Sagan, Carl
Rosie Tanabe (talk | contribs) |
|||
| (38 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| + | {{Images OK}}{{submitted}}{{approved}}{{copyedited}} | ||
| + | {{epname|Sagan, Carl}} | ||
{{Infobox_Scientist | {{Infobox_Scientist | ||
|name = Carl Sagan | |name = Carl Sagan | ||
|image = Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG | |image = Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG | ||
| − | |image_width = | + | |image_width = 175px |
|caption = | |caption = | ||
|birth_date = {{birth date|1934|11|9|mf=y}} | |birth_date = {{birth date|1934|11|9|mf=y}} | ||
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] | |birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] | ||
| − | |residence = | + | |residence = |
|nationality = [[United States|American]] | |nationality = [[United States|American]] | ||
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|12|20|1934|11|09}} | |death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|12|20|1934|11|09}} | ||
| Line 13: | Line 15: | ||
|work_institutions = [[Cornell University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | |work_institutions = [[Cornell University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | ||
|alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] | |alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] | ||
| − | |known_for = [[SETI|Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)]]<br/>[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage | + | |known_for = [[SETI|Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)]]<br/>[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]]<br/>[[Contact (film)|''Contact'']] |
|prizes = [[Oersted Medal]] (1990)<br/>[[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]] (twice)<br/>[[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] (1978)<br/>[[United States National Academy of Sciences|NAS]] [[Public Welfare Medal]] (1994) | |prizes = [[Oersted Medal]] (1990)<br/>[[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]] (twice)<br/>[[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] (1978)<br/>[[United States National Academy of Sciences|NAS]] [[Public Welfare Medal]] (1994) | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Carl Edward Sagan''' (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]] and [[Astrochemistry|astrochemist]] and a highly successful popularizer of | + | '''Carl Edward Sagan''' (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]] and [[Astrochemistry|astrochemist]] and a highly successful popularizer of several [[natural science]]s. He pioneered [[Astrobiology|exobiology]] and promoted the [[SETI|Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)]]. |
| − | + | Sagan is famous for writing [[popular science]] books and co-writing and presenting the award-winning 1980 television series ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]],'' which has been seen in over 60 countries is the most widely watched [[Public Broadcasting Service]] program in history. | |
| − | Sagan also wrote the novel [[Contact (novel)|''Contact'']] | + | Sagan also wrote a bestselling book supporting the ''Cosmos'' series and co-wrote the novel [[Contact (novel)|''Contact,'']] the basis for the 1997 [[Robert Zemeckis]] [[Contact (film)|film of the same name]] starring [[Jodie Foster]]. During his lifetime, Sagan published more than 600 scientific papers and popular articles and was author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. In his works, he frequently advocated [[scientific skepticism|skeptical inquiry]] and [[humanism]], and took political stands in opposition to [[global warming]], [[nuclear weapons]], and the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]. |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | His many awards include the [[Oersted Medal]], the [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]], the [[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]], and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Public Welfare Medal]]. | ||
==Education and scientific career== | ==Education and scientific career== | ||
| − | Sagan was born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] to a [[Jewish]] family. His father, Sam Sagan, was a [[garment]] worker; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife. | + | Sagan was born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], to a [[Jewish]] family. His father, Sam Sagan, was a [[garment]] worker; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife. |
Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in [[New Jersey]] in 1951. He attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] with general and special honors (1954), a [[Bachelor of Science|S.B.]] (1955), and a [[Master of Science|S.M.]] (1956) in [[physics]], before earning a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree (1960) in [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]. During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the [[geneticist]] [[Hermann Joseph Muller|H. J. Muller]]. From 1960 to 1962, he was a Miller Fellow at the [[University of California Berkeley]]. From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in [[New Jersey]] in 1951. He attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] with general and special honors (1954), a [[Bachelor of Science|S.B.]] (1955), and a [[Master of Science|S.M.]] (1956) in [[physics]], before earning a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree (1960) in [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]. During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the [[geneticist]] [[Hermann Joseph Muller|H. J. Muller]]. From 1960 to 1962, he was a Miller Fellow at the [[University of California Berkeley]]. From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts. | ||
| Line 29: | Line 33: | ||
