Difference between revisions of "Abidjan" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox Settlement
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|+<big><big>'''District of Abidjan'''</big></big>
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<!—See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage—>
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| align="center" colspan="2"|
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<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
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{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;"
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|name          =Abidjan
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| align=center width="300px"| [[Image:AbidjanLogo.gif|District logo]]
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|other_name            =
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|-
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|native_name            = District d'Abidjan
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| width="300px"| <small>(District [[logo]])</small>
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|nickname              =
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|}
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|settlement_type        =[[List of cities in Côte d'Ivoire|City]]
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|-
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|motto                  =
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| align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:District d'Abidjan2.png|170px|District map]]
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<!-- images and maps  ----------->
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|-
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|image_skyline          =Abidjan-Plateau1.JPG
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|'''[[Regions of Côte d'Ivoire|Region]]''' || [[Lagunes]]
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|imagesize              = 280px
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|-
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|image_caption          =
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|'''[[governor|District Governor]]''' || [[Pierre Djédji Amondji]]<br/>([[Ivorian Popular Front|FPI]]) (since 2002)
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|image_flag            =
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|-
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|flag_size              =
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| '''[[Area]]''' || [[1 E9 m²|2,119 km²]]
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|image_seal            = AbidjanLogo.gif
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|-
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|seal_size              =
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| '''[[Country subdivision|Subdivision]]s''' ||10 [[Commune (subnational entity)|communes]] of Abidjan City<br/>3 [[subprefecture]]s outside of Abidjan City
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|image_shield          = AbidjanLogo.svg
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|-
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|shield_size            =
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| '''[[Population]]'''<br/>2003&nbsp;official&nbsp;estimate<br/>1998 census||<br/>3,660,682<br/>3,125,890
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|image_map              = District d'Abidjan2.png
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|-
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|mapsize                = 170px
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| '''[[Density]]''' || 1,728/km² (2003)
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|map_caption            = Location in Côte d'Ivoire
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|-
 
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|'''Web site'''||[http://www.abidjan-da.ci www.abidjan-da.ci]
 
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|}
 
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'''Abidjan''' is the largest city and former [[capital]] of [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ([[Ivory Coast]]). It is the commercial and [[bank]]ing center of Côte d'Ivoire as well as the [[de facto]] capital. ([[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital.) It is also the most populated city in French-speaking Western Africa. It stands in [[Ébrié Lagoon]] on several converging [[peninsula]]s and [[island]]s, connected by [[bridge]]s. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the region, this is second only to Lagos, the previous English capital of Nigeria. Abidjan is actually considered the cultural crossroads of West Africa.
 
  
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<!-- Location ------------------>
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|coordinates_display    = inline,title
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|coordinates_region    = CI
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|coordinates_footnotes  =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sphereinfo.com/longitude~latitude/ivory_coast |title=Ivory Coast Cities Longitude & Latitude |publisher=sphereinfo.com |accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref><!-- for references: use<ref> tags —>
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|subdivision_type      = Country
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|subdivision_name      = {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}
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|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions of Côte d'Ivoire|Region]]
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|subdivision_name1      = [[Lagunes Region]]
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|subdivision_type2      =
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|subdivision_name2      =
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|subdivision_type3      =
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|subdivision_name3      =
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|<!-- Politics ----------------->
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|government_footnotes  =
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|government_type        =
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|leader_title          = Governor
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|leader_name            =[[ Robert Beugré Mambé]]
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|leader_title1          =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager —>
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|leader_name1          =
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|established_title      =  <!-- Settled —>
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|established_date      =
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|area_magnitude        =
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|unit_pref                =
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|area_footnotes          =
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|area_total_km2          = 2119
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|area_land_km2            =
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|area_urban_km2          = 422
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| population_as_of              = 2014 census
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| population_footnotes          = <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx Côte d'Ivoire: General Information] GeoHive. Retrieved March 16, 2018.</ref>
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| population_note                =
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| population_total              = 4,707,404 (district); 4,395,243 (city)
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| population_density_km2        =
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| population_density_sq_mi      =
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| population_metro              =
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| population_density_metro_km2  =
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| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
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| population_blank1_title        = Ethnicities
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| population_blank1              =
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| population_density_blank1_km2  =
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| population_density_blank1_sq_mi=
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| population_demonym            = Abidjanais
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<!-- General information  --------------->
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|timezone              =[[GMT]]
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|utc_offset            = +0
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|timezone_DST          =
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|utc_offset_DST        =
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|latd=5|latm=19|lats=|latNS=N
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|longd=4|longm=02|longs=|longEW=W
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|elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags—>
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|elevation_m            =
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|elevation_ft          =
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|postal_code_type      =  <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... —>
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|postal_code            =
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|area_code              =
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|blank_name            =
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|blank_info            =
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|website                =
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|footnotes              =
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}}
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 +
'''Abidjan''' is the largest city, chief port, and de facto capital of [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ([[Ivory Coast]]). ([[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital.) It is also the most populated city in French-speaking [[Western Africa]]. It lies along the [[Ébrié Lagoon]], which is separated from the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by the Vridi Plage sandbar. Abidjan is considered the cultural crossroads of West Africa, while its long economic boom brought such prosperity and growth that it earned the knickname ''"Paris of West Africa".'' The city flourished along with the country under the ideologically moderate leadership of [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], however the political instability that followed his death and the nation's [[civil war]] of the early twenty-first century have taken their toll on the city.
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{{toc}}
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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[[Image:Plan adidjan simple.PNG|thumb|250px|left|Map of Abidjan Ville.]]
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[[Image:Abidjan Communes.svg|thumb|left|250px|Abidjan Communes]]
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The name name "Abidjan" (formerly Abijean) came from a misunderstanding, according to an Ebrié legend. An old man, returning from his field with an armful of branches, happened to encounter a lost European explorer who asked him the name of the nearest village. Unable to speak the white man's language, the old man believed he had been asked what he was doing there. Fleeing in terror, the old man shouted: "tchan me bidjan" which in the Ebrié language means "I've just been cutting branches!" The white man took this to be the name "Abidjan."
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The name name "Abidjan," according to legend, came from a misunderstanding between an old man, with an armful of branches, and a lost [[Europe]]an explorer, who asked him the name of the nearest village. Fleeing in terror, the old man shouted: "tchan me bidjan," which in the Ebrié language means "I've just been cutting branches!" The white man took this to be the name "Abidjan."
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The Metropolitan area of Abidjan is located in Southern [[Ivory Coast]] on the [[Ébrié Lagoon]].  The business district, the [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]], is the centre of the city.  It lies with [[Cocody]], an upscale residential area located east of the modern business district, [[Deux Plateaux]] (the richest neighbourhood with mansions, typically inhabited by diplomats and the wealthy) and the [[slum]] area of [[Adjamé]] on the north shore of the lagoon, while [[Treichville]] and [[Marcory]] (also poor areas) lie to the south, [[Abobo-Doume]] and [[Yopougon]] to the west and [[Boulay Island]] in the middle of the lagoon.  Further south lies [[Port Bouët]], home to the [[airport]] and main [[seaport]].
 
