Budapest
| Budapest | |||
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| Nickname: "Pearl of the Danube" or "Queen of the Danube", "Heart of Europe", "Capital of Freedom" |
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| Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:47|28|19|N|19|03|01|E|type:city | |||
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| name= }} | |||
| Country | Hungary | ||
| County | Budapest, Capital City | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Gábor Demszky (SZDSZ) | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 525.16 km² (202.8 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2007) | |||
| - City | 1,696,128 | ||
| - Density | 3,232/km² (8,370.8/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 2,451,418 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Website: budapest.hu | |||
Budapest (pronounced /ˈbu:dʌˌpɛʃt/ (AE), also /ˈbju:-/ (BE) or /ˈbʊ-/; Hungarian IPA: ['budɒpɛʃt]) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city, it serves as the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation center and is considered an important hub in Central Europe. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with the unification on November 17, 1873, of right-bank (west) Buda and Óbuda (Old Buda) together with Pest on the left (east) bank. Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
Widely regarded as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, its World Heritage Sites include the banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, Andrássy Avenue, and the Millennium Underground railway, the first on the European continent. Budapest attracts over 20 million visitors a year. The city ranks 52nd on MasterCard's 'World's Top 75 Financial Centers' list and 74th on Mercer Consulting's 'World's Top 100 Most Livable Cities' list. The headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) will be in Budapest.
Geography
Budapest lies in central Hungary. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly. Budapest covers an area of 203 square miles (525 square kilometers).
Budapest has a temperate, transitional climate - somewhere between the mild, rainy weather of Transdanubia and the variable climate of the flat and open Great Plain to the east. Temperatures in January average 30°F (-1°C) and in July 72°F (22°C). Winter snowfalls can be heavy, and the temperature may fall well below freezing. Heat waves plus humidity can make the summer oppressive. Mean annual precipitation is 24 inches (600mm).
The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island. The river that separates the two parts of the city is only 755 feet (230 meters) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest.
The Danube (which regularly flooded Pest before the river was controlled in the 19th century) has become heavily contaminated. Air pollution afflicts most districts in Pest.
Castle Hill (Várhegy), 551 feet (168 metres) above sea level and crowned by the restored Buda Castle, is in a central location. A steep limestone escarpment known as Gellért Hill overlooking the Danube lies south of Castle Hill, and has the Citadel, built in the 19th century. Rózsa (Rose) Hill, which is to the north of Castle Hill, is where Hungary’s elite have houses. Margit Island is a mile-long park with hotels and swimming pools.
The ornate Neo-Gothic Parliament Building faces Castle Hill on the Pest side of the river. The Belváros (Inner Town), with streets laid out in an irregular pentagon, is the heart of Pest. It has offices, parts of the Loránd Eötvös University, and shops. The Inner Town Parish Church is Pest's oldest building. Andrássy Avenue, which runs straight from the centre of Pest to City Park (Városliget), which contains the Millennium Monument, is the finest thoroughfare in Budapest.
History
xxx from intro Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement, was the direct ancestor of Budapest, becoming the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Magyars arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centers of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. xxxx The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was Ak-Ink (English: Abundant Water) built by Celts[1] before the birth of Christ. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement - Aquincum - became the main city of Lower Pannonia[1] in 106 C.E.[1]. The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp[2].
The Hungarians settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century[3][4] and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary[4]. The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved that defence is difficult on a plain[5][4]. King Béla IV of Hungary therefore ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns[4] and set his own royal palace[6] on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361[6] it became the capital of Hungary[5].
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during reign of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary[5]. The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city[5]. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana[5], was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library[5]. After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367[7] the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395[7]. The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473[8].
The Turkish occupation lasted for more than 140 years and left mainly destruction[5]. The Turks constructed some fine bathing facilities here[4]. The western part of the country not occupied by the Turks became part of the Habsburg Empire as Royal Hungary. In 1686 Leopold I liberated Buda from the Ottomans but almost destroyed the city during the battle[5]. Hungary was then incorporated into the Habsburg Empire[5].
The nineteenth century was dominated by the Hungarian's struggle for independence[5] and modernization. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated a little more than a year later.
1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary. This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Ancient Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. Dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub.
World War I brought the Golden Age to an end. In 1918 Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic. In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon finalized the country's partition, reducing Hungary's size by two-thirds and turning the multinational state into a nation-state.
In 1944, towards the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids. From 24 December, 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest suffered major damage caused by the attacking Soviet troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. More than 38,000 civilians lost their lives during the fighting.
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross genocide during 1944 and early 1945.[9] Despite this, Budapest today has the highest number of Jewish citizens per capita of any European city.