Sagan lectured annually at [[Harvard University]] until 1968, when he moved to [[Cornell University]]. He became a full professor at Cornell in 1971, where he directed the Laboratory for [[Planetary science|Planetary Studies]]. From 1972 to 1981, he was associate director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell. | Sagan lectured annually at [[Harvard University]] until 1968, when he moved to [[Cornell University]]. He became a full professor at Cornell in 1971, where he directed the Laboratory for [[Planetary science|Planetary Studies]]. From 1972 to 1981, he was associate director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell. | ||
| − | Sagan was a leader in the U.S. [[space program]] since its inception. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an adviser to [[NASA]]. One of his duties during his tenure at the space agency was to brief the [[Apollo program|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s before their flights to the [[Moon]]. Sagan also arranged experiments on many of the [[robotic spacecraft]] missions that explored the [[solar system]]. He conceived the idea of adding a "universal message" on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could be understood by any [[extraterrestrial intelligence]] that might find it. | + | Sagan was a leader in the U.S. [[space program]] since its inception. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an adviser to [[NASA]]. One of his duties during his tenure at the space agency was to brief the ''[[Apollo program|Apollo]]'' [[astronaut]]s before their flights to the [[Moon]]. Sagan also arranged experiments on many of the [[robotic spacecraft]] missions that explored the [[solar system]]. He conceived the idea of adding a "universal message" on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could be understood by any [[extraterrestrial intelligence]] that might find it. |
| − | At Cornell, Sagan taught a course on [[critical thinking]] until his death in 1996 from a rare bone-marrow disease. | + | At Cornell, Sagan taught a course on [[critical thinking]] until his death, in 1996, from a rare bone-marrow disease. |
==Scientific achievements== | ==Scientific achievements== | ||
| − | Sagan was central to the discovery of the high [[surface temperature]]s of the planet [[Venus]]. His own view was that the planet was dry and very hot, as opposed to the balmy paradise some had imagined. As a visiting scientist to NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], he contributed to the first [[Mariner program|Mariner]] missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. [[Mariner 2]] confirmed his views on the conditions of Venus in 1962. | + | Sagan was central to the discovery of the high [[surface temperature]]s of the planet [[Venus]]. His own view was that the planet was dry and very hot, as opposed to the balmy paradise some had imagined. As a visiting scientist to NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], he contributed to the first [[Mariner program|Mariner]] missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. ''[[Mariner 2]]'' confirmed his views on the conditions of Venus in 1962. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
Sagan was also among the first to hypothesize that [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] may possess oceans or lakes, possibly under their surfaces, which are potentially habitable by life. Europa's subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft [[Galileo probe|Galileo]]. Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, showing that it is composed of complex carbon-based molecules constantly raining down to its surface. Sagan also furthered insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. He established that the atmosphere of Venus is extremely hot and dense with crushing pressures. | Sagan was also among the first to hypothesize that [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] may possess oceans or lakes, possibly under their surfaces, which are potentially habitable by life. Europa's subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft [[Galileo probe|Galileo]]. Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, showing that it is composed of complex carbon-based molecules constantly raining down to its surface. Sagan also furthered insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. He established that the atmosphere of Venus is extremely hot and dense with crushing pressures. | ||
| Line 46: | Line 48: | ||
Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of [[exobiology|extraterrestrial life]], including experimental demonstration of the production of [[amino acid]]s from basic chemicals by [[radiation]]. | Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of [[exobiology|extraterrestrial life]], including experimental demonstration of the production of [[amino acid]]s from basic chemicals by [[radiation]]. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Advocacy== |
[[Image:Planetary society.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Planetary Society members at the organization's founding. Carl Sagan is seated to the right.]] | [[Image:Planetary society.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Planetary Society members at the organization's founding. Carl Sagan is seated to the right.]] | ||
| − | Sagan effectively urged the scientific community to listen with [[radio telescope]]s for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial lifeforms. By 1982, he was able to get a petition advocating the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence [[SETI]] published in the journal ''Science'' | + | Sagan effectively urged the scientific community to listen with [[radio telescope]]s for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial lifeforms. By 1982, he was able to get a petition advocating the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence [[SETI]] published in the journal ''Science,'' signed by 70 scientists, including seven [[Nobel Prize]] winners. This even is seen as a turning point in the respectability of this controversial field. Sagan also helped Dr. [[Frank Drake]] write the [[Arecibo message]], a radio message beamed into space from the [[Arecibo radio telescope]] on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing extraterrestrials about Earth. |
| − | Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal ''[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]'' for 12 years. He co-founded the ''[[Planetary Society]]'' | + | Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal ''[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]'' for 12 years. He co-founded the ''[[Planetary Society]],'' the largest space-interest group in the world, with over 1,000,000 members in more than 149 countries, and was a member of the [[SETI Institute]] board of trustees. Sagan served as chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the [[American Astronomical Society]], as president of the Planetology Section of the [[American Geophysical Union]], and as chairman of the Astronomy Section of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]. |
| − | At the height of the [[Cold War]], Sagan worked to increase public awareness efforts for the effects of [[nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the balance of [[life on Earth]]. He co-authored a scientific paper hypothesizing a global [[nuclear winter]] following nuclear war. He also co-wrote the book ''A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race''. | + | At the height of the [[Cold War]], Sagan worked to increase public awareness efforts for the effects of [[nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the balance of [[life on Earth]]. He co-authored a scientific paper hypothesizing a global [[nuclear winter]] following nuclear war. He also co-wrote the book, ''A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race''. |
In January of 1991, during the [[First Gulf War]], Sagan erroneously warned that smoke from the [[Kuwaiti oil fires]] might disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia. He later acknowledged the error in ''The Demon-Haunted World''. | In January of 1991, during the [[First Gulf War]], Sagan erroneously warned that smoke from the [[Kuwaiti oil fires]] might disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia. He later acknowledged the error in ''The Demon-Haunted World''. | ||
| Line 58: | Line 60: | ||
In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for [[near Earth objects]] (NEO) that could impact the Earth. | In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for [[near Earth objects]] (NEO) that could impact the Earth. | ||
| − | == | + | ===Sagan and UFOs=== |
| + | Sagan had some interest in [[UFO]] reports from at least 1964. Though skeptical on the UFO question, Sagan thought scientists should study the phenomenon seriously. In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review the [[Project Blue Book]], the [[U.S. Air Force]]'s UFO investigation project. The committee concluded that the project had been lacking as a scientific study and recommended a university-based study to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The result was the [[Condon Committee]] (1966-1968), led by physicist [[Edward Condon]], which formally concluded that there was no proof of the existence of extra-terrestrial based UFO's but that that there were gaps in scientific knowledge that might benefit from further research in the UFO field. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his 1980 ''Cosmos'' series, Sagan rejected the idea that UFOs are visiting Earth, maintaining that the chances any alien spacecraft would visit the Earth are vanishingly small. In one of his last written works, Sagan again argued there was no evidence that aliens have actually visited the Earth, either in the past or present.<ref>Sagan (1996), 81-96, 99-104.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Political activism=== | ||
Sagan agreed with the theory that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations had probably formed over the millennia, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations implies that [[technological]] civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a [[cataclysm]] and eventually becoming a successful [[spacefaring]] species. | Sagan agreed with the theory that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations had probably formed over the millennia, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations implies that [[technological]] civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a [[cataclysm]] and eventually becoming a successful [[spacefaring]] species. | ||
| − | Following his marriage to his third wife (novelist [[Ann Druyan]]) in June 1981, Sagan became more politically active, particularly in opposition to the escalation of the [[nuclear arms race]] under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. Sagan spoke out against Reagan's | + | Following his marriage to his third wife (novelist [[Ann Druyan]]) in June 1981, Sagan became more politically active, particularly in opposition to the escalation of the [[nuclear arms race]] under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. Sagan spoke out against Reagan's proposed [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] ("Star Wars") project. He was also arrested in an anti-nuclear weapons protest at the [[Nevada Test Site]] on two occasions in the late 1980s. |
==Popularization of science== | ==Popularization of science== | ||
| − | He hosted, co-wrote, and co-produced the highly popular 13-part [[PBS]] television series [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'']] modeled on [[Jacob Bronowski]]'s ''[[The Ascent of Man]]''. ''Cosmos'' covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the [[origin of life]] and a perspective of our place in the [[universe]]. The series was first broadcast by the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] in 1980, winning an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and a [[Peabody Award]]. According to the NASA Office of Space Science, it has been since | + | [[Image:NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal.jpeg|frame|right|NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal was presented to Carl Sagan.]] |