  
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The city is designed along colonial guidelines, on the basis of rather [[Utopian]] town-planning. The colonists inhabit The Plateau ("m'brato" in the Tchaman language) while the colonized people live in the north. The two zones were separated by the [[Gallieni]] Military Barracks, where the current Law Courts are located.
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The business district, the [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]], is the center of the city. It lies with [[Cocody]], an upscale residential area located east of the modern business district, [[Deux Plateaux]] (the richest neighborhood with mansions, typically inhabited by diplomats and the wealthy) and the [[slum]] area of [[Adjamé]] on the north shore of the lagoon, while [[Treichville]] and [[Marcory]] (also poor areas) lie to the south, [[Abobo-Doume]] and [[Yopougon]] to the west and [[Boulay Island]] in the middle of the lagoon. Further south lies [[Port Bouët]], home to the [[airport]] and main [[seaport]].  
  
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The city is a study in contrasts. Is hot and humid, congested, and full of street hawkers, but also has numerous parks, broad boulevards, universities, exotic fashions and museums.
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The city is designed along colonial guidelines, on the basis of rather [[Utopian]] town-planning. The colonists inhabit The Plateau ("m'brato" in the Tchaman language) while the colonized people live in the north. The two zones were separated by the [[Gallieni]] Military Barracks, where the current law courts are located.
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
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[[Image:Abidjan-Plateau1.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Freeway along the [[Ébrié Lagoon]] near the [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]], Abidjan's business district and centre of the city.]]
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Abidjan was a village in 1898, became a town in 1903, and was a rail terminus from 1904, although it depended on the wharf at Port-Bouët on the sandbar's [[ocean]] shore. The Petit-Bassam Wharf, the current [[Port Bouët]], south of the metropolitan area, grew rapidly in competition with the Grand-Bassam Wharf. In 1904, when Bingerville had not yet been completed, Abidjan became the economic center of the Côte d'Ivoire colonies, a primary relay point for distribution of [[Europe]]an goods further inland, notably by an increasingly important [[Lebonan|Lebanese]] community.  
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[[Image:Felicia1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]].]]
 
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[[Image:Boutiquier abidjanais.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
 
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Abidjan did not exist before the start of the 20th century. It was the third city to be the [[capital]] of Côte d'Ivoire, after [[Grand-Bassam]] and [[Bingerville]], which forms a suburb of the current capital. Its populace, the ''Tchaman'', were renamed "ébrié", derived from the "quolibet" given to the lagoon pirates by the inhabitants of Grand-Bassam. As such, in their language, "ébrié" means "salty/dirty skin".
 
  
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Abidjan was village in 1898, became a town in 1903, and was a rail terminus from 1904, although it depended on the wharf at Port-Bouët on the sandbar's ocean shore.
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In 1931, the Plateau and Treichville (which became Commikro, "the city of clerks") were roughly connected by a floating bridge at the place du pont [[Houphouët Boigny]]. In this year, the first of the street addresses of Abidjan were set up. In 1933, Abidjan succeeded Bingerville as the capital of the French colony.
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[[Image:Boutiquier abidjanais.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Small storefront.]]
  
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The Petit-Bassam Wharf, the current [[Port Bouët]], south of the metropolitan area, grew rapidly in competition with the Grand-Bassam Wharf. In 1904, when Bingerville had not yet been completed, Abidjan became the economic center of the Côte d'Ivoire colonies, a primary relay point for distribution of European goods further inland, notably by an increasingly important [[Lebanese]] community.  
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In years 1940 between 1950, like [[Cairo]], [[Tangier]] and [[Istanbul]], Abidjan became a part of popular imagination as a nest for spies and criminals. The Vridi Canal, completed in 1951, opened the lagoon to the sea, and the city soon became the shipping and financial center of [[French language|French]]-speaking [[West Africa]].
  
