Royal Albert Hall
The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, England. Known as the "Nation's Village Hall," it hosts events that range from music and art, to sport and science.
Since the hall's opening by Queen Victoria in 1871, the world's leading artists from many performance genres have appeared on its stage. It is the venue for the BBC Proms concerts, which have been held there every summer since 1941. Also hosted are shows featuring classical, rock, and pop concerts, ballet, opera, film screenings with live orchestral accompaniment, sports, awards ceremonies, school and community events, and charity performances and banquets. The hall has hosted talks from various fields, including meetings held by suffragettes, speeches by Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, and Albert Einstein, as well as boxing matches including fights by Lennox Lewis, exhibition bouts by Muhammad Ali, among others.
The hall was originally to have been called the Central Hall of Arts and Sciences, but the name was changed to the Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences by Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert, who had died six years prior to the laying of the foundation stone. It forms the practical part of a memorial to the Prince Consort; the decorative part is the Albert Memorial directly to the north in Kensington Gardens, now separated from the Hall by Kensington Gore.
History
Origin
In 1851 the Great Exhibition, organized by Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, was held in Hyde Park, London. The Exhibition was a success and led Prince Albert to propose the creation of a group of permanent facilities for the public benefit, which came to be known as Albertopolis. The Exhibition's Royal Commission bought Gore House, but it was slow to act, and in 1861 Prince Albert died without having seen his ideas come to fruition. However, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite.[1]
The proposal was approved, and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition. The Hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres but had also been exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum.[1] The Hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth.[2]
The dome (designed by Rowland Mason Ordish) was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was a trial assembly of the dome's iron framework in Manchester; then it was taken apart again and transported to London by horse and cart. When the time came for the supporting structure to be removed from the dome after reassembly in situ, only volunteers remained on site in case the structure collapsed. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch (7.9 mm).[3] The Hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870, and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect.[4]
Opening and early years
The official opening ceremony of the Hall was on March 29, 1871. This had originally been scheduled for May 1, the twentieth anniversary of the opening of the Great Exhibition, but was brought forward at the request of Queen Victoria.[1] A welcoming speech was given by Edward, the Prince of Wales because the Queen was too overcome to speak; "her only recorded comment on the Hall was that it reminded her of the British constitution."[5]
The composer, organist, and choir conductor William Carter founded and directed a choir specifically for the opening of Royal Albert Hall.[6] In the concert that followed, the Hall's acoustic problems immediately became apparent. Engineers first tried to remove the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome. This helped and also sheltered concert-goers from the sun, but the problem was not solved: it used to be jokingly said the Hall was "the only place where a British composer could be sure of hearing his work twice."[7]
The first concert performed in the hall was Arthur Sullivan's cantata On Shore and Sea, performed on May 1, 1871.[8]
In July 1871, French organist Camille Saint-Saëns performed Church Scene from Faust by Charles Gounod; The Orchestra described his performance as "an exceptional and distinguished performer ... the effect was most marvellous."[9]
Initially lit by gas, the Hall contained a special system by which thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall,[10] full electric lighting was not installed until 1888.
In May 1877, Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival. After his turn with the baton, he handed it over to conductor Hans Richter and sat in a large armchair on the corner of the stage for the rest of each concert.[10]
The Wine Society was founded at the Hall on August 4, 1874, after large quantities of wine were found in the cellars. A series of lunches were held to publicize the wines, and General Henry Scott proposed a co-operative company to buy and sell wines.[11]
Twentieth century
In 1906, Elsie Fogerty founded the Central School of Speech and Drama at the Hall, using its West Theatre, now the Elgar Room, as the school's theatre. The school later moved to Swiss Cottage in north London in 1957. While the school was based at the Royal Albert Hall, students who graduated from its classes included Judi Dench, Vanessa Redgrave, Lynn Redgrave, Harold Pinter, Laurence Olivier, and Peggy Ashcroft.[12]
In 1911, Russian pianist and composer Sergei Rachmaninoff performed as a part of the London Ballad Concert. The recital included his Prelude in C-sharp minor and Elegie in E-flat minor (both from Morceaux de Fantaisie).[13]
In 1933, German physicist Albert Einstein led the "Einstein Meeting" at the hall for the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics, a British charity. In his speech, the first and only time he spoke at the hall, speaking of his fear of the looming Nazi crisis in Europe, he asked “How can we save mankind and it’s spiritual acquisitions of which we are the heirs and how can one save Europe from a new disaster?”[14]
In 1936, the Hall was the scene of a giant rally celebrating the British Empire on the occasion of the centenary of Joseph Chamberlain's birth.
