have occurred in the [[Gir Forest]] in [[India]] where the ranges of [[Asiatic Lion]]s and [[Bengal Tiger]]s overlap.  This combination of species in the wild however is considered highly unlikely.<ref>Ronald Tilson, director of conservation at the Minnesota Zoo.</ref>
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{{Taxobox
 +
| color = pink
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| name = Liger
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| image = bertramliger.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| classis = [[Mammalia]]
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| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
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| familia = [[Felidae]]
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| genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
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| species = '''''P. tigris x P. leo'''''
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| binomial = ''Panthera tigris × Panthera leo''
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}}
  
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== History ==
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The '''liger''' is a [[hybrid]] [[crossbreeding|cross]] between a male ''Panthera leo'' ([[lion]]), and a female ''Panthera tigris'' ([[tiger]]) and is denoted scientifically as ''Panthera tigris × Panthera leo'' (Milne 1927). A liger resembles a giant lion with diffused stripes. While the Siberian tiger is the largest pure sub-species, ligers are the largest cats in the world. A similar hybrid, the offspring of a [[male]] tiger and a [[female]] lion is called a ''[[tigon]]''.
  
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Two of the liger cubs were painted by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] (1772−1844). In 1825, G.B. Whittaker made an engraving of the liger cubs born in 1824.  The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th Century painting in the naive style.
+
While there is a great deal of diversity in [[nature]], the rarity of ligers reflects that this diversity normally does not extend to mating between [[species]]. Rather, there tends to be a clear-cut boundary between species, reflecting a fundamental order in nature. Although lions and tigers are similar animals, belonging to the same [[genus]], pairings between them are rare. Furthermore, male ligers (and male tigons) are sterile, so ligers themselves cannot mate and have offspring.  
 +
{{toc}}
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Ligers share physical and behavioral qualities of both parent [[species]], forming spots and stripes on a sandy background. It is held that because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting [[gene]], but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female lion is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent. Males have about a 50 percent chance of having a mane, but if they grow one, the mane will be modest, around 50 percent again of a pure lion mane.  
  
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Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]  and to his successor [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]. On the 14th of December 1900 and on the 31st of May 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenpark in Hamburg in 1897.
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==Physical description==
  
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In ''Animal Life and the World of Nature'' (1902-1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids:
+
In ''Animal Life and the World of Nature'', A. H. Bryden (1906) described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids:
−
:''It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has little or no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast'' (Bryden 1906).
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<blockquote>It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown [[lion]], measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a [[tiger]]. On the other hand, it has little or no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.</blockquote>
  
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In 1935, four ligers from two litters, were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 750 lb. and stood a foot and a half taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder.
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=== Color ===
 +
Ligers have a tiger-like striping pattern on a lion-like tawny background. In addition, they may inherit rosettes (rose-like markings or formations, which are found in clusters and patches on the [[fur]]) from the lion parent, as lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings. These markings may be black, dark brown, or sandy. The background color may be correspondingly tawny, sandy, or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and color depends on which subspecies the parents were and on the way in which the [[gene]]s interact in the offspring.
  
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Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today, in ''At Home In The Zoo'' (1961), Gerald Iles wrote ''"For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons"'' (Iles 1960).
+
White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce "white," actually pale golden, ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale, or even stripe-less ligers.  
  
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Canberra Zoo in Australia had a liger which died in 2006.
+
A black liger would require both a melanistic tiger and a melanistic lion as parents. (Melanism refers to increased amount of black or nearly black pigmentation.) Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism. No reports of black lions have ever been substantiated.  
  
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The Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species now has a Liger named Hercules. The breeding is said to be a complete accident. Hercules was in the Book of World Records as the largest cat. Hercules seems completely healthy and is expected to live a long life.
+
The blue or Maltese tiger is now unlikely to exist, making grey or blue ligers an impossibility.
  