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In 1931, the Plateau and Treichville (which became Commikro, "the city of clerks") were roughly connected by a floating bridge at the place du pont [[Houphouët Boigny]]. In this year, the first of the street addresses of Abidjan were set up.  
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After independence, in 1960, Abidjan retained its status as capital. The southern areas of [[Treichville]], towards the international airport and the beaches, became the district for Europeans and middle class Abidjanians. The [[Cocody]] district (famous for the movie ''Le Gentleman de Cocody'' by [[Jean Marais]]) became an upper-class political district which contained the presidential residence, the French Embassy, the Ivory Hotel, and since 2006, the largest [[United States]] Embassy in [[Africa]].  
  
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In 1933, Abidjan succeeded Bingerville as the capital of the French colony, displacing many tchaman villages, which moved mostly to Adjame, the 'confluence" or "centre" for tchaman, located north of the Plateau.  
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Abidjan entered a long economic boom which lasted until the 1980s, earning it the name "Paris of Africa." With elegant [[casino]]s and world-class hotels, the city billed itself as the safest and most desirable tourist destination in West Africa. But in 1983, [[Yamoussoukro]], a town located about 170 miles (274km) to the northwest, became the new capital of Côte d'Ivoire under president [[Felix Houphouët-Boigny]], who wanted to transform his native village into the [[Brasilia]] of the African [[Savannah]].  
  
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In years 1940 and 1950, like [[Cairo]], [[Tangier]] and [[Istanbul]], Abidjan became a part of popular imagination as a nest for spies and criminals. The Vridi Canal, completed in 1951, opened the lagoon to the sea, and the city soon became the shipping and financial centre of French-speaking West Africa.
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Abidjan entered into a decline in the 1990s, characterized by run-down infrastructure and a growth of [[pollution]], blamed on negligent civil servants, political infighting following Houphouët-Boigny’s death, and high levels of corruption.  
  
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After independence, in 1960, Abidjan retained its status as capital, following a pattern where the old colonial cities became administrative and business centres, as well as the seat of government. The southern areas of [[Treichville]], towards the international airport and the beaches, became the district for Europeans, and the middle class Abidjanians.  
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Since 1999, the city has suffered from the chaos and economic dislocation caused by [[civil war]] in the north [[Ivory Coast]], political tumult, and flight of capital. Large working class zones of migrants were the location of the anti-French riots of November 2004. On September 6, 2006, hundreds of people protested in the streets following the deaths of two children who had inhaled fumes from [[toxic waste]].  
  
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The [[Cocody]] district (famous for the movie ''Le Gentleman de Cocody'' by [[Jean Marais]]) which according to colonial urban planning was to be a vast indigenous district, instead became a smart district which contained the Presidential Residence, the French Embassy, the Ivory Hotel and since 2006, the largest US Embassy in Africa.  
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Côte d'Ivoire fell into civil war in September 2002. Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with a rebel-held north and a government-held south. Both French troops and UN forces were brought in, in an attempt to secure peace. A peace agreement to end the conflict was signed in March 2007, however there continues to be instability.
  
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Abidjan entered a long phase of economic boom and huge growth which would last until the 1980s, making it the "Paris of Africa". With elegant casinos and world-class hotels, the city billed itself as the safest and most desirable tourist destination in West Africa. Its skyscraper studded skyline and fashionable shopping district became emblems of the stability and prosperity touted by the Houphouët-Boigny government and its capital-friendly pro-western policies.  
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The [[crime]] rate has increased as a result of poor economic conditions, an influx of weapons and refugees from neighboring [[Liberia]], and urban migration. [[Burglary|Burglaries]] commonly occur at residences, restaurants, and small businesses. Petty theft is prevalent throughout Abidjan and armed gangs are a growing problem.
  
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In 1983, the town of [[Yamoussoukro]] became the new capital of Côte d'Ivoire under president [[Felix Houphouët-Boigny]], who wanted to transform his native village into the [[Brasilia]] of the African [[Savannah]].  
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==Government==
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[[Image:Asnat codivoire.jpg|thumb|250px|The National Assembly]]
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[[Image:Lagunesebroko.jpg|thumb|250px|Hotel Sebroko.]]
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In August 2001, the government of [[Côte d'Ivoire]] disbanded the City of Abidjan, and merged its ten communes with the three sub-prefectures beyond the City of Abidjan to create the District of Abidjan whose limits match those of the ''département'' of Abidjan. The new District of Abidjan (818 square miles or 2119 square kilometers) is thus much larger than the former City of Abidjan (163 square miles). The reform was implemented in 2002, with local elections taking place that year.
  
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Abidjan entered into a decline in the 1990s, characterised by run-down infrastructure and a growth of pollution — was blamed on negligent civil servants, political infighting following Houphouët-Boigny death, and high levels of corruption.  
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In 2011, the post of Mayor of Abidjan was replaced by that of District Governor, appointed by the head of state.
  
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Since [[1999]] the city has suffered from the chaos and economic dislocation caused by [[Ivorian Civil War|civil war in the north]], political tumult, and flight of capital.
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==Economy==
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Abidjan has a modern deepwater commercial seaport, forming a gateway to Western Africa, and the Common [[Stock Exchange]] of West Africa is located there. The city has branches of the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the Regional Values Exchange, the African Bank of Development, Crédit Lyonnais, Citibank, Chase, Barclays, among others.
  
