Difference between revisions of "Homo habilis" - New World Encyclopedia
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia | | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ||
| ordo = [[Primate]]s | | ordo = [[Primate]]s | ||
| − | | familia = [[Hominidae]] | + | | familia = [[Hominidae]] (Great Apes) |
| − | | genus = ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' | + | | genus = ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]*'' |
| species = '''''H. habilis''''' | | species = '''''H. habilis''''' | ||
| binomial = †''Homo habilis'' | | binomial = †''Homo habilis'' | ||
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| − | '''''Homo habilis''''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/ˈhoʊmoʊ ˈhæbələs/}}) ("handy man" | + | '''''Homo habilis''''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/ˈhoʊmoʊ ˈhæbələs/}}) ("handy man," "skillful person") is the oldest known [[species]] of the genus ''Homo'', to which human beings belong. ''Homo habilis'' lived from approximately 2.5 million to 1.5 million years ago, appearing first in the late [[Pliocene]] or beginning of the [[Pleistocene]]. It is considered to have diverged from the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecines]]. |
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| + | ''Homo habilis'' was nicknamed 'handy man' by its discoverer, Louis Leakey. Some scientists have proposed moving this species out of Homo and into ''Australopithecus'' (Mayr 2001). | ||
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| + | ==Overview== | ||
| + | ''Homo babilis'' is one of the first known hominids. The term hominid technically refers to any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes"), a group of primates that includes the extinct and extant humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Originally, however, the term hominid was restricted to humans and their extinct relatives—those more closely related to humans than the other great apes, which were in a different family—and this definition of hominid is still used by many anthropologists and lay people. | ||
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| + | Mayr (2001) notes that around two million years ago, another fossil hominid was found which was described as ''Homo habilis'' but was eventually separated, with the larger-brained specimens assigned to ''H. rudolfensis'' and the name ''habilis'' restricted to the smaller specimens. | ||
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| + | Mayr (2001) reports that ''Homo habilis'' brains measured only 450, 500, and 600 cc, overlapping ''Australopithecus'', while ''Homo rudolfensis'' were strikingly larger, from 700 to 900 cc. | ||
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| + | Fossil findings are actually quite rare and quite incomplete, and thus interpretations are subject to change. Mayr (2001) states that "'''Homo' habilis'' is now considered a late species of ''Australopithecus''." | ||
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| + | Mayr (2001) notes that the ''Homo'' genus, a far advanced hominid, appeared suddenly in eastern AFrica. He finds this quite puzzling, as ''H. rudolfensis'' does not seem to have descended from any known ''Australopithecus'' species in eastern and southern Africa, and if it came from ''Australopithecus'' species elsewhere (western and northern Africa), then no fossils have been found so far. | ||
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''Homo habilis'' is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', which in turn gave rise to the more human-appearing species, ''[[Homo erectus]]''. Debates continue over whether ''H. habilis'' is a direct human ancestor, and whether all of the known fossils are properly attributed to the species. | ''Homo habilis'' is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', which in turn gave rise to the more human-appearing species, ''[[Homo erectus]]''. Debates continue over whether ''H. habilis'' is a direct human ancestor, and whether all of the known fossils are properly attributed to the species. | ||
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| + | The definition of this species is credited to both Mary and Louis [[Leakey]], who found fossils in [[Tanzania]], [[East Africa]], between [[1962]] and [[1964]]. | ||
==Findings== | ==Findings== | ||
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| + | <ref>[[Richard Leakey]] describes the discovery and naming of the first ''habilis'' in ''The Making of Mankind'', pp 65-66 of the Dutton 1981 hardcover edition. It was found by [[Jonathan Leakey]] at Olduvai, and was called at first "Jonny's child." Richard says that Louis named the fossil for its "ability to make tools" and that ''habilis'' means "skilful." By another account (see the notes for [[Louis Leakey]]) Louis solicited a name from [[Raymond Dart]], which [[Phillip Tobias]] translated as "handyman." Later it became OH 7 described under "Famous specimens" below.</ref> ''Homo habilis'' is arguably the first species of the ''Homo'' genus to appear. In its appearance and [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], ''H. habilis'' was the least similar to modern humans of all species to be placed in the genus ''Homo'' (except possibly ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''). ''Homo habilis'' was short and had disproportionately long arms compared to modern humans, however it had a reduction in the protrusion in the face. It is thought to have descended from a species of [[australopithecine]] hominid. Its immediate ancestor may have been the more massive and ape like ''Homo rudolfensis''. ''Homo habilis'' had a [[cranial capacity]] slightly less than half of the size of modern humans. Despite the ape-like morphology of the bodies, ''H. habilis'' remains are often accompanied by primitive stone tools (e.g. [[Olduvai Gorge]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Lake Turkana]], [[Kenya]]). | ||
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<!--This contradicts both the source of Note 1 and other information in the article. But here it is if you can back it up with sources: Anthropologist [[Louis Leakey]]’s son [[Jonathan Leakey]], unearthed an [[ape]]-like skull that shared [[human]]-like traits in 1964. The name itself, ''Homo habilis'', was originally given by [[Raymond Dart]]. —>One set of fossil remains (OH 62), discovered by [[Donald Johanson]] and [[Tim White (anthropologist)|Tim White]] in Olduvai Gorge in 1986, included the important upper and lower limbs. An older (1963) finding from the Olduvai site found by N. Mbuika had included a lower jaw fragment, teeth and upper mandible possibly from a female dating 1.7 million years old. The remains from 3 skeletons<ref>[[BBC]] - ''Dawn of Man'' (2000) by Robin Mckie| ISBN 0-7894-6262-1</ref> demonstrated australopithecine-like body with a more human-like face and smaller teeth. Compared to [[australopithecine]]s, ''H. habilis'''s brain capacity of 590 and 650 cc was on average 50% larger than australopithecines, but considerably smaller than the 1350 to 1450 cc range of modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. These hominins were smaller than modern humans, on average standing no more than 1.3 m (4'3") tall. | <!--This contradicts both the source of Note 1 and other information in the article. But here it is if you can back it up with sources: Anthropologist [[Louis Leakey]]’s son [[Jonathan Leakey]], unearthed an [[ape]]-like skull that shared [[human]]-like traits in 1964. The name itself, ''Homo habilis'', was originally given by [[Raymond Dart]]. —>One set of fossil remains (OH 62), discovered by [[Donald Johanson]] and [[Tim White (anthropologist)|Tim White]] in Olduvai Gorge in 1986, included the important upper and lower limbs. An older (1963) finding from the Olduvai site found by N. Mbuika had included a lower jaw fragment, teeth and upper mandible possibly from a female dating 1.7 million years old. The remains from 3 skeletons<ref>[[BBC]] - ''Dawn of Man'' (2000) by Robin Mckie| ISBN 0-7894-6262-1</ref> demonstrated australopithecine-like body with a more human-like face and smaller teeth. Compared to [[australopithecine]]s, ''H. habilis'''s brain capacity of 590 and 650 cc was on average 50% larger than australopithecines, but considerably smaller than the 1350 to 1450 cc range of modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. These hominins were smaller than modern humans, on average standing no more than 1.3 m (4'3") tall. | ||
Revision as of 21:21, 4 March 2007
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| KNM ER 1813 discovered at Koobi Fora KNM ER 1813 discovered at Koobi Fora
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| †Homo habilis Leakey et al, 1964 |
Homo habilis (IPA /ˈhoʊmoʊ ˈhæbələs/) ("handy man," "skillful person") is the oldest known species of the genus Homo, to which human beings belong. Homo habilis lived from approximately 2.5 million to 1.5 million years ago, appearing first in the late Pliocene or beginning of the Pleistocene. It is considered to have diverged from the Australopithecines.
Homo habilis was nicknamed 'handy man' by its discoverer, Louis Leakey. Some scientists have proposed moving this species out of Homo and into Australopithecus (Mayr 2001).
Overview
Homo babilis is one of the first known hominids. The term hominid technically refers to any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes"), a group of primates that includes the extinct and extant humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Originally, however, the term hominid was restricted to humans and their extinct relatives—those more closely related to humans than the other great apes, which were in a different family—and this definition of hominid is still used by many anthropologists and lay people.
Mayr (2001) notes that around two million years ago, another fossil hominid was found which was described as Homo habilis but was eventually separated, with the larger-brained specimens assigned to H. rudolfensis and the name habilis restricted to the smaller specimens.
Mayr (2001) reports that Homo habilis brains measured only 450, 500, and 600 cc, overlapping Australopithecus, while Homo rudolfensis were strikingly larger, from 700 to 900 cc.
Fossil findings are actually quite rare and quite incomplete, and thus interpretations are subject to change. Mayr (2001) states that "'Homo' habilis is now considered a late species of Australopithecus."
Mayr (2001) notes that the Homo genus, a far advanced hominid, appeared suddenly in eastern AFrica. He finds this quite puzzling, as H. rudolfensis does not seem to have descended from any known Australopithecus species in eastern and southern Africa, and if it came from Australopithecus species elsewhere (western and northern Africa), then no fossils have been found so far.
Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, Homo ergaster, which in turn gave rise to the more human-appearing species, Homo erectus. Debates continue over whether H. habilis is a direct human ancestor, and whether all of the known fossils are properly attributed to the species.
The definition of this species is credited to both Mary and Louis Leakey, who found fossils in Tanzania, East Africa, between 1962 and 1964.
Findings
[1] Homo habilis is arguably the first species of the Homo genus to appear. In its appearance and morphology, H. habilis was the least similar to modern humans of all species to be placed in the genus Homo (except possibly Homo rudolfensis). Homo habilis was short and had disproportionately long arms compared to modern humans, however it had a reduction in the protrusion in the face. It is thought to have descended from a species of australopithecine hominid. Its immediate ancestor may have been the more massive and ape like Homo rudolfensis. Homo habilis had a cranial capacity slightly less than half of the size of modern humans. Despite the ape-like morphology of the bodies, H. habilis remains are often accompanied by primitive stone tools (e.g. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and Lake Turkana, Kenya).
One set of fossil remains (OH 62), discovered by Donald Johanson and Tim White in Olduvai Gorge in 1986, included the important upper and lower limbs. An older (1963) finding from the Olduvai site found by N. Mbuika had included a lower jaw fragment, teeth and upper mandible possibly from a female dating 1.7 million years old. The remains from 3 skeletons[2] demonstrated australopithecine-like body with a more human-like face and smaller teeth. Compared to australopithecines, H. habilis's brain capacity of 590 and 650 cc was on average 50% larger than australopithecines, but considerably smaller than the 1350 to 1450 cc range of modern Homo sapiens. These hominins were smaller than modern humans, on average standing no more than 1.3 m (4'3") tall.
The small size and rather primitive attributes have led some experts (Richard Leakey among them) to propose excluding H. habilis from the genus Homo, and renaming as "Australopithecus habilis".
Famous Specimens
- KNM ER 1813 is a relatively complete cranium which dates 1.9 million years old, discovered at Koobi Fora, Kenya by Kamoya Kimeu in 1973. The brain capacity is 510cc, not as impressive as other early specimen and forms of Homo habilis discovered.
- OH 7 dates 1.75 million years old and was discovered by Jonathan Leakey on November 4, 1960 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. It is a lower jaw complete with teeth and due to the size of the small teeth; researchers estimate this individual had a brain volume of 363cc.
- OH 24 (AKA Twiggy) is a roughly deformed cranium dating 1.8 million years old discovered in October 1968 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Peter Nzube. The brain volume is just under 600cc; also a reduction in a protruding face is present compared to members of more primitive Australopithecines. Twiggy was found in a distorted matrix with a coating of limestone rock.
- KNM ER 1805 is a specimen of an adult H. habilis made of 3 pieces of cranium dating 1.74 million years old from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Previous assumptions were that this specimen belongs to H. erectus based on the degree of prognathism and overall cranial shape.
Interpretations
Homo habilis is thought to have mastered the Olduwan era (Early Paleolithic) tool case which utilized stone flakes. These stone flakes were more advanced than any tools previously used, and gave H. habilis the edge it needed to prosper in hostile environments previously too formidable for primates. Whether H. habilis was the first hominin to master stone tool technology remains controversial, as Australopithecus garhi, dated to 2.6 million years ago, has been found along with stone tool implements at least 100,000 - 200,000 years older than H. habilis.
Most experts assume the intelligence and social organization of H. habilis were more sophisticated than typical australopithecines or chimpanzees. Yet despite tool usage, H. habilis was not the master hunter that its descendants proved to be, as there is ample fossil evidence that H. habilis was a staple in the diet of large predatory animals such as Dinofelis, a large predatory cat similar to a leopard. H. habilis used tools primarily for scavenging, such as cleaving meat off of carrion, rather than defense or hunting. Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, Homo ergaster, which in turn gave rise to the more human-appearing species, Homo erectus. Debates continue over whether H. habilis is a direct human ancestor, and whether all of the known fossils are properly attributed to the species.
Homo habilis co-existed with other Homo-like bipedal primates, such as Paranthropus boisei, some of which prospered for many millennia. However, H. habilis, possibly because of its early tool innovation and a less specialized diet, became the precursor of an entire line of new species, whereas Paranthropus boisei and its robust relatives disappeared from the fossil record.
The classification of H. habilis into the Homo genus is controversial. Like Homo rudolfensis, H. habilis lacked many of the things that were unique to later hominins such as slim hips for walking long distances, a sophisticated sweating system, narrow birth canal, and legs longer than arms. Such traits as noticeable whites in the eyes, smaller hairs resulting in exposed skin, and a naked appearance remain theoretical. Despite larger brains than earlier species, and bipedal locomotion, many scientists think H. habilis and its close relative H. rudolfensis to be more ape-like, and not properly belonging in the Homo genus.
Notes
- ↑ Richard Leakey describes the discovery and naming of the first habilis in The Making of Mankind, pp 65-66 of the Dutton 1981 hardcover edition. It was found by Jonathan Leakey at Olduvai, and was called at first "Jonny's child." Richard says that Louis named the fossil for its "ability to make tools" and that habilis means "skilful." By another account (see the notes for Louis Leakey) Louis solicited a name from Raymond Dart, which Phillip Tobias translated as "handyman." Later it became OH 7 described under "Famous specimens" below.
- ↑ BBC - Dawn of Man (2000) by Robin Mckie| ISBN 0-7894-6262-1
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Early Humans (Roy A. Gallant)/Copyright 2000| ISBN 0-7614-0960-2
- The Making of Mankind, Richard E. Leakey, Elsevier-Dutton Publishing Company, Inc., Copyright 1981, ISBN 0-525-150552, LC Catalog Number 81-664544.
External links
Sahelanthropus tchadensis • Orrorin tugenensis • Ardipithecus
Australopithecus: A. anamensis • A. afarensis • A. bahrelghazali • A. africanus • A. garhi
Paranthropus: P. aethiopicus • P. boisei • P. robustus
Kenyanthropus platyops
Homo: H. habilis • H. rudolfensis • H. georgicus • H. ergaster • H. erectus (H. e. lantianensis • H. e. palaeojavanicus • H. e. pekinensis • H. e. soloensis) • H. cepranensis • H. antecessor • H. heidelbergensis • H. neanderthalensis • H. rhodesiensis • H. floresiensis • Homo sapiens (H. s. idaltu • H. s. sapiens)
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