During the First and Second World Wars, the Hall’s roof was used as a navigation point by pilots. As part of the wartime blackout practice, the glazing was painted black and coated with an anti-splintering varnish in March 1940. The roof suffered only minor damage during bombing.[15]
In 1949, the canvas awning was removed and replaced with fluted aluminum panels below the glass roof, in a new attempt to cure the echo; but the acoustics were not properly tackled until 1969 when large fiberglass acoustic diffusing discs (commonly referred to as "mushrooms" or "flying saucers") were installed below the ceiling.[16]
In 1968, the Hall hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 which was broadcast on television live in color for the first time, and from 1969 to 1988 the Miss World contest was staged in the venue.[17]
Renovation and development
From 1996 until 2004, the Hall underwent a program of renovation and development supported by a £20 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £20m from Arts Council England to enable it to meet the demands of the next century of events and performances. Thirty "discreet projects" were designed and supervised by the architecture and engineering firm BDP without disrupting events. These projects included improved ventilation to the auditorium, more bars and restaurants, improved seating, better technical facilities, and improved backstage areas. Internally, the Circle seating was rebuilt during June 1996 to provide more legroom, better access, and improved sightlines.[18]
The largest project of the ongoing renovation and development was the building of a new south porch – door 12, accommodating a first-floor restaurant, new ground floor box office, and subterranean loading bay. Although the exterior of the building was largely unchanged, the south steps leading down to Prince Consort Road were demolished to allow construction of underground vehicle access and a loading bay with accommodation for three HGVs carrying all the equipment brought by shows. The steps were then reconstructed around a new south porch, built on a similar scale and style to the three pre-existing porches at Door 3, 6, and 9: these works were undertaken by Taylor Woodrow Construction.[18] On June 4, 2004, the project received the Europa Nostra Award for remarkable achievement.[19]
The East (Door 3) and West (Door 9) porches were glazed and new bars opened along with ramps to improve disabled access. The Stalls were rebuilt in a four-week period in 2000 using steel supports allowing more space underneath for two new bars; 1,534 unique pivoting seats were laid – with an addition of 180 prime seats. The Choirs were rebuilt at the same time. The whole building was redecorated in a style that reinforces its Victorian identity. 4,000 square meters (43,000 sq ft) of new carpets were laid in the rooms, stairs, and corridors – specially woven with a border that follows the oval curve of the building.[20]
Between 2002 and 2004, there was a major rebuilding of the great organ (known as the Voice of Jupiter).[21] Originally built by "Father" Henry Willis in 1871 and rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison in 1924 and 1933, the rebuilding was performed by Mander Organs.[22]
From January to May 2013, the Box Office area at Door 12 underwent further modernization to include a new Café Bar on the ground floor, a new Box Office with shop counters and additional toilets. The design and construction were carried out by contractor 8Build. Upon opening it was renamed "The Zvi and Ofra Meitar Porch and Foyer" owing to a large donation from the couple.[23]
In Autumn 2013, work began on replacing the Victorian steam heating system over three years and improving cooling across the building. This work followed the summer Proms season during which temperatures were unusually high.[24] Further heatwaves led to a rebuild of the Rausing Circle level in 2021 with air-cooling ventilation installed, significantly decreasing heat there during hot weather.