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Large working class zones of migrants were the location of anti-French riots of November 2004.
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Manufacturing, which has ballooned since the 1960s, includes [[food processing]], [[coffee]], [[cocoa]], [[lumber]], [[automobile]] manufacturing, and the manufacture of [[textiles]], [[chemical industry|chemicals]], and [[soap]]. There is also a large [[oil refinery]]. Exports include coffee, [[cacao]], [[timber]], [[banana]]s, [[pineapple]]s, and [[palm]] and [[fish]] products.
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[[Image:Abidjan Plateau.jpg|thumb|205px|left|The [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]] and the [[Ébrié Lagoon]] at night, as seen from the Pyramide.]]
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[[Tourism]] is of increasing importance. Tourist attractions include the immense Hôtel Ivoire, which features a bowling alley, cinema, casino, and the only ice rink in Western Africa, and the St. Paul's Cathedral, which is one of the continent's most elaborate [[church]]es. North of the city is Banco National Park, a magnificent [[tropical rainforest]].  
  
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On September 6, 2006, hundreds of people protested in the streets after the death of two children who had inhaled fumes from [[toxic waste]].  
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The two halves of the city (northern Abidjan and southern Abidjan) are connected by the Houphouët-Boigny and de Gaulle bridges. These bridges are located between Treichville and the Plateau, their capacity is definitely insufficient, especially during peak hours. The SOTRA (Society of Transportation, Abidjan) and the SOTU (Society of Urban Transportation) ensure regular urban transportation by means of Bus, Taxi baggage and Ligne Express train. Road transport features the Gbaka, a type of mini bus, with a capacity of about 18 passengers, and the Woro-woro, which is a shared taxi which can carry five to six passengers.  
  
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The crime rate has increased as a result of poor economic conditions, an influx of weapons and refugees from neighboring [[Liberia]], and urban migration. [[Burglary|Burglaries]] commonly occur at residences, restaurants, and small businesses. Petty theft is prevalent throughout Abidjan and armed gangs are a growing problem. Tourists are frequently robbed on the Houphouet-Boigny and Charles de Gaulle bridges.
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[[Train]]s on the line to [[Ouagadougou]] run from several stations in the city, the most important being in Treichville. [[Ferry|Ferries]] link [[Treichville]], [[Abobo-Doumé]] and the [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]]. The [[airport]] is located approximately ten miles (16 km) from downtown Abidjan.  
  
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[[Image:Agoraci.jpg|right|450px]]
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Abidjan's modern [[port]] opened in 1950, when the [[Vridi Canal]] was cut through a [[sandbar]], linking the Ébrié Lagoon with the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The harbor traffic was 12 million tons in 1995, including 5.5 in [[petroleum]] products. Formerly West Africa's pre-eminent port, Abidjan is attempting to bring back traffic which veered to other ports during [[Côte d'Ivoire]]'s political unrest.
  
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==Government system==
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Abidjan has an international airport that can accommodate large transport aircraft, and is served by the most airline companies. Abidjan is approximately a one flight hour from most regional capitals.  
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[[Image:Asnat codivoire.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The National Assembly]]
 
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[[Image:Abidjan Communes.svg|thumb|right|250px|Abidjan Communes]]
 
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[[Image:Plagecocody.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cocody]]]]
 
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Before 2001, there existed a City of Abidjan (''Ville d'Abidjan'') subdivided into 10 communes, each with their municipal council and their mayor. Above the 10 communes was the central city hall, with a city-wide mayor (''maire d'Abidjan''), often colloquially called "''super-maire''."
 
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The city of Abidjan was inside the ''département'' of Abidjan. This ''département'' was made up of the city of Abidjan, plus three subprefectures outside of the city of Abidjan. The ''département'' of Abidjan was itself inside the [[Lagunes]] ''[[Regions of Côte d'Ivoire|région]]''.
 
  
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In August 2001, the government disbanded the City of Abidjan, and merged the 10 communes with the three sub-prefectures beyond the City of Abidjan to create the District of Abidjan whose limits match those of the ''département'' of Abidjan. The new District of Abidjan (818 square miles or 2119 square kilometers) is thus much larger than the former City of Abidjan (163 square miles). The reform was implemented in 2002, with local elections taking place that year.
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The Abidjan district contributes approximately half of the national production of [[electricity]]. Ivory Coast Telecom has a powerful fixed telephone network with 450,000 lines (2004), providing high speed [[Internet]], and [[ADSL]]. Several access providers like [[Aviso]] de Cote d'Ivoire Télécom, [[Africa On Line]], and [[Globe Access]] operate within the city.
  
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The district of Abidjan is made up of the following subdivisions:
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== Demographics ==
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*Abidjan Ville (163 square miles), the territory of the former City of Abidjan, made up of 10 autonomous [[commune (subnational entity)|communes]],
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The population of Abidjan was 4,707,404 at the 2014 census. In 2006, the metropolitan area of Abidjan had 5,060,858 inhabitants. This population increase can be attributed to the displacement since September 2002. The war brought an influx of people into the city, seeking employment and safer lodgings.  
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The communes are:
 
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*Abobo, which is primarily working class housing.
 
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*Adjamé, the location of a number of commercial activities, but is prone to health and sanitation problems.
 
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*Attécoubé, which has the Banco forest, a national park, and a gigantic commercial complex.
 