| + | He hosted, co-wrote, and co-produced the highly popular 13-part [[PBS]] television series [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'']] modeled on [[Jacob Bronowski]]'s ''[[The Ascent of Man]]''. ''Cosmos'' covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the [[origin of life]] and a perspective of our place in the [[universe]]. The series was first broadcast by the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] in 1980, winning an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and a [[Peabody Award]]. According to the NASA Office of Space Science, it has been broadcast since in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people. | ||
| − | His book ''[[Cosmos (book)|Cosmos]]'' | + | His book, ''[[Cosmos (book)|Cosmos]],'' which reflected and expanded upon the themes of the television series, became the best-selling science book ever published in English. ''[[The Dragons of Eden|The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence]]'' won a [[Pulitzer Prize]]. Sagan also wrote the best-selling [[science fiction]] novel [[Contact (novel)|''Contact,'']] but did not live to see the book's 1997 [[Contact (film)|motion picture adaptation]], which starred [[Jodie Foster]] and won the 1998 [[Hugo Award]]. The sequel to ''Cosmos,'' [[Pale Blue Dot (book)|''Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space,'']] was selected as a notable book of 1995 by ''[[The New York Times]]''. Sagan also wrote an introduction for the bestselling book by [[Stephen Hawking]], ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''. |
Sagan caused mixed reactions among other professional scientists. On the one hand, there was general support for his popularization of science and his positions in favor of [[scientific skepticism]] and against [[pseudoscience]]. On the other hand, he provoked unease that the public would understand some of his personal positions and interests as being part of the scientific consensus. | Sagan caused mixed reactions among other professional scientists. On the one hand, there was general support for his popularization of science and his positions in favor of [[scientific skepticism]] and against [[pseudoscience]]. On the other hand, he provoked unease that the public would understand some of his personal positions and interests as being part of the scientific consensus. | ||
| − | Late in his life, Sagan's books developed his skeptical, [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] view of the world. In ''[[The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark]]'' | + | Late in his life, Sagan's books developed his skeptical, [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] view of the world. In ''[[The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark]],'' he presented tools for testing arguments and detecting fallacious or fraudulent ones, essentially advocating wide use of critical thinking and the [[scientific method]]. The compilation, ''[[Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium]],'' published in 1997, after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on [[abortion]], and his widow Ann Druyan's account of his death as a [[skepticism|skeptic]], [[agnosticism|agnostic]], and [[freethought|freethinker]]. |
| − | In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Glasgow ''[[Gifford Lectures]] in Natural Theology'' into a new book, ''[[The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God]]'' | + | In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Glasgow ''[[Gifford Lectures]] in Natural Theology'' into a new book, ''[[The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God]],'' in which he elaborates on his views of divinity in the [[nature|natural world]]. |
==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
| − | Sagan wrote frequently about [[religion]] and the relationship between religion and science, expressing his skepticism about many conventional conceptualizations of [[God]]. Sagan once stated, that "The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard, who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God,' one means the set of [[physical laws]] that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally | + | Sagan wrote frequently about [[religion]] and the relationship between religion and science, expressing his skepticism about many conventional conceptualizations of [[God]]. Sagan once stated, that "The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard, who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God,' one means the set of [[physical laws]] that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally unsatisfying… it does not make much sense to [[prayer|pray]] to the law of [[gravity]]." |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | One of his most famous quotations, though not entirely original, was "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."<ref>Marcello Truzzi, "On Some Unfair Practices towards Claims of the Paranormal," ''Oxymoron: Annual Thematic Anthology of the Arts and Sciences Vol.2: The Fringe'' (Oxymoron Media, Inc., 1998).</ref> | |
| − | |||
| + | Sagan married three times: To biologist [[Lynn Margulis]], mother of [[Dorion Sagan]] and [[Jeremy Sagan]], in 1957; to artist [[Linda Salzman Sagan|Linda Salzman]], mother of [[Nick Sagan]], in 1968; and to author [[Ann Druyan]], mother of Alexandra Rachel (Sasha) and Samuel Democritus (Sam), in 1981. His marriage to Druyan continued until his death in 1996. | ||
| − | + | Sagan was a user of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]. Under the [[pseudonym]] "Mr. X," he wrote an essay concerning cannabis smoking in the 1971 book, ''Marihuana Reconsidered''. | |
| − | + | After a long and difficult fight with [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplasia]], which included three [[bone marrow transplant]]s, Sagan died of [[pneumonia]] at the age of 62, at the [[Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center]] in [[Seattle, Washington]], leaving behind his third wife and five children on December 20, 1996. | |
| − | [[ | ||
| − | + | ==Legacy== | |
| + | [[Image:Carl-sagan-brooklyn.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Stone dedicated to Carl Sagan in the Celebrity Path of the Brooklyn Botanical Garden]] | ||