In 2018 a Walk of Fame was unveiled at the Hall, with the first eleven recipients of a star including the Suffragettes (who held meetings at the Hall), Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein (both of whom delivered speeches there), Muhammad Ali (who had exhibition events at the venue), and Eric Clapton (who played the venue over 200 times), among others, who were viewed as "key players" in the building's history.[25]
Twenty-first century
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions meant the Hall was closed in March 2020 for the first time since the Second World War. This had a major financial impact in terms of the majority of its income. As a result the hall had to delay various scheduled projects. During winter 2020 it reopened for three socially distanced performances but was then closed for a second period, finally reopening to full capacity in July 2021.[26]
On November 11, 2023, before the Festival of Remembrance, King Charles III and Queen Camilla unveiled two bronze statues of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as part of the Hall's 150th anniversary.[27]
Design
The Hall, a Grade I listed building,[28] is an ellipse in plan, with its external major and minor axes of 272 and 236 feet (83 and 72 meters), and its internal minor and major axis of 185 and 219 feet (56 and 67 m). The great glass and wrought-iron dome roofing the Hall is 135 ft (41 m) high.[29] The Hall was originally designed with a capacity for 8,000 people and has accommodated as many as 12,000 (although present-day safety restrictions mean the maximum permitted seating capacity is now 5,272, of which some 1268 seats remain in private ownership). The Hall can accommodate up to 5,900 when specific areas of the Hall are used as standing capacity.[30]
Around the outside of the building is 800-foot–long terracotta mosaic frieze, depicting "The Triumph of Arts and Sciences," in reference to the Hall's dedication.[31] Proceeding counter-clockwise from the north side the sixteen subjects of the frieze are:
- Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851
- Music
- Sculpture
- Painting
- Princes, Art Patrons and Artists
- Workers in Stone
- Workers in Wood and Brick
- Architecture
- The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences
- Agriculture
- Horticulture and Land Surveying
- Astronomy and Navigation
- A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students
- Engineering
- The Mechanical Powers
- Pottery and Glassmaking
Above the frieze is an inscription in 12-inch-high (30 cm) terracotta letters that combine historical fact and Biblical quotations:
This hall was erected for the advancement of the arts and sciences and works of industry of all nations in fulfilment of the intention of Albert Prince Consort. The site was purchased with the proceeds of the Great Exhibition of the year MDCCCLI. The first stone of the Hall was laid by Her Majesty Queen Victoria on the twentieth day of May MDCCCLXVII and it was opened by Her Majesty the Twenty Ninth of March in the year MDCCCLXXI. Thine O Lord is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty. For all that is in the heaven and in the earth is Thine. The wise and their works are in the hand of God. Glory be to God on high and on earth peace.
Events
The Hall has been affectionately titled the "Nation's Village Hall"[32] and it functions as "the nexus of culture, a space to celebrate music and art, sport and science and continues to uphold the societal and cultural values instigated by its eponym."[33]
Many events are promoted by the Hall; since the early 1970s promoter Raymond Gubbay brought a range of events to the Hall including opera, ballet, and classical music. Events include classical and rock concerts, conferences, banquets, ballroom dancing, poetry recitals, educational talks, motor shows, ballet, opera, film screenings, and circus shows. It has hosted many sporting events, including boxing, squash, table tennis, basketball, mixed martial arts, tennis, and even a marathon. It has also hosted wrestling, including the first official sumo wrestling tournament to be held outside Japan, as it did so in 1991 with a return appearance scheduled for 2025.[34] Tennis was first played at the Hall in March 1970, and the ATP Champions Tour Masters was played there annually from 1997 to 2021.
The hall first hosted boxing in 1918, when it hosted a tournament between British and American servicemen. Greats of British boxing such as Frank Bruno, Prince Naseem Hamed, Henry Cooper, and Lennox Lewis have all appeared at the venue.[35] The hall's storied boxing history was halted in 1999 when it lost its license to hold boxing and wrestling matches after complaints from residents about noise levels. In 2011, after a legal battle, the license to host boxing and wrestling events was restored and boxing events resumed in 2012, taking place regularly until 2021.[36]
On October 2011, the Hall staged the 25th-anniversary performance of Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera, which was broadcast live to cinemas across the world and filmed for DVD.[37] Lloyd Webber, the original London cast including Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, and four previous actors of the titular character, among others, were in attendance.