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|320|A liger from The Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species at King Richard's Faire with the owner of the Institute, Dr. Bhagavan Antle, October 2005.]]
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=== Size ===
  
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The largest non-obese Liger, known as Hercules, is said to weigh over 544kg (1200 lb), over twice the size of a male lion (SSZ 2007). Hercules was also featured in Maxim magazine article in 2005, when he was only 3 years old and already weighed 408 kg (900 lb) at the time. The liger is the largest animal in the cat family ([[Felidae|feline]] [[Scientific classification|family]] ''Felidae'') (FTVP 2002) (SSZ 2007).
+
[[Imprinting (genetics)|Imprinted]] genes may be a factor contributing to liger size. These are genes that may or may not be expressed depending on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some [[mice]] species crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent species. This growth is not seen in the paternal species, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate species (HHMI 2000).
  
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[[Imprinting (genetics)|Imprinted]] genes may be a factor contributing to liger size.  These are genes that may or may not be expressed depending on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some mice species crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent species. This growth is not seen in the paternal species, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate species (HHMI 2000).
+
Another proposed hypothesis is that the growth dysplasia results from the interaction between lion genes and tiger womb environment. The tiger produces a [[hormone]] that sets the fetal liger on a pattern of growth that does not end throughout its life. The hormonal hypothesis is that the cause of the male liger's growth is its sterility&mdash;essentially, the male liger remains in the pre-pubertal growth phase. This is not upheld by behavioral evidence&mdash;despite being sterile, many male ligers become sexually mature and mate with females. Male ligers also have the same levels of [[testosterone]] on average as an adult male lion. <!--Hagenbeck —> In addition, female ligers also attain great size, weighing approximately 700 pounds (320 kilograms) and reaching 10 feet (3.05 meters) long on average, but are often fertile.
  
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Another possible hypothesis is that the growth dysplasia results from the interaction between lion genes and tiger womb environment.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The tiger produces a hormone that sets the fetal liger on a pattern of growth that does not end throughout its life. The hormonal hypothesis is that the cause of the male liger's growth is its sterility &mdash; essentially, the male liger remains in the pre-pubertal growth phase. This is not upheld by behavioural evidence - despite being sterile, many male ligers become sexually mature and mate with females. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone ng/dl on average as an adult male lion. <!--Hagenbeck —> In addition, female ligers also attain great size, weighing approximately 700&nbsp;lb (320&nbsp;kg) and reaching 10 feet (3.05&nbsp;m) long on average, but are often fertile.
+
==Fertility==
 +
 
 +
Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile.
 +
 
 +
According to ''Wild Cats of the World'' (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, both male and female ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile. In 1943, however, a 15-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tigress was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, even though very delicate, was raised to adulthood (Guggisberg 1975).
 +
 
 +
Because only female ligers and female tigons are fertile, a liger cannot reproduce with a tigon (offspring of male tiger and a lioness). This fertility is exhibited in accordance with [[Haldane's rule]]: in hybrids of animals whose gender is determined by [[sex chromosomes]], if one gender is absent, rare, or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. [[X chromosome|X]] and [[Y chromosome|Y]]). Thus, the male liger and male tigon are sterile.
  
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==Longevity==
+
The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well-documented across a number of different hybrids and follows Haldane's rule.  
−
*Shasta, a ligress, was born at the Hogle Zoo in [[Salt Lake City]] on May 14th, 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24.
 
−
*The 1973 Guinness world records reported an 18 year old, 798 kg (1756 lb) male liger living at Bloemfontein zoological gardens, South Africa in 1888.
 
−
*Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin has a 21 year old Male Liger named Nook who weighs 550 kg (1210 lb), and is still living as of January 2007.
 