| − | Sagan's work in popularizing science, as well his many personal contributions to scientific theory and research, have been universally recognized, even by those scientists who did not agree with some of his activist stances. | + | Sagan's work in popularizing science, as well his many personal contributions to scientific theory and research, have been universally recognized, even by those scientists who did not agree with some of his activist stances. He was the recipient of dozens of prestigious awards from scientific, humanitarian, educational, literary, and humanist organizations, including the [[Oersted Medal]] (1990), the [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]] (twice), the [[Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction]] (1978), and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Public Welfare Medal]] (1994), and the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal. |
The landing site of the unmanned [[Mars Pathfinder]] spacecraft was renamed the ''[[Mars Pathfinder#End of the mission|Carl Sagan Memorial Station]]'' on July 5, 1997. Asteroid [[2709 Sagan]] is also named in his honor. | The landing site of the unmanned [[Mars Pathfinder]] spacecraft was renamed the ''[[Mars Pathfinder#End of the mission|Carl Sagan Memorial Station]]'' on July 5, 1997. Asteroid [[2709 Sagan]] is also named in his honor. | ||
| − | The 1997 movie ''[[Contact (film)|Contact]]'' | + | The 1997 movie, ''[[Contact (film)|Contact]],'' based on Sagan's novel of the same name and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl." |
On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan’s sixty-seventh birthday, the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos. | On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan’s sixty-seventh birthday, the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos. | ||
| − | Sagan has at least two awards named in his honor: | + | Sagan has at least two awards named in his honor: The [[Carl Sagan Memorial Award]] presented jointly since 1997, by the [[American Astronautical Society|American Astronautical Society (AAS)]] and the [[Planetary Society]]; and the [[Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science]] presented by [[Council of Scientific Society Presidents]] (CSSP). Sagan himself was the first recipient of the CSSP award in 1993. |
Sagan's student [[Steve Squyres]] led the team that landed the [[Spirit Rover]] and [[Opportunity Rover]] successfully on Mars in 2004. | Sagan's student [[Steve Squyres]] led the team that landed the [[Spirit Rover]] and [[Opportunity Rover]] successfully on Mars in 2004. | ||
| Line 111: | Line 113: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| − | + | <references/> | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | *Davidson, Keay. ''Carl Sagan: A Life''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN 0471252867 | + | * Davidson, Keay. ''Carl Sagan: A Life''. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN 0471252867. |
| − | *Head, Tom (ed.) ''Conversations with Carl Sagan''. Jackson, | + | * Head, Tom (ed.). ''Conversations with Carl Sagan''. Jackson, MI: University of Mississippi Press, 2005. ISBN 1578067367. |
| − | *Poundstone, William. ''Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos''. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1999. ISBN 0805057668 | + | * Poundstone, William. ''Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos''. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1999. ISBN 0805057668. |
| + | * Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan. ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark''. Ballantine Books, March 1996. ISBN 0345409469. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[http://www.carlsagan.com/ The Carl Sagan Portal] | + | All links retrieved November 27, 2023. |
| − | + | *[http://www.carlsagan.com/ The Carl Sagan Portal] ''www.carlsagan.com'' | |
| − | *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1011828 | + | *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1011828 Talk of the Nation] ''www.npr.org'' |
| − | + | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | [[Category:Explorers]] | |
| − | + | [[category:Astronomy]] | |
| − | + | [[category:Space exploration]] | |
| − | + | [[category:Environmental science]] | |
| − | + | [[category:literature]] | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
{{Credit|210455610}} | {{Credit|210455610}} | ||
Latest revision as of 12:47, 27 November 2023
|
Carl Sagan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | |
| Died | December 20 1996 (aged 62) Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Field | Astronomy and planetary science |
| Institutions | Cornell University Harvard University |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Known for | Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Cosmos: A Personal Voyage Contact |
| Notable prizes | Oersted Medal (1990) NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (twice) Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (1978) NAS Public Welfare Medal (1994) |
Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrochemist and a highly successful popularizer of several natural sciences. He pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Sagan is famous for writing popular science books and co-writing and presenting the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which has been seen in over 60 countries is the most widely watched Public Broadcasting Service program in history.
Sagan also wrote a bestselling book supporting the Cosmos series and co-wrote the novel Contact, the basis for the 1997 Robert Zemeckis film of the same name starring Jodie Foster. During his lifetime, Sagan published more than 600 scientific papers and popular articles and was author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. In his works, he frequently advocated skeptical inquiry and humanism, and took political stands in opposition to global warming, nuclear weapons, and the Strategic Defense Initiative.