On November 19, 2012, the Hall hosted the 100th-anniversary performance of the Royal Variety Performance, attended by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with boy-band One Direction among the performers.[38] The Royal Variety Performance has since returned to the Hall in 2015 and every year since 2021.
In 2017 the Hall hosted the 70th British Academy Film Awards, often referred to as the BAFTAs, for the first time in 20 years, replacing the Royal Opera House at which the event had been held since 2008. The BAFTAs were held regularly at the venue until moving to the Royal Festival Hall in 2023. The Olivier Awards also moved to the Albert Hall in 2017.
Former regular events include Classical Spectacular, a Raymond Gubbay production, which performed at the Hall from 1989 to 2022. It combined popular classical music, lights, and special effects. Between 1996 and 2008, the Hall hosted the annual National Television Awards all of which were hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald, and the Classic Brit Awards were hosted annually at the Hall from 2000 to 2013, and again in 2018. The Institute of Directors' Annual Convention was synonymous with the Hall for over 50 years, taking place most years between 1961 and 2016.
Numerous regular events are held at the hall, including the Royal Choral Society which gave one of the early performances, the popular BBC Proms concert series, and many other concert series and different types of events.
Royal Choral Society
The Royal Choral Society is the longest-running regular performance at the Hall, having given its first performance as the Royal Albert Hall Choral Society on May 8, 1872.[39] From 1876, it established the annual Good Friday performance of Handel's Messiah.
BBC Proms
The BBC Sir Henry Wood Promenade Concerts, known as "The Proms", is a popular annual eight-week summer season of daily classical music concerts and other events at the Hall. The term "Proms" (short for promenade concerts) arose from the original practice of the audience promenading, or strolling, in some areas during the concert. Proms concert-goers, particularly those who stand, are sometimes described as "Promenaders," but are most commonly referred to as "Prommers."[40]
In 1941, following the destruction of the Queen's Hall in an air raid, the Hall was chosen as the new venue for the Proms.[41] In 1944 with increased danger to the Hall, part of the Proms season was held in the Bedford Corn Exchange. Following the end of World War II the Proms continued being held in the Hall and have done so annually every summer since. The event was founded in 1895, and now each season consists of over 70 concerts, in addition to a series of events at other venues across the United Kingdom.
Other concerts
The Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance is held annually the day before Remembrance Sunday.
Classic FM hold a popular concert twice a year with a regularly changing lineup.
The Hall has a long association with The Salvation Army, hosting over 400 events since 1895. It continues to host the Salvation Army's annual Christmas concert, featuring celebrity guests and Salvation Army musicians, including the International Staff Songsters and International Staff Band.[42]
The Teenage Cancer Trust has held annual charity concerts in most years. They started in 2000 as a one-off event but have expanded over the years to a week or more of evening events. Roger Daltrey of The Who was intimately involved with the planning of the events until 2024, his final year in charge includes performances from Young Fathers, Noel Gallagher, and The Chemical Brothers.[43]
The National Brass Band Championships of Great Britain, one of the most prestigious prizes in the annual brass band contesting calendar, holds the Final of the Championship section at the Royal Albert Hall each October.[44]
Other events
Cirque du Soleil has performed annually, with a show being staged at the start of most years since 1996. Cirque has had to adapt many of their touring shows to perform at the venue, modifying the set, usually built for arenas or big top tents instead. Their 2024 performance of Alegría was a revamped and updated version of the original, titled Alegria: In a New Light.[45]
The Hall is used annually by the neighboring Imperial College London and the Royal College of Art for graduation ceremonies. For several years the University of London and Kingston University also held its graduation ceremonies at the Hall.
