O'Casey, Sean

**Sean O'Casey**
Born:	March 30 1880; Dublin, Ireland
Died:	18 September 1964 (aged 84); Torquay, England
Occupation(s):	Playwright, writer

Latest revision as of 17:35, 25 January 2023

Seán O'Casey (March 30, 1880 – September 18, 1964) was a major Irish dramatist and memoirist. A committed nationalist and socialist, he was the first Irish playwright of note to write about the Dublin working classes. His plays are particularly noted for the sympathetic treatment of female characters.

O'Casey was especially associated with the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, where, together which such writers as William Butler Yeats and John Millington Synge, O'Casey helped to develop the Abbey as a national theater with a distinctly Irish identity.

Early life

O'Casey was born John Casey^[1] in a house at 85 Upper Dorset Street, in the northern inner-city area of Dublin. It is commonly thought that he grew up in the tenement world in which many of his plays are set. In fact, his family belonged to that social class that was known as "shabby genteel." He was a member of the Church of Ireland and was confirmed at St John The Baptist Church in Clontarf.

O'Casey's father, Michael Casey, died when he choked on raw fish. The family lived a peripatetic life thereafter, moving from house to house around north Dublin. As a child, Seán suffered from poor eyesight, which interfered somewhat with his early education. He left school at the age of fourteen and worked at a variety of jobs, including a nine-year stint as a railway man.

From the early 1890s, Sean and his older brother, Archie, put on performances of plays by Dion Boucicault and William Shakespeare in the family home. Sean also got a small part in Boucicault's The Shaughraun, in the Mechanics' Theatre, which stood on what was to be the site of the Abbey Theatre.

Politics

As his interest in the Irish nationalist cause grew, O'Casey joined the Gaelic League in 1906, and learned the Irish language. He also learned to play the Irish pipes and was a founder and Secretary of the St Laurence O'Toole Pipe Band. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and became involved in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union, which had been established by Jim Larkin to represent the interests of the unskilled laborers who inhabited the Dublin tenements.

In March 1914, he became General Secretary of Jim Larkin's Irish Citizen Army, which would soon be run by James Connolly. On July 24, 1914, he resigned from the Irish Citizen Army.

O'Casey and the Abbey

O'Casey's first accepted play, The Shadow of a Gunman, was performed on the stage of the Abbey Theatre in 1923. This was the beginning of a relationship that was to be fruitful for both theater and dramatist, but which ended in some bitterness.

The play deals with the impact of revolutionary politics on Dublin's slums and their inhabitants. It was followed by Juno and the Paycock (1924) and The Plough and the Stars (1926), probably O'Casey's two finest plays.

Juno and the Paycock

Juno and the Paycock was the second of his well-known "Dublin Trilogy," and one of the most highly regarded and oft-performed plays in Ireland. It was first staged at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1924. It is set in the working-class tenements of Dublin in the early 1920s, during the Irish Civil War period known as the "Troubles." It deals with the impact of the Irish Civil War on the working class poor of the city.

Plot

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

Juno and the Paycock concerns the Boyle family, who live in the Dublin tenements. The father, "Captain" Jack Boyle (so called because of his status as a retired merchant sailor, his propensity for telling colorful stories of the sea, and his incessant wearing of his nautical-looking hat) constantly tries to evade work by pretending to have pains in his legs, and spends all his money at the pub with his "butty," Joxer Daly. The mother, Juno, is the only member of the family working, as the daughter Mary is on strike, and the son, Johnny, lost his arm in the Irish War of Independence. Johnny betrayed a comrade in the IRA, and is afraid that he will be executed as punishment. A distant relative dies, and a solicitor, Mr. Bentham, brings news that the family has come into money. The family buys goods on credit, and borrows money from neighbors with the intent of paying them back when the fortune arrives.