  
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==Fertility==
+
If a liger were to reproduce with a tiger, it would be called a ti-liger, and if it were to reproduce with a lion, it would be called a li-liger.
−
While male ligers are sterile, female ligers are fertile, and they can reproduce. Because only female ligers and tigons are fertile, a liger cannot reproduce with a tigon.  
+
 
 +
== Ligers in the wild and in captivity ==
  
−
If a liger were to reproduce with a tiger, it would be called a '''ti-liger''', and if it were to reproduce with a lion, it would be called a '''li-liger'''. The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well-documented across a number of different hybrids.  This is in accordance with [[Haldane's rule]]: in hybrids of animals whose gender is determined by [[sex chromosomes]], if one gender is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. [[X chromosome|X]] and [[Y chromosome|Y]]).
+
Rare reports have been made of tigresses mating with lions in the wild (Courtney 1980). Under exceptional circumstances, it has been known for a tiger, ''Panthera tigris'', to be forced into ranges inhabited by the Asiatic lion, ''Panthera leo persica''. According to Ronald Tilson, the director of conservation at the Minnesota Zoo, this crossbreeding may have occurred in the Gir Forest in [[India]] where the ranges of Asiatic lions and Bengal tigers overlap. This combination of species in the wild, however, is considered highly unlikely.
  
−
According to ''Wild Cats of the World'' (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile: In 1943, however, a fifteen year old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, even though very delicate, was raised to adulthood (Guggisberg 1975).
+
According to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), accredited zoos frown on the practice of mixing two different species and have never bred ligers. Keeping the two species separate has always been standard procedure (Mott 2005). However, they have admitted that ligers have occurred by accident. Several AZA zoos are reported to have ligers.
  
−
==Colours==
+
To follow are some of the reports of ligers:
−
Ligers have a tiger-like striping pattern on a lion-like tawny background. In addition they may inherit [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background color may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and color depends on which subspecies the parents were and on the way in which the genes interact in the offspring.
 
  
−
[[White tigers]] have been crossed with lions to produce "white" (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. A black liger would require both a [[melanistic]] tiger and a melanistic lion as parents. Very few [[Black tiger (animal)|melanistic tigers]] have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or [[abundism]]) rather than true melanism. No reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. A hypothetical procedure to breed black ligers is explained [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Liger#Black_Liger here]. The blue or [[Maltese Tiger]] is now unlikely to exist, making grey or blue ligers an impossibility. It is not impossible for a liger to be white, but it is very rare.
+
*Two liger cubs born in 1837 were painted by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] (1772−1844). In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of the same liger cubs born in 1824. The cubs were later exhibited to [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] and to his successor [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]. The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a nineteenth-century painting in the naive style.  
  
−
==Zoo policies==
+
*On December 14, 1900 and on May 31, 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to [[zoology|zoologist]] James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenpark in Hamburg in 1897.
−
According to the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]], accredited zoos frown on the practice of mixing two different species and have never bred ligers. Keeping the two species separate has always been standard procedure (Mott 2005). However they have admitted that ligers have occurred by accident. Several [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums|AZA]] zoos are reported to have ligers.
 
  
 +
*In 1888 there was an 18-year-old, 798-kilogram (1,756-pound) male liger living at Bloemfontein zoological gardens South Africa reported by the 1973 Guinness Book of World Records.
  
 +
*In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 750 pounds and stood a foot and a half taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder.
  
−
== See also ==
+
*Shasta, a ligress, was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on May 14, 1948, and died in 1972 at age 24.
−
{{wiktionary}}
 
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*[[Growth dysplasia]]
 
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*[[Tigon]]
 
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*[[Maltese Tiger]]
 
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*[[Panthera hybrid]]
 
  
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==References==
+
*Canberra Zoo in Australia had a liger, which died in 2006.
−
<references />
 
  
−
*Bryden, A.H. and Lubbock, John. 1906. ''Animal life and the world of nature''. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
+
*Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin has a 21-year-old male liger named Nook who weighs 550 kilograms (1,210 pounds) and is still living as of January 2007.
−
*Courtney, Nicholas. 1980. ''The tiger, symbol of freedom''. London: Quartet Books. ISBN 0704322455.
 