In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic. The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed.
In 1956, peaceful demonstrations in Budapest led to the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution. The Stalinist dictatorship collapsed after mass demonstrations, but Soviet tanks entered Budapest to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until early November, leaving more than 3000 dead.
From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1965. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's East-West M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1982. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrassy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002.
Timeline of the history of Budapest
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| B.C. | Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest. |
| 1st century | Romans found the settlements known as Aquincum, Contra-Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian region and one of the capitals of Pannonia. |
| 5th century | The Age of Huns. King Attila builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. |
| 896 | Following the foundation of Hungary, leader of the Hungarians Árpád settles in the "Town of Attila", usually identified as Aquincum. |
| 10th century | Out of the 7 or 10 Hungarian tribes, four has settlements in the territory
of modern Budapest: Megyer, Keszi, Jenő and Nyék.[citation needed] |
| 1046 | Bishop Gellért dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellért Hill. |
| 1241 | During the Tatar invasions both towns are destroyed. King Béla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda in 1248. The new town adopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day Óbuda). Pest is surrounded by city walls. |
| 1270 | Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present day Margaret Island). |
| 1458 | The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mátyás (in Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes the main hub of European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485. |
| 1541 | The beginning of Ottoman occupation. The Turkish Pashas build multiple mosques and baths in Buda. |
| 1686 | Buda and Pest are reconquered from the Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles. |
| 1690s | Resettlement, initially only a few hundred German settlers. |
| 1773 | Election of the first Mayor of Pest. |
| 1777 | Maria Theresa of Austria moves the Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill. |
| 1783 | Joseph II places the acting government (Helytartótanács) and Magyar Kamara on Buda. |
| 1795 20 May | Ignác Martinovics and other Jacobin leaders are executed on Vérmező or 'The Field of Blood'. |
| 1810 | The Tabán fire. |
| 1825 | Commencement of the Reform Era, Pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country, the first National Theatre is built along with the Hungarian National Museum and the Széchenyi Lánchíd. |
| 1838 | The biggest flood in recent memory in March. Pest is completely inundated. |
| 1848 15 March | Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest replaces Pozsony (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat of the Batthyány government and the Parliament. |
| 1849 | The Austrians occupy the city in early January, but the Hungarian Honvédsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims it in April, taking the fortress of Buda on May 21 after an 18-day siege. In July, the Habsburg army again captures the two towns. |
| 1849 6 October | Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister is executed on the present-day Szabadság tér. |
| 1867 | Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day Budapest. |
| 1873 | The former cities: Pest, Buda and Óbuda are united, and with that the Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest. |
| 1874 | The rack (or cog-wheel) railway (Budapest Cog-wheel Railway) service is inaugurated. |
| 1896 | Millennium celebrations, the Millennium Underground is inaugurated, and the Ferenc József híd (today's Liberty Bridge) is opened. |
| 1909–1910 | Electronic public lighting. |
| 1910 | The census finds 880 thousand people in Budapest and 55 thousand in the largest suburb of Újpest (now part of Budapest). The religious make-up was 60.9% Catholic, 23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist and 5.0% Lutheran. Újpest was 65.9% Catholic, 18.4% Jewish, 9.7% Calvinist and 4.5% Lutheran. The percentage of ethnic Germans was 9.0% in Budapest and 5.7% in Újpest, while 2.3% of the population claimed to be Slovak. (Source: Történelmi Magyarország atlasza és adattára 1914, Budapest, 2001.) |
| 1918–1919 | Revolution and the 133 days of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March-August 1919) under the leadership of Béla Kun. It is the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia. |
| 1924 | Hungarian National Bank is founded. |
| 1925 | Hungarian Radio starts its broadcast. |
| 1933 | Disassembly of the Tabán commences. |
| 1944 19 March | Budapest is occupied by the Germans. At the time of the occupation, there were 184,000 Jews and about 65-80 thousand Christians considered Jewish in the town.
Fewer than half of them (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11 months. |
| 1944 26 December - 13 Ferbuary | Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest. 15 Jan–18 Jan. The retreating Germans blow up all Danube bridges. On Jan. 18, Pest and the Ghetto in Pest are completely liberated. The Buda castle falls on Feb 13. World War II took the lives of close to two hundred thousand Budapest residents. Heavy damage to the buildings. |
| 1956 23 October - 4 November | The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large Soviet force. |
| 1960s | Wartime damages are by and large corrected. Bridges are rebuilt, the last one, the Elizabeth Bridge is rebuilt in 1965. |
| 1970–1972 | East-Western Metro is inaugurated (first phase). |
| 1982 | North-Southern Metro is inaugurated (first phase). |
| 1987 | Castle Hill, Buda and the banks of the Danube are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. |
| 1990 | 2 016 100 residents |
| 2002 | Andrássy Avenue is also included in the World heritage Sites, along with the Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square. |
| 2006 | Following the PM, Ferenc Gyurcsány´s, admission of lying about the state of the economy the 2006 protests in Hungary take place |
Government
Budapest is the seat of the Hungarian government — a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The president, elected by the parliament every five years, has a largely ceremonial role. The prime minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. The 386 members of the unicameral, National Assembly (Országgyűlés) are elected for four-year terms — 176 in single-seat constituencies, 152 by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies, and 58 so-called compensation seats. A party must win five percent of the vote to gain representation in the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats.