In the third act tragedy befalls the Boyle family. Mr Bentham, who had been courting Mary, ceases all contact with the family, and it becomes apparent that no money will be forthcoming. As the goods bought with the borrowed money are being taken back, Mr. and Mrs. Boyle learn that Mary has been impregnated by Mr Bentham. "Captain" Boyle goes with Joxer to a pub to spend the last of his money and take his mind off of the situation. While he is gone, Mrs. Boyle learns that her son, Johnny, has been killed, presumably by the IRA. Mary and Juno leave to live with Juno's sister and Captain Boyle returns to the stage drunk, unaware of his son's death.

Spoilers end here.

Adaptations

In 1930, a British film adaptation of the play was produced. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and featured Edward Chapman and Sara Allgood.

A musical adaptation of the play, titled Juno, was created by Marc Blitzstein (music, lyrics) and Joseph Stein (book), and opened on Broadway in 1959. Shirley Booth starred as Juno Boyle, and Melvyn Douglas as the Captain. The musical version was a flop, closing after 16 performances, but Blitzstein's score was preserved on the original cast album and is today considered one of the composer's masterpieces. O'Casey gave his blessing to the project, but never saw the production.

The Plough and the Stars

Part of the Dublin trilogy, the play is set in Dublin in 1916, around the Easter Rising, which was, in fact, a middle-class affair, not a reaction by the poor.

The Plough and the Stars, an anti-war play, was misinterpreted by the Abbey audience as an anti-nationalist work, which resulted in scenes reminiscent of the riots that greeted Synge's The Playboy of the Western World in 1907. In reference to the "Playboy Riots," W.B. Yeats famously declared to the rioters against The Plough and the Stars, "You have disgraced yourself again, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius?"

In 1936, it was made into a film by American director John Ford.

Despite the controversy, O'Casey gave up his job to become a full-time writer.

England

In 1929, W.B. Yeats rejected O'Casey's fourth play, The Silver Tassie, for production at the Abbey Theatre. Already upset by the violent reaction to The Plough and the Stars, O'Casey decided to sever all ties with the Abbey, and moved to England, where he spent the rest of his life.

The plays he wrote after this, including the darken, allegorical Within the Gates (1934); his Communist extravaganza, The Star Turns Red (1940); the "wayward comedy" Purple Dust (1942); and Red Roses for Me (1943), saw a move away from his early style towards a more expressionistic and overtly socialist mode of writing.

These plays have never had the same critical or popular success as the early trilogy. After World War II, he wrote Cock-a-Doodle Dandy (1949), which is perhaps one of his most beautiful works. From The Bishop's Bonfire (1955) O'Casey's late plays are studies on the common life in Ireland, "Irish microcosms," like The Drums of Father Ned (1958).

In these late years, O'Casey put his creative energy into his highly entertaining and interesting, six-volume Autobiography.

In September of 1964, at the age of 84, O'Casey died of a heart attack, in Torquay, England.^[2]

Legacy

Sean O'Casey's career was inextricably linked with Ireland's most famous theater, the Abbey Theatre. After its heyday with such playwrights as John Millington Synge, the Abbey drifted along and suffered from falling public interest and box office returns. This trend was halted for a time by the emergence of Sean O'Casey as an heir to Synge. The Shadow of a Gunman was staged by the Abbey in 1923. This was followed by Juno and the Paycock (1924) and The Plough and the Stars (1926). This last play resulted in riots reminiscent of those that had greeted the Playboy, nineteen years earlier. Once again, scared off by the public reaction, the Abbey rejected O'Casey's next play and he emigrated shortly thereafter.

Notes

↑ Dorset Street, Bio of O'Casey. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
↑ New York Times, Sean O'Casey, Irish Playwright, Is Dead at 84. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Igoe, Vivien. A Literary Guide to Dublin. Methuen, 1994. ISBN 0-4136912-0-9
Krause, David. Sean O'Casey and his World. New York: C. Scribner's, 1976. ISBN 9780684147277
Ryan, Philip B. The Lost Theatres of Dublin. The Badger Press, 1998. ISBN 0-9526076-1-1

External links

All links retrieved January 25, 2023.

Sean O’Casey and the 1916 Easter Rising.
http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/threemon_article_sean_o_casey_irish_drama_portrait_of_the_artist.htm Sean O'Casey—Portrait of the artist as an outsider].