−
*Guggisberg, C. A. W. 1975. ''Wild cats of the world''. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. ISBN 0800883241
 
−
*Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). 2000. [http://www.hhmi.org/news/tilghman.html Gene tug-of-war leads to distinct species]. ''Howard Hughes Medical Institute''. Retrieved June 21, 2007
 
−
*Iles, Gerald. 1960. ''At home in the zoo''. London: W.H. Allen.
 
−
*Milne, A.A. 1927. Tiggers can't climb trees. ''The London Magazine'' 59.
 
−
*Mott, Maryann. 2005. [http://www.bigcatrescue.org/ligers.htm Ligers]. ''Big Cat Rescue''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
 
−
*Sierra Safari Zoo (SSZ). 2007. [http://www.sierrasafarizoo.com/animals/liger.htm Liger]. ''Sierra Safari Zoo''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
 
−
*Singh, U. 2006. [http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_uu_diva-6882-1__fulltext.pdf ''New functions for old genes in the mouse placenta'']. Uppsala: Uppsala University. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
 
−
*The Foundation TV Productions Ltd. (FTVP). 2002. [http://www.foundationtv.co.uk/brilliantcreatures/ser5/show4item3.html In America...: biggest cat in the world]. ''The Foundation TV Productions Ltd''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
 
  
 +
*As of 2007, the Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species had the largest non-obese liger, known as Hercules. Hercules weighs over 544 kilograms (1,200 pounds), over twice the size of a male lion (SSZ 2007). The enormous liger was also featured in a ''Maxim'' magazine article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408 kilograms (900 pounds). Eventually, he was entered into the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as the largest cat. Hercules was felt to be completely healthy and with a long life expectancy (FTVP 2002).
  
 +
==References==
  
−
==External links==
+
*Bryden, A. H., and J. Lubbock. 1906. ''Animal Life and the World of Nature''. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.  
−
* [http://wi-fizzle.com/shasta/ Shasta the Liger]
+
*Courtney, N. 1980. ''The Tiger, Symbol of Freedom''. London: Quartet Books. ISBN 0704322455
−
* [http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/04/25/ligertosee.shtml Zita] on display at the Novosibirsk Zoo (Russia)
+
*Foundation TV Productions (FTVP). 2002. [http://www.foundationtv.co.uk/brilliantcreatures/ser5/show4item3.html In America...: biggest cat in the world]. ''The Foundation TV Productions Ltd''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
−
* [http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/liger.asp Hercules the Liger] at [[Snopes.com]]
+
*Guggisberg, C. A. W. 1975. ''Wild Cats of the World''. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. ISBN 0800883241
−
* [http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/l/ligers.htm More pictures of Hercules]
+
*Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). 2000. [http://www.hhmi.org/news/tilghman.html Gene tug-of-war leads to distinct species.] ''Howard Hughes Medical Institute''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
−
* [http://www.sierrasafarizoo.com/animals/liger.htm Hobbs] at the Sierra Safari Zoo.
+
*Iles, Gerald. 1960. ''At Home in the Zoo''. London: W. H. Allen.
−
* [http://www.shambala.org/biographies/patrick.htm Patrick] at the Shambala Preserve
+
*Milne, A. A. 1927. Tiggers can't climb trees. ''The London Magazine'' 59.
−
* [http://zoo-arche-noah.de/arche_noah_liger_1.htm Liger cubs] at Noah's Ark Zoo (German)
+
*Mott, M. 2005. [http://www.bigcatrescue.org/ligers.htm Ligers.] ''Big Cat Rescue''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
−
* Hybrid Big Cats, pages [http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-cats.htm]
+
*Sierra Safari Zoo (SSZ). 2007. [http://www.sierrasafarizoo.com/animals/liger.htm Liger.] ''Sierra Safari Zoo''. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
−
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0804_050804_ligers.html Patrick the Liger] from [[National Geographic]]
+
*Singh, U. 2006. [http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_uu_diva-6882-1__fulltext.pdf ''New Functions for old Genes in the Mouse Placenta.”] Uppsala: Uppsala University. ISBN 9155465668. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
−
* [http://www.liloia.com/images/liger.jpg A drawing of a liger] as seen in ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]''
 
