Amerigo Vespucci
Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and cartographer. He played a senior role in two voyages which explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. On the second of these voyages he discovered that South America extended much further south than previously known by Europeans. This convinced him that this land was part of a new continent, a bold contention at a time when other European explorers crossing the Atlantic thought they were reaching Asia (the "Indies").
Vespucci's voyages became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to him were published between 1502 and 1504. In 1507, German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the new continent "America" after Vespucci's first name, Amerigo. In an accompanying book, Waldseemüller published one of the Vespucci accounts, which led to criticism that Vespucci was trying to usurp Christopher Columbus's glory. However, the rediscovery in the eighteenth century of other letters by Vespucci has led to the view that the early published accounts were fabrications, not by Vespucci, but by others.
Early life; move to Spain
Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454, in Florence, Italy as the third child of a respected family. His father was a notary for the money changers' guild of Florence. Vespucci worked for Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, an Italian banker and politician, and his brother Giovanni, both of whom were part of the powerful Medici family that governed the city-state. In 1492, they sent Vespucci to work at their agency in Seville, Spain.
Voyages
Well into his 40s, around 1495, Vespucci became director of a ship company that supplied ships for long voyages. This was the first opportunity for Vespucci to make sea voyages. His first voyage reportedly took place in 1497, probably in a trip organized by the King Ferdinand of Spain, who wanted to clarify if the island of Hispaniola, which had been discovered by Christopher Columbus, lay near the mainlain of "the Indies." Vespucci himself said that he went on the voyage to discover "new worlds."
Juan Dias de Solis, a Portuguese explorer in service to Spain may have been the captain of this company, which set sail in May 1497. Accompanying Vespucci was pilot and cartographer Juan de la Cosa, the then-famous captain who had sailed with Columbus in 1492. According to the first letter of Vespucci, they reached land at 16 degrees latitude, probably on the coast of La Guajira peninsula in present Colombia, or the coast of Nicaragua. They then followed the coastal land mass of central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida, between Florida and Cuba. Although there was little evidence of this trip, such as the maps they used or journals by the crew, Vespucci described this trip in his letters. Once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain, said to be in 1498, a famous world map depicting Cuba as an island, was produced.
About 1499–1500, Vespucci joined a second expedition in the service of Spain, with Alonso de Ojeda (or Hojeda) as the fleet commander. The intention was to sail around the southern end of the African mainland into the Indian Ocean. After hitting land at the coast of what is now Guyana, the two seem to have separated. Vespucci sailed southward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon River and reaching 6 degrees south, before turning around and seeing Trinidad and the Orinoco River and returning to Spain by way of Hispaniola. A letter to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici claims that Vespucci determined his longitude celestially on August 23, 1499, while on this voyage.
The third voyage of Vespucci, who was second in charge, was led by Spanish explorer Gonoçalo Coelho in 1501–1502 in the service of Portugal. Departing from Lisbon, the fleet sailed first to Cape Verde where they met two of Pedro Álvares Cabral's ships returning from India. In a letter from Cape Verde, Vespucci says that he hopes to visit the same lands that Cabral had explored, suggesting that the intention is to sail west to Asia, as on the 1499-1500 voyage. On reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed south along the coast of South America to Rio de Janeiro's bay.
Some have challenged the account that Vespucci reached the latitude of Patagonia before turning back. This portion of the journey seems doubtful since his account does not mention the broad estuary of the Río de la Plata, which he must have seen if he had gotten that far south. Portuguese maps of South America, created after the voyage of Coelho and Vespucci, do not show any land south of present-day Cananéia at 25 degrees south, so this may represent the southernmost extent of their voyages.
During the first half of the expedition, Vespucci mapped the two stars of Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, as well as the stars of the constellation Crux. Although these stars were known to the ancient Greeks, gradual precession had lowered them below the European skyline so that they were forgotten.
On return to Lisbon, Vespucci wrote in a letter to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici that the land masses they explored were much larger than anticipated and different from the Asia described by earlier Europeans and, therefore, must be a "New World," that is, a previously unknown, fourth continent, after Europe, Asia, and Africa.
In 1503, a final voyage was captained by Vespuccci, himself. The journey explored the southeastern side of South America, visiting coastline places such as Cape Soo Roque, Guanabara Bay, Rio de la Plata, Cape Santo Agostinho, San Julian, and spotting the Falkland Islands. His crew returned back to Spain in 1504 and told their story to mapmakers. Martin Waldseemuller, a German mapmaker, was one of the first to believe that Amerigo Vespucci was actually the first European to reach the "New World." In 1507, he suggested they call it "America" after the voyager, and soon this name was used officially in the naming of the continent.