Since 1998 the English National Ballet has had several specially staged arena summer seasons in partnership with the Hall. The 2024 performance of Tchaikovsky's iconic ballet Swan Lake received critical acclaim.[46]
Beyond the main stage
The Hall hosts hundreds of events and activities beyond its main auditorium. Visitors can take a guided tour of the Hall on most days, which includes most front-of-house areas, the auditorium, the Gallery and the Royal Retiring Room. Other tours include Behind the Scenes, Inside Out and School tours.
There are regular free art exhibitions in the ground floor Amphi corridor, which can be viewed when attending events or on dedicated viewing dates.
Children's events include Storytelling and Music Sessions for ages four and under. These take place in the Door 3 Porch and Albert's Band sessions in the Elgar Room during school holidays.
"Late Night Jazz" events in the Elgar Room, generally on a Thursday night, feature cabaret-style seating and a relaxed atmosphere with drinks available.
"Classical Coffee Mornings" are held on Sundays in the Elgar Room with musicians from the Royal College of Music accompanied with drinks and pastries.[47]
Education and outreach
The hall's education and outreach program engages with more than 200,000 people a year. It includes workshops for local teenagers led by musicians such as Foals, Jake Bugg, Emeli Sandé, Nicola Benedetti, Alison Balsom First Aid Kit and John Legend, innovative science and maths lessons, visits to local residential homes from the venue's in-house group, Albert's Band, under the 'Songbook' banner, and the Friendship Matinee: an orchestral concert for community groups, with £5 admission.[48] Each year, the hall runs the "Future Makers" competition to discover and support emerging talent from across London, where eight acts are chosen for the finals to perform in front of a live audience as well as a panel of industry professionals. One winning act is selected to receive a tailored package of support from the Royal Albert Hall and industry partners.[49]
In popular culture
A large mural by Peter Blake, titled Appearing at the Royal Albert Hall, is displayed in the Hall's Café Bar. Unveiled in April 2014, it shows more than 400 famous figures who have appeared on the stage.[50]
In 1955, English film director Alfred Hitchcock filmed the climax of The Man Who Knew Too Much at the Hall. The 15-minute sequence featured James Stewart, Doris Day, and composer Bernard Herrmann, and was filmed partly in the Queen's Box. Hitchcock was a long-time patron of the Hall and had already set the finale of his 1927 film The Ring at the venue, as well as his first version of The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), starring Leslie Banks, Edna Best, and Peter Lorre.[51]
Another notable film shot at the Hall is the spy classic starring Michael Cain, The Ipcress File.[52]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 John Goodall, The Royal Albert Hall: A 19th-century marvel that 'has lost none of its power to amaze' Country Life (April 4, 2021). Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ↑ Gervase Wheeler, The Choice of a Dwelling: A Practical Handbook of Useful Information on All Points Connected with Hiring, Buying, Or Building a House, with Its Stables and Garden-outbuildings (HardPress Limited, 2021 (original 1871), ISBN 978-0371269909).
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall Engineering Timelines. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ↑ Michael Forsyth, Buildings for Music: The Architect, the Musician, and the Listener from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day (The MIT Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0262060899).
- ↑ Why was the Royal Albert Hall built? Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ↑ Robert C. Evans and Maggie Humphreys (eds.), Dictionary of Composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland (Bloomsbury Academic, 1998, ISBN 978-0720123302).
- ↑ Bamber Gascoigne, Encyclopedia of Britain (Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN 978-0028971421).
- ↑ Meirion Hughes and Robert Stradling, The English Musical Renaissance 1840–1940 (Manchester University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0719058301).
- ↑ Rollin Smith, Saint-Saëns and the Organ (Pendragon Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0945193142).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Our History: 1800s Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ↑ Our heritage and history The Wine Society. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ↑ Lolly Susi, The Central Book (Oberon Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1840027105).