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[1] Dorset Street, Bio of O'Casey. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

[2] New York Times, Sean O'Casey, Irish Playwright, Is Dead at 84. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

[1]

[2]

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+{{images OK}}{{submitted}}{{approved}}{{epname|O'Casey, Sean}}{{Paid}}{{copyedited}}
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-'''Seán O'Casey''' ([[30 March]], [[1880]] &ndash; [[18 September]], [[1964]]) was a major [[Irish theatre|Irish]] dramatist and [[memoir]]ist. A committed [[nationalist]] and [[socialist]], he was the first Irish playwright of note to write about the [[Dublin]] working classes.
+'''Seán O'Casey''' (March 30, 1880 – September 18, 1964) was a major [[Irish theatre|Irish]] dramatist and [[memoir]]ist. A committed [[nationalism|nationalist]] and [[socialism|socialist]], he was the first Irish playwright of note to write about the [[Dublin]] working classes. His plays are particularly noted for the sympathetic treatment of female characters.
+{{toc}}
-His plays are particularly noted for the sympathetic treatment of female characters.
+O'Casey was especially associated with the [[Abbey Theatre]] in Dublin, where, together which such writers as [[William Butler Yeats]] and [[John Millington Synge]], O'Casey helped to develop the Abbey as a national theater with a distinctly Irish identity.
 == Early life ==
-O'Casey was born '''John Casey'''<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/dorsetstreet/life.html Bio of O'Casey]</ref>in a house at 85 [[Dorset Street|Upper Dorset Street]], in the northern inner-city area of Dublin. It is commonly thought that he grew up in the tenement world in which many of his plays are set. In fact, his family belonged to that social class that was known as "shabby genteel". He was a member of the [[Church of Ireland]] and was confirmed at [[Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf|St John The Baptist Church]] in [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]].
+O'Casey was born '''John Casey'''<ref>Dorset Street, [http://www.geocities.com/dorsetstreet/life.html Bio of O'Casey.] Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref> in a house at 85 [[Dorset Street|Upper Dorset Street]], in the northern inner-city area of [[Dublin]]. It is commonly thought that he grew up in the tenement world in which many of his plays are set. In fact, his family belonged to that social class that was known as "shabby genteel." He was a member of the [[Church of Ireland]] and was confirmed at [[Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf|St John The Baptist Church]] in [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]].
-O'Casey's father, Michael Casey, died when he choked on raw fish.  The family lived a peripatetic life thereafter, moving from house to house around north Dublin.  As a child, Seán suffered from poor eyesight, which interfered somewhat with his early education. He left school at the age of fourteen and worked at a variety of jobs, including a nine-year stint as a railwayman.
+O'Casey's father, Michael Casey, died when he choked on raw fish. The family lived a peripatetic life thereafter, moving from house to house around north Dublin. As a child, Seán suffered from poor eyesight, which interfered somewhat with his early education. He left school at the age of fourteen and worked at a variety of jobs, including a nine-year stint as a railway man.
-From the early 1890s, Sean and his older brother, Archie, put on performances of plays by [[Dion Boucicault]] and [[William Shakespeare]] in the family home. Sean also got a small part in Boucicault's ''The Shaughraun'' in the [[Mechanics' Theatre]], which stood on what was to be the site of the [[Abbey Theatre]].
+From the early 1890s, Sean and his older brother, Archie, put on performances of plays by [[Dion Boucicault]] and [[William Shakespeare]] in the family home. Sean also got a small part in Boucicault's ''The Shaughraun,'' in the [[Mechanics' Theatre]], which stood on what was to be the site of the [[Abbey Theatre]].
 ==Politics==
-As his interest in the Irish nationalist cause grew, O'Casey joined the [[Gaelic League]] in 1906 and learned the [[Irish language]]. He also learned to play the Irish pipes and was a founder and Secretary of the [[St Laurence O'Toole]] Pipe Band. He joined the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] and became involved in the [[Irish Transport and General Workers Union]], which had been established by [[Jim Larkin]] to represent the interests of the unskilled labourers who inhabited the Dublin tenements.