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*Cocody, which is reputed for its residential districts (e.g.: 2-Plateau, Riviera), and is home to the University of Cocody, Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne, and is home for the president.
 
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*Koumassi, an industrial zone.
 
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*Biétry, a deluxe residential zone, home for many French.
 
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*Marcory, which is primarily residential.
 
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*The Plateau, a [[Central Business District]], whose tall buildings give Abidjan a modern aspect, and is still the location of the presidency, and the National Assembly.
 
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*Port-Bouët, the location of the refinery (SIR) and the international Felix Houphouët-Boigny airport.
 
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*Treichville, home to the Port Authority of Abidjan, and the Treichville State Swimming Pool (FART), Palais Omnisport de Treichville, cultural palace, and the Abidjan Hippodrome. The Harbour Zone is an industrial park. 
 
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*Île Boulay.
 
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*Yopougon, which has industrial and residential parks, and is also the most populated commune of Abidjan.
 
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Each of these communes is governed by its own municipal corporation, headed by a mayor.
 
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Abobo, Adjamé, Attécoubé, Cocody, Plateau and Yopougon are located north of the Ébrié Lagoon (called Abidjan North) on the continental side of Abidjan. Treichville, Koumassi, Marcory and Port-Bouët form part of Abidjan South.
 
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Blokosso and Locodjro are villages included within the city and which maintain their cultural identity in the urban environment.
 
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Executive power is in the hands of the district governor, appointed by the president. The governor, who serves a five-year term, is the ''de facto'' mayor of Abidjan.
 
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Legislative power is in the hands of the district council, which is made up of 78 members, who serve a five-year term. One-third of the members are chosen by the municipal councils of the communes, while two-third of the members are directly elected every five years by the Ivorian residents.
 
−
 
 
−
The District of Abidjan is inside the [[Lagunes]] ''[[Regions of Côte d'Ivoire|région]]'', which is made up of the District of Abidjan plus five ''[[Departments of Côte d'Ivoire|département]]s''.
 
−
 
 
−
Abidjan is the regional seat of United Nations bodies, and is the location for world diplomats serving West Africa.
 
−
 
 
−
==Economy==
 
−
[[Image:Lagunesebroko.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Hotel Sebroko.]]
 
−
[[Image:Abidjan Plateau.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]] and the [[Ébrié Lagoon]] at night, as seen from the Pyramide.]]
 
−
 
 
−
Abidjan has a modern deepwater commercial seaport, forming a gateway to Western Africa, and the Common Stock Exchange of West Africa is located there. The city has branches of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Regional Values Exchange, the African Bank of Development, Crédit Lyonnais, Citibank, Chase, Barclays, among others.
 
−
 
 
−
Manufacturing, which has ballooned since the 1960s, includes [[food processing]], [[coffee]], [[cocoa]], [[lumber]], [[automobile]] manufacturing, and the manufacture of [[textiles]], [[chemical industry|chemicals]], and [[soap]]. There is also a large [[oil refinery]]. Exports include coffee, cacao, timber, bananas, pineapples, and palm and fish products.
 
  
−
Tourism is of increasing importance. Tourist attractions include the immense Hôtel Ivoire, which features a bowling alley, cinema, casino, and the only ice rink in Western Africa, and the St Paul's Cathedral, which is one of the continent's most elaborate churches. North of the city is Banco National Park, a magnificent tropical rainforest.  
+
From within Ivory Coast, the migration pattern was dominated by [[Akan]] (South-east, 48 percent), then [[Mande]] (North-west, 24 percent) and [[Krou]] (South-west, 20 percent). From abroad, the migration was Burkinabes (30 percent), Malians (22 percent), Ghanaians (19 percent), Natives of [[Niger]] (11 percent), of the [[Guinea]]ns (nine percent). It should be noted that of the Non-African migration, Lebanese migration exceeded that of Europeans, with the [[French people|French]] being most in number of these. All in all, Non-African migration represents hardly three percent of the total population of Abidjan.
  
−
The two halves of the city (northern Abidjan and southern Abidjan) are connected by the Houphouët-Boigny and de Gaulle bridges. These bridges are located between Treichville and the Plateau, their capacity is definitely insufficient, especially during peak hours. The SOTRA (Society of Transportation, Abidjan) and the SOTU (Society of Urban Transportation)ensure regular urban transportation by means of Bus, Taxi baggage and Ligne Express train. Road transport features the Gbaka, a type of mini bus, with a capacity of about 18 passengers, and the Woro-woro, which is a shared taxi which can carry five to six passengers.  
+
While [[French language|French]] is the official [[language]], 60 native dialects are spoken in the Ivory Coast, with Dioula the most widely spoken. [[Muslim]]s made up 35-40 percent of the population in 2001, indigenous religions made up 25-40 percent, and [[Christian]]s 20-30 percent. Abidjan has a [[museum]] of traditional Ivoirian art, a national [[library]], and several agricultural and scientific research institutes.
  
−
[[Train]]s on the line to [[Ouagadougou]] run from several stations in the city, the most important being in Treichville. [[Ferry|Ferries]] link [[Treichville]], [[Abobo-Doumé]] and the [[Plateau (Abidjan)|Plateau]].  The [[airport]] is located approximately 10 miles (16 km) from downtown Abidjan.  
+
==Culture==
 +
Abidjan is considered the cultural cross roads of [[Western Africa]], and hosts various [[art]] and [[music]] festivals, including the International Festival of Black Music, the International Jazz Festival of Abidjan, the Festival of Urban Dances, the International Comics Festival, and the The RTI Music Awards, among others. There is also a [[museum]] of traditional Ivoirian art, a national [[library]], and several [[agriculture|agricultural]] and scientific research institutes.  
  