His many awards include the Oersted Medal, the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, and the United States National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal.
Education and scientific career
Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family. His father, Sam Sagan, was a garment worker; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife.
Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in New Jersey in 1951. He attended the University of Chicago, where he received a A.B. with general and special honors (1954), a S.B. (1955), and a S.M. (1956) in physics, before earning a Ph.D. degree (1960) in astronomy and astrophysics. During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the geneticist H. J. Muller. From 1960 to 1962, he was a Miller Fellow at the University of California Berkeley. From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Sagan lectured annually at Harvard University until 1968, when he moved to Cornell University. He became a full professor at Cornell in 1971, where he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. From 1972 to 1981, he was associate director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell.
Sagan was a leader in the U.S. space program since its inception. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an adviser to NASA. One of his duties during his tenure at the space agency was to brief the Apollo astronauts before their flights to the Moon. Sagan also arranged experiments on many of the robotic spacecraft missions that explored the solar system. He conceived the idea of adding a "universal message" on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find it.
At Cornell, Sagan taught a course on critical thinking until his death, in 1996, from a rare bone-marrow disease.
Scientific achievements
Sagan was central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet Venus. His own view was that the planet was dry and very hot, as opposed to the balmy paradise some had imagined. As a visiting scientist to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he contributed to the first Mariner missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. Mariner 2 confirmed his views on the conditions of Venus in 1962.
Sagan was also among the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan and Jupiter's moon Europa may possess oceans or lakes, possibly under their surfaces, which are potentially habitable by life. Europa's subsurface ocean was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo. Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, showing that it is composed of complex carbon-based molecules constantly raining down to its surface. Sagan also furthered insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on Mars. He established that the atmosphere of Venus is extremely hot and dense with crushing pressures.
Sagan also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through greenhouse gases.
He also studied the observed color variations on Mars’ surface, concluding that they were not seasonal or vegetation changes as most believed, but shifts in surface dust caused by windstorms.
Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation.
Advocacy
Sagan effectively urged the scientific community to listen with radio telescopes for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial lifeforms. By 1982, he was able to get a petition advocating the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence SETI published in the journal Science, signed by 70 scientists, including seven Nobel Prize winners. This even is seen as a turning point in the respectability of this controversial field. Sagan also helped Dr. Frank Drake write the Arecibo message, a radio message beamed into space from the Arecibo radio telescope on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing extraterrestrials about Earth.
Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal Icarus for 12 years. He co-founded the Planetary Society, the largest space-interest group in the world, with over 1,000,000 members in more than 149 countries, and was a member of the SETI Institute board of trustees. Sagan served as chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, as president of the Planetology Section of the American Geophysical Union, and as chairman of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
At the height of the Cold War, Sagan worked to increase public awareness efforts for the effects of nuclear war when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the balance of life on Earth. He co-authored a scientific paper hypothesizing a global nuclear winter following nuclear war. He also co-wrote the book, A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race.
In January of 1991, during the First Gulf War, Sagan erroneously warned that smoke from the Kuwaiti oil fires might disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia. He later acknowledged the error in The Demon-Haunted World.
In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for near Earth objects (NEO) that could impact the Earth.
Sagan and UFOs
Sagan had some interest in UFO reports from at least 1964. Though skeptical on the UFO question, Sagan thought scientists should study the phenomenon seriously. In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review the Project Blue Book, the U.S. Air Force's UFO investigation project. The committee concluded that the project had been lacking as a scientific study and recommended a university-based study to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The result was the Condon Committee (1966-1968), led by physicist Edward Condon, which formally concluded that there was no proof of the existence of extra-terrestrial based UFO's but that that there were gaps in scientific knowledge that might benefit from further research in the UFO field.
In his 1980 Cosmos series, Sagan rejected the idea that UFOs are visiting Earth, maintaining that the chances any alien spacecraft would visit the Earth are vanishingly small. In one of his last written works, Sagan again argued there was no evidence that aliens have actually visited the Earth, either in the past or present.[1]
Political activism
Sagan agreed with the theory that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations had probably formed over the millennia, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations implies that technological civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a cataclysm and eventually becoming a successful spacefaring species.