+As his interest in the Irish nationalist cause grew, O'Casey joined the [[Gaelic League]] in 1906, and learned the [[Irish language]]. He also learned to play the Irish pipes and was a founder and Secretary of the [[St Laurence O'Toole]] Pipe Band. He joined the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] and became involved in the [[Irish Transport and General Workers Union]], which had been established by [[Jim Larkin]] to represent the interests of the unskilled laborers who inhabited the Dublin tenements.
-In March 1914 he became General Secretary of [[Jim Larkin]]'s [[Irish Citizen Army]], which would soon be run by [[James Connolly (socialist)|James Connolly]]. On [[July 24]], [[1914]] he resigned from the Irish Citizen Army.
+In March 1914, he became General Secretary of [[Jim Larkin]]'s [[Irish Citizen Army]], which would soon be run by [[James Connolly (socialist)|James Connolly]]. On July 24, 1914, he resigned from the Irish Citizen Army.
 ==O'Casey and the Abbey==
-O'Casey's first accepted play, ''[[The Shadow of a Gunman]],'' was performed on the stage of the [[Abbey Theatre]] in 1923. This was the beginning of a relationship that was to be fruitful for both theatre and dramatist, but that ended in some bitterness.
+O'Casey's first accepted play, ''[[The Shadow of a Gunman]],'' was performed on the stage of the [[Abbey Theatre]] in 1923. This was the beginning of a relationship that was to be fruitful for both theater and dramatist, but which ended in some bitterness.
 The play deals with the impact of revolutionary politics on Dublin's slums and their inhabitants. It was followed by ''[[Juno and the Paycock]]'' (1924) and ''[[The Plough and the Stars (play)|The Plough and the Stars]]'' (1926), probably O'Casey's two finest plays.
-The former deals with the impact of the [[Irish Civil War]] on the working class poor of the city, while the latter is set in Dublin in 1916 around the ''[[Easter Rising]]'', which was, in fact, a middle-class affair, not a reaction by the poor.
+===''Juno and the Paycock''===
+''Juno and the Paycock'' was the second of his well-known "Dublin Trilogy," and one of the most highly regarded and oft-performed plays in [[Ireland]]. It was first staged at the [[Abbey Theatre]] in [[Dublin]] in 1924. It is set in the working-class tenements of Dublin in the early 1920s, during the [[Irish Civil War]] period known as the "Troubles." It deals with the impact of the Irish Civil War on the working class poor of the city.
-''The Plough and the Stars'', an anti-war play, was misinterpreted by the Abbey audience as being anti-nationalist and resulted in scenes reminiscent of the riots that greeted [[John Millington Synge|Synge]]'s ''[[The Playboy of the Western World]]'' in 1907. Regardless, O'Casey gave up his job and become a full-time writer.
-''Juno and the Paycock'' was successfully filmed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]. In 1959 O'Casey gave his blessing to a musical adaptation of the play by American composer [[Marc Blitzstein]]. The musical, retitled ''[[Juno (musical)|Juno]]'', was a commercial failure, closing after only 16 [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] performances.  It was also panned by some critics as being too "dark" to be an appropriate musical, a genre then almost invariably associated with light comedy.  However, the music, which survives in a cast album made before the show opened, has since been regarded as some of Blitzstein's best work.  Although endorsed by O'Casey, he, at age 79, made no effort to cross the Atlantic to contribute any input to the production or even to view it in its brief run prior to its closing.  Despite general agreement on the brilliance of the underlying material, the musical has defied all efforts to mount any successful [[revival (play)|revival]] of it.
+====Plot====
+{{spoilers}}
+''Juno and the Paycock'' concerns the Boyle family, who live in the Dublin tenements. The father, "Captain" Jack Boyle (so called because of his status as a retired merchant sailor, his propensity for telling colorful stories of the sea, and his incessant wearing of his nautical-looking hat) constantly tries to evade work by pretending to have pains in his legs, and spends all his money at the pub with his "butty," Joxer Daly. The mother, