Difference between revisions of "Adriatic Sea" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | {{dablink|This article is about the Mediterranean wind. For other uses, see [[Sirocco (disambiguation)]].}} | ||
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| + | {{Mediterranean wind rose}} | ||
| + | '''''Sirocco''''', '''''scirocco''''', '''''jugo''''' or, rarely, '''''siroc''''' is a [[Mediterranean]] [[wind]] that comes from the [[Sahara]] and reaches [[hurricane]] speeds in [[North Africa]] and [[Southern Europe]]. It is known in North Africa by the Arabic word '''qibli''' (قبلی i.e. "coming from the [[qibla]]".) | ||
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| + | ''Scirocco'' and ''Sirocco'' are [[Italian language|Italian]] names from which its [[Modern Greek language|Greek]] name, "σιρόκος" (sirokos), is derived, while ''jugo'' is its name in [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Slovenia]], and ''ghibli'' in [[Libya]]. The sirocco reaching the south of [[France]] contains more moisture and is known as the ''[[marin (wind)|marin]]''. In the Canary Islands this oppressive, hot, dust bearing wind is called ''La Kalima''. The name of sirocco in the southwest of [[Spain]] is ''[[leveche]]'', and ''xaloc'' in [[Catalan]]. The ''leveche'' usually carries red [[Sahara]] dust and is associated with storms and heavy rain, the wind being very strong, lasting about 4 days. In [[Malta]], it is known as ''xlokk''. <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-546626/sirocco Scirocco/xlokk] Retrieved on [[2007-05-19]].</ref> | ||
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| + | It arises from a warm, dry, tropical airmass that is pulled northward by low-pressure cells moving eastward across the [[Mediterranean Sea]], with the wind originating in the Arabian or Sahara [[desert]]s.<ref>Golden Gate Weather Services. [http://ggweather.com/winds.html Names of Winds.] Retrieved on [[2006-12-28]].</ref> The hotter, drier continental air mixes with the cooler, wetter air of the maritime [[cyclone]], and the counter-clockwise circulation of the low propels the mixed air across the southern coasts of [[Europe]]. | ||
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| + | The Sirocco causes dusty, dry conditions along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean Sea, and cold, wet weather in Europe. The Sirocco's duration may be a half day or many days. Many people attribute health problems to the Sirocco either because of the heat and dust along the African coastal regions or the cool dampness in Europe. The dust within the Sirocco winds can degrade mechanical devices and invade domiciles. | ||
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| + | These winds with speeds of almost 100 kilometres per hour are most common during the autumn and the spring. They reach a peak in March and in November, with a maximum speed of about 100 km/h (55 [[knot (nautical)|knots]]). | ||
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| + | Other prominent wind systems in the region are the ''[[bora (wind)|bora/bura/burja]]'' (northwestern) and the ''[[libeccio|llebeig/lebeccio/lebić]]'' (southwestern). | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Revision as of 00:29, 5 October 2008
The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea which separates the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. It extends from the Gulf of Venice southward to the Strait of Otranto, which links it to the Ionian Sea. It has an approximate length of 500 miles (800 km), an average width of 100 miles, and an area of 50,590 sq mi (131,050 sq km).
The sea's western coast runs the length of Italy, while the eastern coast forms the borders of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania. A small slice of Slovenia also reaches to the Sea. Major rivers joining the Adriatic are the Reno, Po, Adige, Brenta, Piave, Soča/Isonzo, Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, Neretva, Drin (Drini).
Name and etymology
The name has existed since antiquity; in the Latin of the Romans (Ancient Latin) it was Mare Superum; in medieval Latin it was Mare Hadriaticum or Mare Adriaticum. The name, derived from the Etruscan colony of Adria (or Hadria), originally designated only the upper portion of the sea [1], but was gradually extended as the Syracusan colonies gained in importance. The word Adria probably derives from the Illyrian word adur meaning "water" or "sea". [2]
But even then the Adriatic in the narrower sense only extended as far as the Monte Gargano, the outer portion being called the Ionian Sea. The name was sometimes, however, inaccurately used to include the Gulf of Tarentum (the modern-day Gulf of Taranto), the Sea of Sicily, the Gulf of Corinth and even the sea between Crete and Malta[3].
The Adriatic Sea is situated largely between the eastern coast of Italy and the western coast of Croatia, both major tourist attractions. It was used by the ancient Romans to transport goods, including animals and slaves, to Ostia, the Roman port.
Extent and Bathymetry
The Adriatic extends northwest from 40° to 45° 45' N., with an extreme length of about 770 km (415 nautical miles, 480 mi). It has a mean breadth of about 160 km (85 nautical miles, 100 mi), although the Strait of Otranto, through which it connects at the south with the Ionian Sea, is only 45-55 nautical miles wide (85-100 km).
The chain of islands which fringes the northern section of the eastern shore reduces the extreme breadth of open sea in this area to 145 km (78 nm, 90 mi). Its total surface area is about 60,000 square miles (160,000 km²).
The northern part of the sea is very shallow, and between the southern promontories of Istria and Rimini the depth rarely exceeds 46 m (25 fathoms). Between Šibenik and Ortona a well-marked depression occurs, a considerable area of which exceeds 180 m (100 fathoms) in depth.
From a point between Korčula and the north shore of the spur of Monte Gargano there is a ridge giving shallower water, and a broken chain of a few islets extends across the sea.
The deepest part of the sea lies east of Monte Gargano, south of Dubrovnik, and west of Durrës where a large basin gives depths of 900 m (500 fathoms) and upwards, and a small area in the south of this basin falls below 1,460 m (800 fathoms). The mean depth of the sea is estimated at 240 m (133 fathoms).
Coasts and islands
The east and west coasts of the Adriatic vary greatly. The west shore, along Italy, is relatively straight, continuous, and generally low, merging in the northwest, into the marshes and lagoons on either hand of the protruding delta of the River Po, the sediment of which has pushed forward the coastline for several miles within historic times — Adria is now some distance from the shore.
The east coast along the Balkan Peninsula is generally bold and rocky, with over one thousand islands varying in size. Numerous straits form inlets between the islands similar to those of the Norwegian fjords, forming an intricate coastline. South of the Istrian Peninsula, which separates the Gulfs of Venice and Gulf of Trieste from the Bay of Kvarner, the island-fringe of the east coast extends as far south as Dubrovnik.
The islands, which are long and narrow (the long axis lying parallel with the coast of the mainland), rise rather abruptly to elevations of a few hundred feet, with the exception of a few larger islands such as Brač (Vidova gora, 778 m) or the peninsula Pelješac (St. Ilija, 961 m). There are over a thousand islands in the Adriatic, 66 of which are inhabited. On the mainland, notably in the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska; named after the town of Kotor), lofty mountains often fall directly to the sea.
The prevalent color of the rocks is a light, dead grey, contrasting harshly with the dark vegetation, which on some of the islands is luxuriant. Attesting to this, Montenegro (Black Mountain) was named for the black pines that cover the coast there, and similarly the Greek name for the island of Korčula is Korkyra Melaina meaning "Black Corfu".
Notable cities on the Italian coast are Trieste, Ravenna, Rimini, Ancona, Pescara, Bari and Brindisi. The city of Venice stretches across numerous small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon, which stretches along the shoreline of the Adriatic in northeast Italy between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers.
Major cities on the northeastern coast include Trieste in Italy; Koper in Slovenia; Umag, Poreč, Rovinj, Pula, Opatija, Rijeka, Senj, Zadar, Biograd, Šibenik, Trogir, Split, Makarska, Ploče and Dubrovnik in Croatia; Neum in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Herceg Novi, Kotor, Tivat, Bar, Budva and Ulcinj in Montenegro; and Durrës in Albania.
Weather patterns
The bora (northeast wind), and the prevalence of sudden squalls from this quarter or the southeast, are dangers to navigation in winter. Also notable are sirocco (southern wind) which brings rain in the winter and maestral (western wind) which brings clear weather in the summer.
Tidal movement is slight. The amphidromic point is just off the northwestern shore, near Ancona.
Bora is a northern to north-eastern katabatic wind in the Adriatic, Croatia, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Its name derives from the Greek mythological figure of Boreas, the North Wind.
The changeable Bora can often be felt all over Dalmatia and the rest of the Adriatic east coast. It blows in gusts. The Bora is most common during the winter. It blows hardest, as the meteorologist Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel explained it by extending Julius Hann's explanation of Alpine katabatic winds to the north Adriatic,[4] when a polar high-pressure area sits over the snow-covered mountains of the interior plateau behind the Dinaric coastal mountain range and a calm low-pressure area lies further south over the warmer Adriatic. As the air grows even colder and thus denser at night, the Bora increases. Its initial temperature is so low that even with the warming occasioned by its descent it reaches the lowlands as a cold wind.[5] The wind takes two different traditional names depending on associated meteorological conditions: the "clear bora" (Italian: Bora chiara) is Bora in the presence of clear skies, whereas clouds gathering on the hilltops and moving towards the seaside with rain characterize the "dark bora" (Bora scura).
The area where some of the strongest bora winds occur is the Velebit mountain range in Croatia. This seaside mountain chain, spanning 145 kilometers, represents a huge weather and climatic divide between the sharp continental climate of the interior, characterized by significant day/night temperature differences throughout the year, and the Adriatic coast, with a Mediterranean climate. Bora occurs because these two divided masses tend to equalize. Sailing can be extremely dangerous for an unexperienced navigator in the Velebit channel because the wind can start suddenly on a clear and calm day and result in major problems, frequently also affecting road traffic. Near the towns of Senj, Stara Novalja, Karlobag and the southern portal of the Sv. Rok Tunnel in Croatia, it can reach speeds of up to 220 kilometers per hour. On 15 March 2006 the speed of a gust on the Pag Bridge was measured at 235 kilometres per hour.
The wind is also an integral feature of Slovenia's Vipava Valley and Kras region, (known as Carso in Italy), an area of limestone heights over the Trieste Bay stretching towards the Istrian peninsula. Because the region separates the lower Adriatic coast from the Julian Alps range, extreme bora winds often occur there. They have influenced the region's traditional lifestyle and architecture. Towns on the coast, where the Bora also frequently occurs, are built densely with narrow streets in part because of the wind. Buildings in several towns and villages in Slovenia and the Province of Trieste (Italy) have stones on their roofs to prevent the roof tiles from being blown off. Chains and ropes are occasionally stretched along the sidewalks in downtown Trieste, Italy, to facilitate pedestrian traffic.
Strong bora winds also occur in the Tsemes Bay of the Black Sea near the Russian port of Novorossiysk, where they are known as nordost. They can reach speeds of up to 220 kilometres per hour.
- This article is about the Mediterranean wind. For other uses, see Sirocco (disambiguation).
Template:Mediterranean wind rose Sirocco, scirocco, jugo or, rarely, siroc is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe. It is known in North Africa by the Arabic word qibli (قبلی i.e. "coming from the qibla".)
Scirocco and Sirocco are Italian names from which its Greek name, "σιρόκος" (sirokos), is derived, while jugo is its name in Croatia, Montenegro and Slovenia, and ghibli in Libya. The sirocco reaching the south of France contains more moisture and is known as the marin. In the Canary Islands this oppressive, hot, dust bearing wind is called La Kalima. The name of sirocco in the southwest of Spain is leveche, and xaloc in Catalan. The leveche usually carries red Sahara dust and is associated with storms and heavy rain, the wind being very strong, lasting about 4 days. In Malta, it is known as xlokk. [6]
It arises from a warm, dry, tropical airmass that is pulled northward by low-pressure cells moving eastward across the Mediterranean Sea, with the wind originating in the Arabian or Sahara deserts.[7] The hotter, drier continental air mixes with the cooler, wetter air of the maritime cyclone, and the counter-clockwise circulation of the low propels the mixed air across the southern coasts of Europe.
The Sirocco causes dusty, dry conditions along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean Sea, and cold, wet weather in Europe. The Sirocco's duration may be a half day or many days. Many people attribute health problems to the Sirocco either because of the heat and dust along the African coastal regions or the cool dampness in Europe. The dust within the Sirocco winds can degrade mechanical devices and invade domiciles.
These winds with speeds of almost 100 kilometres per hour are most common during the autumn and the spring. They reach a peak in March and in November, with a maximum speed of about 100 km/h (55 knots).
Other prominent wind systems in the region are the bora/bura/burja (northwestern) and the llebeig/lebeccio/lebić (southwestern).
Notes
- ↑ Herodotus vi. 127, vii. 20, ix. 92; Euripides, Hippolytus, 736
- ↑ Room, Adrian. 1999. Brewer's dictionary of names. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 185986323X p.7.
- ↑ The Book of Acts - 27:27
- ↑ F. von Wrangel, "Die Ursachen der Bora in Noworossisk", Repertorium für Meteorologie 40 (1876:238-40); the Bora of the Karst was described by F. Seidel, "Bermerkungen über die Karstbora", ''M.Z. 8 (1891:232-35), noted by Julius (von) Hann, Handbook of Climatology Robert DeCourcy Ward, tr. (1903): see Peter Seibert, "Hann’s Thermodynamic Foehn Theory and its Presentation in Meteorological Textbooks in the Course of Time".
- ↑ v. Hann 1903.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica. Scirocco/xlokk Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
- ↑ Golden Gate Weather Services. Names of Winds. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Croatian National Tourist Board. Adriatic Sea Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- Denham, H. M. 1967. The Adriatic: A Sea-guide to its Coasts and Islands. London: Murray.
- Find Croatia. Adriatic Sea Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- McKinney, Frank K. 2007. The Northern Adriatic Ecosystem: Deep Time in a Shallow Sea. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231132425
External links
- Satellite images and maps of Adriatic Sea. GeaBios. GIS Public Service. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
- Weather forecast for eastern coast. GeaBios. GIS Public Service. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
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