−
* [http://www.liger.org Liger Tribute]
 
−
* [http://www.maniacworld.com/liger.html Liger] Video of Sinbad (900 pound liger)
 
−
* [http://www.peachyga.com/liger Liger Pictures] Liger Pictures from the Animal Safari in Pine Mountain Georgia
 
−
* [http://www.fundistraction.com/2007/05/liger-cross-breed-of-lion-male-and.html The Liger Exists]
 
  
 
''This article incorporates text from [http://www.messybeast.com messybeast.com], which is released under the [[GFDL]].''
 
''This article incorporates text from [http://www.messybeast.com messybeast.com], which is released under the [[GFDL]].''
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved October 25, 2022.
 +
* [http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/liger.asp Hercules the Liger].
 +
* [http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-cats.htm Hybrid Big Cats].
 +
* [http://www.peachyga.com/liger Liger Pictures] Liger Pictures from the Animal Safari in Pine Mountain Georgia.
  
 
{{credit|Liger|135409248}}
 
{{credit|Liger|135409248}}
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 +
[[Category:Animals]]
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[[Category:Mammals]]

Latest revision as of 01:15, 26 October 2022


Liger
Bertramliger.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris x P. leo
Binomial name
Panthera tigris × Panthera leo

The liger is a hybrid cross between a male Panthera leo (lion), and a female Panthera tigris (tiger) and is denoted scientifically as Panthera tigris × Panthera leo (Milne 1927). A liger resembles a giant lion with diffused stripes. While the Siberian tiger is the largest pure sub-species, ligers are the largest cats in the world. A similar hybrid, the offspring of a male tiger and a female lion is called a tigon.

While there is a great deal of diversity in nature, the rarity of ligers reflects that this diversity normally does not extend to mating between species. Rather, there tends to be a clear-cut boundary between species, reflecting a fundamental order in nature. Although lions and tigers are similar animals, belonging to the same genus, pairings between them are rare. Furthermore, male ligers (and male tigons) are sterile, so ligers themselves cannot mate and have offspring.

Ligers share physical and behavioral qualities of both parent species, forming spots and stripes on a sandy background. It is held that because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female lion is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent. Males have about a 50 percent chance of having a mane, but if they grow one, the mane will be modest, around 50 percent again of a pure lion mane.

Physical description

In Animal Life and the World of Nature, A. H. Bryden (1906) described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids:

It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has little or no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.

Color

Ligers have a tiger-like striping pattern on a lion-like tawny background. In addition, they may inherit rosettes (rose-like markings or formations, which are found in clusters and patches on the fur) from the lion parent, as lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings. These markings may be black, dark brown, or sandy. The background color may be correspondingly tawny, sandy, or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and color depends on which subspecies the parents were and on the way in which the genes interact in the offspring.

White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce "white," actually pale golden, ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale, or even stripe-less ligers.

A black liger would require both a melanistic tiger and a melanistic lion as parents. (Melanism refers to increased amount of black or nearly black pigmentation.) Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism. No reports of black lions have ever been substantiated.

The blue or Maltese tiger is now unlikely to exist, making grey or blue ligers an impossibility.

Size

Imprinted genes may be a factor contributing to liger size. These are genes that may or may not be expressed depending on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some mice species crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent species. This growth is not seen in the paternal species, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate species (HHMI 2000).

Another proposed hypothesis is that the growth dysplasia results from the interaction between lion genes and tiger womb environment. The tiger produces a hormone that sets the fetal liger on a pattern of growth that does not end throughout its life. The hormonal hypothesis is that the cause of the male liger's growth is its sterility—essentially, the male liger remains in the pre-pubertal growth phase. This is not upheld by behavioral evidence—despite being sterile, many male ligers become sexually mature and mate with females. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion. In addition, female ligers also attain great size, weighing approximately 700 pounds (320 kilograms) and reaching 10 feet (3.05 meters) long on average, but are often fertile.

Fertility

Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile.

According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, both male and female ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile. In 1943, however, a 15-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tigress was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, even though very delicate, was raised to adulthood (Guggisberg 1975).

Because only female ligers and female tigons are fertile, a liger cannot reproduce with a tigon (offspring of male tiger and a lioness). This fertility is exhibited in accordance with Haldane's rule: in hybrids of animals whose gender is determined by sex chromosomes, if one gender is absent, rare, or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y). Thus, the male liger and male tigon are sterile.

The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well-documented across a number of different hybrids and follows Haldane's rule.

If a liger were to reproduce with a tiger, it would be called a ti-liger, and if it were to reproduce with a lion, it would be called a li-liger.

Ligers in the wild and in captivity

Rare reports have been made of tigresses mating with lions in the wild (Courtney 1980). Under exceptional circumstances, it has been known for a tiger, Panthera tigris, to be forced into ranges inhabited by the Asiatic lion, Panthera leo persica. According to Ronald Tilson, the director of conservation at the Minnesota Zoo, this crossbreeding may have occurred in the Gir Forest in India where the ranges of Asiatic lions and Bengal tigers overlap. This combination of species in the wild, however, is considered highly unlikely.

According to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), accredited zoos frown on the practice of mixing two different species and have never bred ligers. Keeping the two species separate has always been standard procedure (Mott 2005). However, they have admitted that ligers have occurred by accident. Several AZA zoos are reported to have ligers.

To follow are some of the reports of ligers:

  • Two liger cubs born in 1837 were painted by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772−1844). In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of the same liger cubs born in 1824. The cubs were later exhibited to William IV and to his successor Victoria. The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a nineteenth-century painting in the naive style.
  • On December 14, 1900 and on May 31, 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenpark in Hamburg in 1897.
  • In 1888 there was an 18-year-old, 798-kilogram (1,756-pound) male liger living at Bloemfontein zoological gardens South Africa reported by the 1973 Guinness Book of World Records.
  • In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 750 pounds and stood a foot and a half taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder.
  • Shasta, a ligress, was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on May 14, 1948, and died in 1972 at age 24.
  • Canberra Zoo in Australia had a liger, which died in 2006.
  • Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin has a 21-year-old male liger named Nook who weighs 550 kilograms (1,210 pounds) and is still living as of January 2007.
  • As of 2007, the Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species had the largest non-obese liger, known as Hercules. Hercules weighs over 544 kilograms (1,200 pounds), over twice the size of a male lion (SSZ 2007). The enormous liger was also featured in a Maxim magazine article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408 kilograms (900 pounds). Eventually, he was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest cat. Hercules was felt to be completely healthy and with a long life expectancy (FTVP 2002).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bryden, A. H., and J. Lubbock. 1906. Animal Life and the World of Nature. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
  • Courtney, N. 1980. The Tiger, Symbol of Freedom. London: Quartet Books. ISBN 0704322455
  • Foundation TV Productions (FTVP). 2002. In America...: biggest cat in the world. The Foundation TV Productions Ltd. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  • Guggisberg, C. A. W. 1975. Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. ISBN 0800883241
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). 2000. Gene tug-of-war leads to distinct species. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  • Iles, Gerald. 1960. At Home in the Zoo. London: W. H. Allen.
  • Milne, A. A. 1927. Tiggers can't climb trees. The London Magazine 59.
  • Mott, M. 2005. Ligers. Big Cat Rescue. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  • Sierra Safari Zoo (SSZ). 2007. Liger. Sierra Safari Zoo. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  • Singh, U. 2006. New Functions for old Genes in the Mouse Placenta.” Uppsala: Uppsala University. ISBN 9155465668. Retrieved June 21, 2007.

This article incorporates text from messybeast.com, which is released under the GFDL.

External links

All links retrieved October 25, 2022.

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