Following his marriage to his third wife (novelist Ann Druyan) in June 1981, Sagan became more politically active, particularly in opposition to the escalation of the nuclear arms race under President Ronald Reagan. Sagan spoke out against Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars") project. He was also arrested in an anti-nuclear weapons protest at the Nevada Test Site on two occasions in the late 1980s.
Popularization of science
He hosted, co-wrote, and co-produced the highly popular 13-part PBS television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage modeled on Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man. Cosmos covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the origin of life and a perspective of our place in the universe. The series was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1980, winning an Emmy and a Peabody Award. According to the NASA Office of Space Science, it has been broadcast since in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people.
His book, Cosmos, which reflected and expanded upon the themes of the television series, became the best-selling science book ever published in English. The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence won a Pulitzer Prize. Sagan also wrote the best-selling science fiction novel Contact, but did not live to see the book's 1997 motion picture adaptation, which starred Jodie Foster and won the 1998 Hugo Award. The sequel to Cosmos, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, was selected as a notable book of 1995 by The New York Times. Sagan also wrote an introduction for the bestselling book by Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time.
Sagan caused mixed reactions among other professional scientists. On the one hand, there was general support for his popularization of science and his positions in favor of scientific skepticism and against pseudoscience. On the other hand, he provoked unease that the public would understand some of his personal positions and interests as being part of the scientific consensus.
Late in his life, Sagan's books developed his skeptical, naturalistic view of the world. In The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, he presented tools for testing arguments and detecting fallacious or fraudulent ones, essentially advocating wide use of critical thinking and the scientific method. The compilation, Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium, published in 1997, after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on abortion, and his widow Ann Druyan's account of his death as a skeptic, agnostic, and freethinker.
In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Glasgow Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology into a new book, The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, in which he elaborates on his views of divinity in the natural world.
Personal life
Sagan wrote frequently about religion and the relationship between religion and science, expressing his skepticism about many conventional conceptualizations of God. Sagan once stated, that "The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard, who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God,' one means the set of physical laws that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally unsatisfying… it does not make much sense to pray to the law of gravity."
One of his most famous quotations, though not entirely original, was "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."[2]
Sagan married three times: To biologist Lynn Margulis, mother of Dorion Sagan and Jeremy Sagan, in 1957; to artist Linda Salzman, mother of Nick Sagan, in 1968; and to author Ann Druyan, mother of Alexandra Rachel (Sasha) and Samuel Democritus (Sam), in 1981. His marriage to Druyan continued until his death in 1996.
Sagan was a user of marijuana. Under the pseudonym "Mr. X," he wrote an essay concerning cannabis smoking in the 1971 book, Marihuana Reconsidered.
After a long and difficult fight with myelodysplasia, which included three bone marrow transplants, Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, leaving behind his third wife and five children on December 20, 1996.
Legacy
Sagan's work in popularizing science, as well his many personal contributions to scientific theory and research, have been universally recognized, even by those scientists who did not agree with some of his activist stances. He was the recipient of dozens of prestigious awards from scientific, humanitarian, educational, literary, and humanist organizations, including the Oersted Medal (1990), the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (twice), the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (1978), and the United States National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal (1994), and the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal.
The landing site of the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station on July 5, 1997. Asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named in his honor.
The 1997 movie, Contact, based on Sagan's novel of the same name and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl."
On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan’s sixty-seventh birthday, the NASA Ames Research Center dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos.
Sagan has at least two awards named in his honor: The Carl Sagan Memorial Award presented jointly since 1997, by the American Astronautical Society (AAS) and the Planetary Society; and the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science presented by Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP). Sagan himself was the first recipient of the CSSP award in 1993.
Sagan's student Steve Squyres led the team that landed the Spirit Rover and Opportunity Rover successfully on Mars in 2004.
Sagan's son, Nick Sagan, wrote several episodes in the Star Trek franchise.
Isaac Asimov described Sagan as one of only two people he ever met who was smarter than Asimov himself.
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Davidson, Keay. Carl Sagan: A Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN 0471252867.
- Head, Tom (ed.). Conversations with Carl Sagan. Jackson, MI: University of Mississippi Press, 2005. ISBN 1578067367.
- Poundstone, William. Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1999. ISBN 0805057668.
- Sagan, Carl and Ann Druyan. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books, March 1996. ISBN 0345409469.
External links
All links retrieved November 27, 2023.
- The Carl Sagan Portal www.carlsagan.com
- Talk of the Nation www.npr.org
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
