Vitamin B

The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Historically, the B vitamins were once thought to be a single vitamin, referred to as Vitamin B (much like how people refer to Vitamin C or Vitamin D). Later research showed that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. Supplements containing all eight B vitamins are generally referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g. B₁, B₂, B₃).

Note:Niacin is one of the B vitamins (vitamin B complex), a group of chemically distinct, water-soluble vitamins that also includes thiamine, riboflaven, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and others. Once considered to be a single vitamin, vitamin B is now seen as a complex of different vitamins that generally are found in the same foods. Vitamins are organic (carbon-containing) nutrients obtained through the diet and essential in small amounts for normal metabolic reactions.

Note:several vitamins that traditionally have been grouped together because of loose similarities in their properties, their distribution in natural sources, and their physiological functions, which overlap considerably. All the B vitamins, like vitamin C, are soluble in water, in contrast to the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

List of B vitamins

• Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine)
• Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin)
• Vitamin B₃, also Vitamin P or Vitamin PP (Niacin)
• Vitamin B₅ (Pantothenic acid)
• Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine and Pyridoxamine)
• Vitamin B₇, also Vitamin H (Biotin)
• Vitamin B₉, also Vitamin M and Vitamin B-c (Folic acid)
• Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamin)

B vitamins deficiency

Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B-vitamins.

• Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine) deficiency causes Beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances, Wernicke's encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of irregular heartbeat, and edema (swelling of bodily tissues). Heart failure and death may occur in advanced cases. Chronic thiamine deficiency can also cause Korsakoff's syndrome, an irreversible psychosis characterized by amnesia and confabulation.
• Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin) deficiency causes Ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo-syphilis (particularly affecting the scrotum or labia majora and the mouth), pharyngitis, hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa.
• Vitamin B₃ (Niacin) deficiency, along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes Pellagra. Symptoms include aggression, dermatitis, insomnia, weakness, mental confusion, and diarrhea. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death.

Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.

• Vitamin B₅ (Pantothenic acid) deficiency can result in acne and Paresthesia, although it is uncommon.
• Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine) deficiency may lead to anemia, depression, dermatitis, high blood pressure (hypertension), water retention, and elevated levels of homocysteine.
• Vitamin B₇ deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants.
• Vitamin B₉ (Folic acid) deficiency results in elevated levels of homocysteine. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects. Supplementation is often recommended during pregnancy. Researchers have shown that folic acid might also slow the insidious effects of age on the brain.
• Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, memory loss and other cognitive decline. It is most likely to occur among elderly people as absorption through the gut declines with age. In extreme (fortunately rare) cases, paralysis can result.

Related nutrients

Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins because they were believed to be vitamins at one time, and they are relevant to vitamin nomenclature in that the numbers that were assigned to them form "gaps" in the series of B-vitamin names. Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential to other organisms. While they are non-"essential" in that they may be synthesized by the body from other starting materials, they have dietary significance. See also Orthomolecular medicine.

• Vitamin B₄: Adenine, a nucleobase.
• Vitamin B₇: "Vitamin I" of Centanni E. (1935) — also called 'Enteral factor' is a water and alcohol soluble rice-bran factor which prevents digestive disturbance in pigeons. It governs the anatomical and functional integrity of the intestinal tract. Later found in yeast. Possible candidates for this substance are inositol, nicotinic acid(niacin), and biotin. Carnitine was also claimed to be a candidate but is not soluble in alcohol.^{[citation needed]}
• Vitamin B₈: adenosine monophosphate
• Vitamin B₁₀: para-aminobenzoic acid, or PABA
• Vitamin B₁₁: Pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid – Chick growth factor, which is a form of Folic acid. Later found to be one of five folates necessary for humans; (L-carnitine) is called Vitamin B₁₁ in France^{[citation needed]}.
• Vitamin B₁₃: Orotic acid.
• Vitamin B₁₄: cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth, and antitumor pterin phosphate named by Earl R. Norris (biochemist of folic acid fame). Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not comfirm this. He also claimed this was not Xanthopterin.
• Vitamin B₁₅ 6-O-(dimethylaminoacetyl)-D-gluconic acid (Pangamic acid)
• Vitamin B₁₆ (dimethylgycine) – also known as DMG. (However Lipoic acid was discovered and named a B-Vitamin after B15 and before B17)
• Vitamin B₁₇ (Amygdalin) – proponents claim this is effective in cancer treatment and prevention and is commonly found in apricot kernels.
• Vitamin B₁₈ –
• Vitamin B₁₉ –
• Vitamin B₂₀ (Carnitine) –
• Vitamin B₂₁ –
• Vitamin B₂₂ – often claimed as an ingredient of Aloe vera extracts but also in many other foods. Claimed by one source to be Vitamin B12b-δ.
• Vitamin B_h – another name for Biotin
• Vitamin B_m ("mouse factor") – also used to designate Inositol
• Vitamin B_p (Choline) –
• Vitamin B_t (L-carnitine) –
• Vitamin B_v – a type of B6 but not Pyrodoxine
• Vitamin B_w – a type of Biotin but not d-Biotin
• Vitamin B_x – another name for PABA (para-Aminobenzoic acid)
• Lipoic acid –

Note: B₁₆, B₁₇, B₁₈, B₁₉, B₂₀, B₂₁ & B₂₂ do not appear to be animal factors but are claimed by naturopaths as human therapedic factors.

Health benefits

The B vitamins often work together to deliver a number of health benefits to the body. B vitamins have been shown to:

• Bolster metabolism
• Maintain healthy skin and muscle tone
• Enhance immune and nervous system function
• Promote cell growth and division — including that of the red blood cells that help prevent anemia.

Together, they also help combat the symptoms and causes of stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease.

All B vitamins are water soluble, and are dispersed throughout the body. They must be replenished daily with any excess excreted in the urine.

Vitamin B sources

Vitamin B comes from a number of natural sources, including potatoes, bananas, lentils, chilli peppers, tempeh, liver, turkey, and tuna. Nutritional yeast (or brewer's yeast) is an especially good source of Vitamin B. The iconic Australian spread Vegemite bills itself as "one of the world's richest known sources of vitamin B". As might be expected, due to its high content of brewer's yeast, beer is a good source of B vitamins, although this may not be true of filtered beers. In fact, beer is sometimes referred to as "liquid bread".

Another popular means of increasing one's Vitamin B intake is through the use of dietary supplements purchased at supermarkets, health centers, or natural food stores.

B vitamins are also commonly added to energy drinks.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Linda Clark's "Know your Nutrition ": ISBN 0-87983-401-3

External links

• How B Vitamins Work

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