−
Abidjan's modern [[port]] opened in 1950, when the [[Vridi Canal]] was cut through a [[sandbar]], linking the Ébrié Lagoon with the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The harbour traffic was 12 million tons in 1995, including 5.5 in petroleum products. Formerly West [[Africa]]'s pre-eminent port, Abidjan is attempting to bring back traffic which veered to other ports during [[Côte d'Ivoire]]'s political unrest.
+
[[Football]] is the national [[sport]] of Ivory Coast, and Abidjan is the location of the nation’s two best clubs. An Olympic Complex of 80,000 to 100,000 seats was planned to offer a better national stage to the National Soccer Team, ''the Elephants'', and was awaiting investors in 2008 to proceed. Other sports include [[basketball]], athletics, [[rugby]], [[handball]], and [[volley ball]].
−
 
 
−
Abidjan has an international airport that can accommodate large transport aircraft,and is served by the most airline companies. Abidjan is approximately one flight hour away from most regional capitals.
 
−
 
 
−
The Abidjan district, contributes approximately half of the national production of electricity. Ivory Coast Telecom has a powerful fixed telephony network with 450,000 lines (2004), providing high speed [[Internet]], and [[ADSL]]. Several access providers like [[Aviso]] de Cote d'Ivoire Télécom, [[Africa On Line]], and [[Globe Access]] operate within the city.
 
−
 
 
−
== Demographics ==
 
−
The  population was 3,796,677 in 2006, while the metropolitan area had 5,060,858 inhabitants. The war, since September 2002, brought an influx of people seeking employment and safer lodgings. From within Ivory Coast, the migration pattern was dominated by [[Akan]] (South-east, 48 percent), then [[Mande]] (North-west, 24 percent) and [[Krou]] (South-west, 20 percent). From abroad, the migration was Burkinabes (30 percent), Malians (22 percent), Ghanaians (19 percent), Natives of [[Niger]] (11 percent), of the [[Guinea]]ns (9 percent). It should be noted that of the Non-African migration, Lebanese migration exceeded that of Europeans, with the [[French people|French]] being most in number of these. All in all, Non-African migration represents hardly 3 percent of the total population of Abidjan.
 
−
 
 
−
While French is the official language, 60 native dialects are spoken in the Ivory Coast, with Dioula the most widely spoken.Muslims made up 35-40 percent of the population in 2001, indigenous religions made up 25-40 percent, and Christians 20-30 percent. Abidjan has a museum of traditional Ivoirian art, a national library, and several agricultural and scientific research institutes.
 
  
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
*Soumahoro, Christelle. ''Formes et rythmes d'expansion de l'habitat locatif populaire à Abidjan (1920-1992)''.
+
*Alquin, N. ''Abidjan Façon-Façon''. Editions Echoppe, 1997.
−
*Komenan, Dagou Denis. ''L'influence des représentations et des croyances sur l'attitude parentale. Études de cas à Abidjan.''
+
*Bonnassieux, Alain. '' L'autre Abidjan: histoire d'un quartier oublié.'' Abidjan: Inadès, 1987. ISBN 978-2865371914
−
*Ploog, K. ''Le Français à Abidjan. Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard''.
+
*Dagou, Denis Koménan. '' L'influence des représentations et des croyances sur l'attitude parentale: Etudes de cas à Abidjan.'' Thèse pour le diplôme de doctorat de psychologie, Université Lumière-Lyon 2, institut de psychologie, 1999.  
−
*Bonnassieux, Alain. ''L'autre Abidjan''. 1987. éditions Karthala.
+
*Soumahoro, Christelle. ''Formes et rythmes d'expansion de l'habitat locatif populaire à Abidjan (1920-1992).'' Thesis (doctoral)—Université Pierre Mendès France Grenoble 2, 1996. {{OCLC|184996600}}
−
*Alquin, N. ''Abidjan Façon-Façon''. 1997. Editions Echoppe.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
All links retrieved December 10, 2007.
+
All links retrieved June 14, 2023.
−
 
+
* [http://www.abidjan.com/ Abidjan.com]
−
* [http://abidjan.ci.site.voila.fr Photos from Abidjan]
+
* [http://www.abidjan.net/ Abidjan.net]
−
* [http://www.fotopaises.com/fotos/Costa_de_Marfil/CI.html More photos]
+
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003352/Abidjan.html Abidjan] Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  
−
* [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba in Ivory Coast]
 
−
* [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreVille/abidjan.htm Map of Abidjan]
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=1180 Festival des danses urbaines]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=1518 Féeries ACT II]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=1770 Festival international de la lingerie et de la beauté d'Abidjan]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=1865 Miss District Abidjan 2007 en photo]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=948 Faya Flow la final en photo]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=972 Climbie beach 2006 en photo]
 
−
* [http://abidjanshow.com/a_photobox_suite.php?newsid=947 Dj Mix 1 manche à Babishow]
 
−
 
 
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{{Côte d'Ivoire}}
 
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{{African capitals}}
 
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
 
[[Category:Cities]]
−
[[Category:Africa ]]
+
 
 
{{credits|177029925}}
 
{{credits|177029925}}

Latest revision as of 04:48, 14 June 2023

Abidjan
District d'Abidjan
—  City  —
Abidjan-Plateau1.JPG
Official seal of Abidjan
Seal		 Coat of arms of Abidjan
Coat of arms
Location in Côte d'Ivoire
Location in Côte d'Ivoire
Coordinates: 5°19′N 4°02′W
Country Flag of Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire
Region Lagunes Region
Government
 - Governor Robert Beugré Mambé
Area
 - City 2,119 km² (818.2 sq mi)
 - Urban 422 km² (162.9 sq mi)
Population (2014 census)[1]
 - City 4,707,404 (district); 4,395,243 (city)
Time zone GMT (UTC+0)

Abidjan is the largest city, chief port, and de facto capital of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). (Yamoussoukro is the official capital.) It is also the most populated city in French-speaking Western Africa. It lies along the Ébrié Lagoon, which is separated from the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean by the Vridi Plage sandbar. Abidjan is considered the cultural crossroads of West Africa, while its long economic boom brought such prosperity and growth that it earned the knickname "Paris of West Africa". The city flourished along with the country under the ideologically moderate leadership of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, however the political instability that followed his death and the nation's civil war of the early twenty-first century have taken their toll on the city.

Geography

Abidjan Communes

The name name "Abidjan," according to legend, came from a misunderstanding between an old man, with an armful of branches, and a lost European explorer, who asked him the name of the nearest village. Fleeing in terror, the old man shouted: "tchan me bidjan," which in the Ebrié language means "I've just been cutting branches!" The white man took this to be the name "Abidjan."

The business district, the Plateau, is the center of the city. It lies with Cocody, an upscale residential area located east of the modern business district, Deux Plateaux (the richest neighborhood with mansions, typically inhabited by diplomats and the wealthy) and the slum area of Adjamé on the north shore of the lagoon, while Treichville and Marcory (also poor areas) lie to the south, Abobo-Doume and Yopougon to the west and Boulay Island in the middle of the lagoon. Further south lies Port Bouët, home to the airport and main seaport.

The city is designed along colonial guidelines, on the basis of rather Utopian town-planning. The colonists inhabit The Plateau ("m'brato" in the Tchaman language) while the colonized people live in the north. The two zones were separated by the Gallieni Military Barracks, where the current law courts are located.

History

Abidjan was a village in 1898, became a town in 1903, and was a rail terminus from 1904, although it depended on the wharf at Port-Bouët on the sandbar's ocean shore. The Petit-Bassam Wharf, the current Port Bouët, south of the metropolitan area, grew rapidly in competition with the Grand-Bassam Wharf. In 1904, when Bingerville had not yet been completed, Abidjan became the economic center of the Côte d'Ivoire colonies, a primary relay point for distribution of European goods further inland, notably by an increasingly important Lebanese community.

In 1931, the Plateau and Treichville (which became Commikro, "the city of clerks") were roughly connected by a floating bridge at the place du pont Houphouët Boigny. In this year, the first of the street addresses of Abidjan were set up. In 1933, Abidjan succeeded Bingerville as the capital of the French colony.

Small storefront.

In years 1940 between 1950, like Cairo, Tangier and Istanbul, Abidjan became a part of popular imagination as a nest for spies and criminals. The Vridi Canal, completed in 1951, opened the lagoon to the sea, and the city soon became the shipping and financial center of French-speaking West Africa.

After independence, in 1960, Abidjan retained its status as capital. The southern areas of Treichville, towards the international airport and the beaches, became the district for Europeans and middle class Abidjanians. The Cocody district (famous for the movie Le Gentleman de Cocody by Jean Marais) became an upper-class political district which contained the presidential residence, the French Embassy, the Ivory Hotel, and since 2006, the largest United States Embassy in Africa.

Abidjan entered a long economic boom which lasted until the 1980s, earning it the name "Paris of Africa." With elegant casinos and world-class hotels, the city billed itself as the safest and most desirable tourist destination in West Africa. But in 1983, Yamoussoukro, a town located about 170 miles (274km) to the northwest, became the new capital of Côte d'Ivoire under president Felix Houphouët-Boigny, who wanted to transform his native village into the Brasilia of the African Savannah.

Abidjan entered into a decline in the 1990s, characterized by run-down infrastructure and a growth of pollution, blamed on negligent civil servants, political infighting following Houphouët-Boigny’s death, and high levels of corruption.

Since 1999, the city has suffered from the chaos and economic dislocation caused by civil war in the north Ivory Coast, political tumult, and flight of capital. Large working class zones of migrants were the location of the anti-French riots of November 2004. On September 6, 2006, hundreds of people protested in the streets following the deaths of two children who had inhaled fumes from toxic waste.

Côte d'Ivoire fell into civil war in September 2002. Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with a rebel-held north and a government-held south. Both French troops and UN forces were brought in, in an attempt to secure peace. A peace agreement to end the conflict was signed in March 2007, however there continues to be instability.

The crime rate has increased as a result of poor economic conditions, an influx of weapons and refugees from neighboring Liberia, and urban migration. Burglaries commonly occur at residences, restaurants, and small businesses. Petty theft is prevalent throughout Abidjan and armed gangs are a growing problem.

Government

The National Assembly
Hotel Sebroko.

In August 2001, the government of Côte d'Ivoire disbanded the City of Abidjan, and merged its ten communes with the three sub-prefectures beyond the City of Abidjan to create the District of Abidjan whose limits match those of the département of Abidjan. The new District of Abidjan (818 square miles or 2119 square kilometers) is thus much larger than the former City of Abidjan (163 square miles). The reform was implemented in 2002, with local elections taking place that year.

In 2011, the post of Mayor of Abidjan was replaced by that of District Governor, appointed by the head of state.

Economy

Abidjan has a modern deepwater commercial seaport, forming a gateway to Western Africa, and the Common Stock Exchange of West Africa is located there. The city has branches of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Regional Values Exchange, the African Bank of Development, Crédit Lyonnais, Citibank, Chase, Barclays, among others.

Manufacturing, which has ballooned since the 1960s, includes food processing, coffee, cocoa, lumber, automobile manufacturing, and the manufacture of textiles, chemicals, and soap. There is also a large oil refinery. Exports include coffee, cacao, timber, bananas, pineapples, and palm and fish products.

The Plateau and the Ébrié Lagoon at night, as seen from the Pyramide.

Tourism is of increasing importance. Tourist attractions include the immense Hôtel Ivoire, which features a bowling alley, cinema, casino, and the only ice rink in Western Africa, and the St. Paul's Cathedral, which is one of the continent's most elaborate churches. North of the city is Banco National Park, a magnificent tropical rainforest.

The two halves of the city (northern Abidjan and southern Abidjan) are connected by the Houphouët-Boigny and de Gaulle bridges. These bridges are located between Treichville and the Plateau, their capacity is definitely insufficient, especially during peak hours. The SOTRA (Society of Transportation, Abidjan) and the SOTU (Society of Urban Transportation) ensure regular urban transportation by means of Bus, Taxi baggage and Ligne Express train. Road transport features the Gbaka, a type of mini bus, with a capacity of about 18 passengers, and the Woro-woro, which is a shared taxi which can carry five to six passengers.

Trains on the line to Ouagadougou run from several stations in the city, the most important being in Treichville. Ferries link Treichville, Abobo-Doumé and the Plateau. The airport is located approximately ten miles (16 km) from downtown Abidjan.

Abidjan's modern port opened in 1950, when the Vridi Canal was cut through a sandbar, linking the Ébrié Lagoon with the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The harbor traffic was 12 million tons in 1995, including 5.5 in petroleum products. Formerly West Africa's pre-eminent port, Abidjan is attempting to bring back traffic which veered to other ports during Côte d'Ivoire's political unrest.

Abidjan has an international airport that can accommodate large transport aircraft, and is served by the most airline companies. Abidjan is approximately a one flight hour from most regional capitals.

The Abidjan district contributes approximately half of the national production of electricity. Ivory Coast Telecom has a powerful fixed telephone network with 450,000 lines (2004), providing high speed Internet, and ADSL. Several access providers like Aviso de Cote d'Ivoire Télécom, Africa On Line, and Globe Access operate within the city.

Demographics

The population of Abidjan was 4,707,404 at the 2014 census. In 2006, the metropolitan area of Abidjan had 5,060,858 inhabitants. This population increase can be attributed to the displacement since September 2002. The war brought an influx of people into the city, seeking employment and safer lodgings.

From within Ivory Coast, the migration pattern was dominated by Akan (South-east, 48 percent), then Mande (North-west, 24 percent) and Krou (South-west, 20 percent). From abroad, the migration was Burkinabes (30 percent), Malians (22 percent), Ghanaians (19 percent), Natives of Niger (11 percent), of the Guineans (nine percent). It should be noted that of the Non-African migration, Lebanese migration exceeded that of Europeans, with the French being most in number of these. All in all, Non-African migration represents hardly three percent of the total population of Abidjan.

While French is the official language, 60 native dialects are spoken in the Ivory Coast, with Dioula the most widely spoken. Muslims made up 35-40 percent of the population in 2001, indigenous religions made up 25-40 percent, and Christians 20-30 percent. Abidjan has a museum of traditional Ivoirian art, a national library, and several agricultural and scientific research institutes.

Culture

Abidjan is considered the cultural cross roads of Western Africa, and hosts various art and music festivals, including the International Festival of Black Music, the International Jazz Festival of Abidjan, the Festival of Urban Dances, the International Comics Festival, and the The RTI Music Awards, among others. There is also a museum of traditional Ivoirian art, a national library, and several agricultural and scientific research institutes.

Football is the national sport of Ivory Coast, and Abidjan is the location of the nation’s two best clubs. An Olympic Complex of 80,000 to 100,000 seats was planned to offer a better national stage to the National Soccer Team, the Elephants, and was awaiting investors in 2008 to proceed. Other sports include basketball, athletics, rugby, handball, and volley ball.

Notes

  1. ↑ Côte d'Ivoire: General Information GeoHive. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Alquin, N. Abidjan Façon-Façon. Editions Echoppe, 1997.
  • Bonnassieux, Alain. L'autre Abidjan: histoire d'un quartier oublié. Abidjan: Inadès, 1987. ISBN 978-2865371914
  • Dagou, Denis Koménan. L'influence des représentations et des croyances sur l'attitude parentale: Etudes de cas à Abidjan. Thèse pour le diplôme de doctorat de psychologie, Université Lumière-Lyon 2, institut de psychologie, 1999.
  • Soumahoro, Christelle. Formes et rythmes d'expansion de l'habitat locatif populaire à Abidjan (1920-1992). Thesis (doctoral)—Université Pierre Mendès France Grenoble 2, 1996. OCLC 184996600

External links

All links retrieved June 14, 2023.

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