Budapest is also the seat of Pest megye (county) and Buda járás (district). Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. In 1950, Budapest was united with several neighboring towns and the number of its districts was raised to 22 (Greater Budapest). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. Now there are 23 districts, six in Buda, 16 in Pest and one on Csepel Island between them. Each district can be associated with one or more city parts named after former towns within Budapest.
Budapest also has a chief mayor, while each district has its own government and mayor. The Budapest Metropolitan Council, which is elected by the district councillors who are directly elected, formally controls the city through a management committee.
Economy
Overview – Any specialization: For instance, is a manufactured product is associated with particular cities a. Milwaukee—cheese and beer b. Los Angeles—entertainment industry c. Sheffield—coal d. top 20 cities in the U.S. are highly specialized
Per capita GDP, rank Financial and business services sector Tourism Manufacturing Transport: Road, rail, air, sea
Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus; all the major highways end there. Budapest is also a major railway terminus.
Budapest public transport is provided by BKV. The company operates buses, trolleybuses, trams, suburban railway lines, the metro, a boat service, a cogwheel railway and a chairlift, called Libegő.
Budapest's tram network is extensive, and reliable despite poor track infrastructure and an ageing fleet. Routes 4 and 6 combined form the busiest traditional city tram line in the world, with the world's longest passenger trams (54-meter (177 ft) long Siemens Combino) running at 60 to 90 second intervals at peak time and 3-4 minutes off-peak and usually packed with people.
There are three metro lines and a fourth is currently under construction. The Yellow line, built in 1896, is one of the oldest subway lines in the world, following only the early lines of the London Underground.
Beside metros, suburban rails, buses, trams and boats, there are a couple of less usual vehicles in Budapest:
- trolleybus (trolibusz) on several lines in Pest
- funicular (sikló); the Castle Hill Funicular between the Chain Bridge and Buda Castle
- cyclecar (bringóhintó) for rent in Margaret Island
- chairlift (libegő)
- rack railway (fogaskerekű vasút); the Budapest Cog-wheel Railway
- children's railway (gyermekvasút)[10]
The latter three vehicles run among Buda hills.
There are three main railway termini in Budapest, Keleti (eastern), Nyugati (westbound), and Déli (southbound), operating both domestic and international rail services. Budapest was one of the main stops of the Orient Express until 2001, when the service was cut back to Paris-Vienna.
There is also a suburban rail service in and around Budapest, operated under the name HÉV.
The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way to the Black Sea. The river is easily navigable and so Budapest has historically been a commercial port (at Csepel). In the summer months a scheduled hydrofoil service operates up the Danube to Vienna.
Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, which has 3 passenger terminals: Ferihegy 1, which tends to serve the many discount airlines now flying to and from Budapest, Ferihegy 2/A and Ferihegy 2/B. Terminal 2/C is planned to be built. The airport is located to the east of the centre in the XVIII. district in Pestszentlőrinc.
Demographics
In 2007, Budapest had 1,696,128 inhabitants with an official agglomeration of 2,451,418, down from a mid-1980s peak of 2.1 million. Twenty percent of Hungary's population lives in the capital. Budapest is nearly 10 times larger than the nation's next largest city. The rapid increase of population, especially from 100,000 in the 1840s to 1,000,000 in 1918, has resulted from ongoing migration of people from villages and towns.
Ethnic Magyars made up 90.2 percent of the population, Roma 0.7% percent, Germans 0.4 percent, and others (mainly Slovaks, Ukranians, Chinese) made up the remainder.
Hungarian is the official language and is spoken by 93.6 percent of the population.
Regarding religions, Roman Catholics made up 45.5 percent of the population, Reformed Church in Hungary 12.6 percent, Lutherans 2.6 percent, Greek Catholics 1.6 percent, Jewish 0.5% percent, Atheists 19.5 percent, and others (mainly Christian) made up the remainder.
The city's universities include: The Academy of Drama and Film, the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the Corvinus University of Budapest, the Hungarian University of Fine Arts, the Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies, the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music, the Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design, and the Eötvös Loránd University (sometimes referred to as University of Budapest).
Of interest
The neo-Gothic Parliament, containing amongst other things the Hungarian Crown Jewels. Saint Stephen's Basilica, where the Holy Right Hand of the founder of Hungary, King Saint Stephen is on display. The Hungarian cuisine and café culture: for example, Gerbeaud Café, and the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world famous Mátyás Pince Restaurants. There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum.
The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the thirteenth century. Nowadays it houses two impressive museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. As far as Kodály Körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes’ Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe’s oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes’ Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Palace of Arts, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House.
The city is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Dohány Street Synagogue)[11], the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. The third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica) and the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gödöllő) are in the vicinity.
Matthias Church
Széchenyi Chain Bridge
Museum of Fine Arts
Saint Stephen's Basilica
- 03hősök tere.JPG
Heroes' Square with the Millenary Monument
- 04Pesti vigado.JPG
Vigadó Concert Hall
Vajdahunyad Castle
Saint Elisabeth Church
- Fireworks on the Danube.jpg
Fireworks near Széchenyi Chain Bridge
- 001parizsi.JPG
Grey Friars Square
- Budapestoldchurch100.jpg
Inner City Parish Church (Pest, 12th century)
St. Anne Church in Buda
Islands
Seven islands can be found on the Danube: Hajógyári sziget (literal translation: Shipyard Island), Margit-sziget (Margaret Island), and Csepel sziget (the northernmost part of this island belonging to Budapest is a separate district of the city, the XXI., while the other islands are parts of other districts, the III. and XIII. respectively), Palotai-sziget (in fact, it's a peninsula today), Népsziget (connected to the above, but mostly surrounded by water), Háros-sziget and Molnár-sziget.
Notable islands:
- Margit-sziget is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long island and 0.965 square kilometers (238 acres) in area. The island mostly consists of a park and is a popular recreational area for tourists and locals alike. The island lies between bridges Margaret Bridge (south) and Árpád Bridge (north). Dance clubs, Swimming pools, an Aqua park, athletic and fitness centres, bicycle and running tracks can be found around the Island. During the day the island is occupied by people doing sports, or just resting. In the summer (generally on the weekends) mostly young people go to the island at night to party in its terraces, or to recreate with a bottle of alcohol on a bench or on the grass (this form of entertainment is sometimes referred to as bench-partying).
- Csepel-sziget [ˈtʃɛpɛlsigɛt] or Csepel Island is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48 km (30 mi) long; its width is 6-8 km (3.75–5 mi) and its area comprises 257 km² (99 sq mi), whereas only the northern tip is inside the city limits.
- Hajógyári-sziget [ˈhɒjo:ɟa:ri sigɛt] (or Óbudai-sziget) is a man built island, located in the third district. This island hosts many activities such as: wake-boarding, jet-skiing during the day, and dance clubs during the night. This is the island where the famous Sziget Festival takes place, hosting hundreds of performances per year and now around 400,000 visitors in its last edition. Many building projects are taking place to make this island into one of the biggest entertainment centres of Europe, the plan is to build Apartment buildings, hotels, casinos and a marina.
- Luppa-sziget is the smallest island of Budapest, located in the north region.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAqua - ↑ Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest", A History of Hungary, 5. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ↑ Molnár, Miklós (2001). "Chronology", A Concise History of Hungary, 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedTravel - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedEncarta - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedEleventh - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "The Angevine State", A History of Hungary, 48. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ↑ Mona, Ilona (1974). Hungarian Music Publication 1774 - 1867. Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16: 261–275.
- ↑ Budapest. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNYT Travel - ↑ Out of Darkness, New Life. The New York Times (2007-12-30). Retrieved 2008-03-12.
- Sugar, Peter F., Péter Hanák, and Tibor Frank. 1990. A History of Hungary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253355782
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Budapest Retrieved August 9, 2008.
Bibliography
- DK Publishing, Budapest: Eyewitness Travel Guildes. DK Travel, 2007. ISBN 978-0756624354
- Annabel Barber, Visible Cities Budapest: A City Guide. Somerset, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 978-9632129860
- Krisztian Ungvary (Author), John Lukacs (Foreword), The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0300119855
See also
- List of cemeteries in Budapest
- List of famous people of Budapest
- Music of Budapest
- Urban and Suburban Transit Association (most of its activity is centred around Budapest)
- Budapest metropolitan area
External links
|
Budapest Portal |
- Official homepage
- Budapest Tourist Office
- Public transport in Budapest
- MÁV-Start Railway Passenger Transport Co.
- Travel guide to Budapest from Wikitravel
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