- ↑ Keynotes The Sketch 76 (November 8, 1911): 142. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Suzanne Keyte, 3 October 1933 – Albert Einstein presents his final speech given in Europe, at the Royal Albert Hall Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Our History: The Roof Royal Albert Hall'. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Mushrooms (acoustic diffusers) Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Our History: 1960s Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Projects: Royal Albert Hall BDP. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Europa Nostra award for Royal Albert Hall BDP. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ↑ The Royal Albert Hall Linney Cooper. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Dino Mahoney, Mighty Voice of Jupiter pipes up at Royal Albert Hall] South China Morning Post (July 4, 2004). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ The Grand Organ, Royal Albert Hall, London Mander organ Builders. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ 8build – The Royal Albert Hall 8Build. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Nick Clark, Sweaty business: Royal Albert Hall seeks solution to sweltering temperatures at Proms Independent (July 29, 2013). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Clapton, Churchill among those honoured by Royal Albert Hall 'Walk of Fame' Reuters (September 4, 2018). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Nicola Newson, Royal Albert Hall at 150 House of Lords Library (March 5, 2021). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ King Charles III unveils life-sized statues of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip BBC News (November 12, 2023). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall Historic England. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall Grace's Guide. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Governance. Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ↑ Our History: Mosaic Frieze Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall National Archives. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Anna Price, Our “Nation’s Village Hall” turns 150 The Critic (April 14, 2021). Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ↑ Hugh Cortazzi (ed.), Japan Experiences - Fifty Years, One Hundred Views (Post-War Japan Through British Eyes) (Routledge, 2016, ISBN 978-1138992788).
- ↑ Our History: Boxing Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Boxing returns to Royal Albert Hall after 13 years BBC (April 28, 2012). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Amazon. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Variety Performance marks 100th anniversary BBC (November 20, 2012). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall Choral Society (First Series 1872) - First Concert Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ The BBC Proms, what's it all about? BBC. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Christopher Fifield, Ibbs and Tillett: The Rise and Fall of a Musical Empire (Routledge, 2020, ISBN 978-1138356009).
- ↑ Celebrating Christmas with The Salvation Army Salvationist. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ The Teenage Cancer Trust at the Royal Albert Hall Teenage Cancer Trust. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ The National Brass Band Championships of Great Britain - Introduction Kapitol Promotions. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Cirque Du Soleil presents Alegria: In a New Light Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Royal Albert Hall 2024: Wrapped Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ What's on: Events Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Music: Royal Albert Hall British Council. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Future Makers Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ 'Appearing at the Royal Albert Hall' Sir Peter Blake triptych Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Everest, Hitchcock and the Royal Albert Hall, Toronto Film Festival BBC: The Film Programme. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
- ↑ Adam Scovell, The Ipcress File: tracking down the locations for the Michael Caine spy classic BFI, March 14, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cortazzi, Hugh (ed.). Japan Experiences - Fifty Years, One Hundred Views (Post-War Japan Through British Eyes). Routledge, 2016. ISBN 978-1138992788
- Evans, Robert C., and Maggie Humphreys (eds.). Dictionary of Composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury Academic, 1998. ISBN 978-0720123302
- Fifield, Christopher. Ibbs and Tillett: The Rise and Fall of a Musical Empire. Routledge, 2020. ISBN 978-1138356009
- Forsyth, Michael. Buildings for Music: The Architect, the Musician, and the Listener from the Seventeenth Century to the Present . The MIT Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0262060899
- Gascoigne, Bamber. Encyclopedia of Britain. Prentice Hall, 1993. ISBN 978-0028971421
- Hughes, Meirion, and Robert Stradling. The English Musical Renaissance 1840–1940. Manchester University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0719058301
- Smith, Rollin. Saint-Saëns and the Organ. Pendragon Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0945193142
- Susi, Lolly. The Central Book. Oberon Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1840027105
- Wheeler, Gervase. The Choice of a Dwelling: A Practical Handbook of Useful Information on All Points Connected with Hiring, Buying, Or Building a House, with Its Stables and Garden-outbuildings. HardPress Limited, 2021 (original 1871). ISBN 978-0371269909
External links
All links retrieved January 7, 2025
- Royal Albert Hall official site
- Royal Albert Hall in the Structurae database
- Proms BBC
- The history of the Royal Albert Hall Classical Music
- The history of the Royal Albert Hall: A story told by the building’s decoration Victoria and Albert Museum Blog
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