Final years
In 1508, the position of pilot major (chief of navigation) of Spain was created for Vespucci, with the responsibility of training pilots for ocean voyages. He died of malaria on February 22, 1512, in Seville, Spain.
Letters
Two letters attributed to Vespucci were published during his lifetime. Mundus Novus ("New World") was a Latin translation of a lost Italian letter sent from Lisbon to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici. It describes a voyage to South America in 1501-1502. Mundus Novus was published in late 1502 (or early 1503), and soon reprinted and distributed in numerous European countries.
Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi viaggi ("Letter of Amerigo Vespucci concerning the isles newly discovered on his four voyages"), known as Lettera al Soderini, or just Lettera, was a letter in Italian addressed to Piero Soderini. Printed in 1504 or 1505, it claimed to be an account of four voyages to the Americas made by Vespucci between 1497 and 1504. A Latin translation was published by the Geman Martin Waldseemüller in 1507 in Cosmographiae Introductio, a book on cosmography and geography, as Quattuor Americi Vespuccij navigationes ("Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci").
In the eighteenth century, three unpublished "familiar" letters from Vespucci to Lorenzo de' Medici were rediscovered. One describes a voyage made in 1499-1500 which corresponds with the second of the "four voyages." Another was written from Cape Verde in 1501 in the early part of the third of the "four voyages," before crossing the Atlantic. The third letter was sent from Lisbon after the completion of that voyage.
Some have suggested that Vespucci, in the two letters published in his lifetime, was exaggerating his role and constructed deliberate fabrications. However, many scholars now believe that the two letters were not written by him, but were fabrications by others based in part on genuine letters by Vespucci.
It was the publication and widespread circulation of the letters that led Martin Waldseemüller to name the new continent America on his world map of 1507 in Lorraine. Vespucci used a Latinised form of his name, Americus Vespucius, in his Latin writings, which Waldseemüller used as a base for the new name, taking the feminine form America. Amerigo, itself, is an Italian form of the medieval Latin Emericus, which through the German form Heinrich (in English, Henry), derived from the Germanic name Haimirich.
The two disputed letters claim that Vespucci made four voyages to America, while at most two can be verified from other sources. At the moment, there is a dispute between historians on when Vespucci visited main land the first time. Some great historians, like German Arciniegas and Gabriel Camargo Perez, think that his first voyage was done in June 1497, with the Spaniard Juan de la Cosa. Little is known of his last voyage in 1503–1504 or even whether it actually took place.
Controversy
Vespucci left a controversy when he died saying that he did not make the voyage that started in 1497. Today scholars still doubt that Vespucci made the voyage. Vespucci also claimed, in his writings, that he captained all the journeys himself, when he only captained one of the four reported expeditions. Regardless, the results of Vespucci's findings were that North and South America were named after him, and that in Vespucci's time, public knowledge spread that the "New World" existed and that Asia was no longer beyond the horizon. In reality, two of the biggest continents were now understood to be in the way of the westward voyge to Asia.
Legacy
When thinking of Amerigo Vespucci, most think of his first name, which first appeared on Martin Waldseemüller's world map in 1507, as the name of the new continent, "America." In an accompanying book, Waldseemüller published one of the Vespucci accounts, which led to criticism that Vespucci was trying to steal the glory of Christopher Columbus's earlier voyages to the New World.
However, Vespucci's real historical importance may well due to his letters, whether he wrote them all or not, than in his discoveries. From these letters, the European public learned about the newly discovered continent of the Americas for the first time; its existence became generally known throughout Europe within a few years of the letters' publication. From then on, the average European had to ponder the possibilities of what a whole new continent meant in their lives and futures.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. Amerigo: the Man Who Gave His Name to America, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. ISBN 0-297-84802-X.
- Alper, Ann Fitzpatrick. Forgotten Voyager: The Story of Amerigo Vespucci, Carolrhoda Books, 1991. ISBN 978-0876144428
- Ober, Frederick A. Amerigo Vespucci, Echo Library, 2007. ISBN 978-1406836004
- Vespucci, Amerigo. First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, Scholar's Bookshelf, 2007. ISBN 978-1601051394
- Formisano, Luciano (Ed.). Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America, Marsilio, 1992. ISBN 0-941419-62-2
External links
- Canaday, James A. The Life of Amerigo Vespucci. www.millersville.edu. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
- Account of 'The First Voyage', 1497: Letter of Amerigo Vespucci To Pier Soderini - Fordham University (U.S.) Internet Modern History Sourcebook. www.forham.edu. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
- '"A scale model of Vespucci's ship'". modelshipbuilder.com. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
- Amerigo Vespucci by Frederick Albion Ober www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
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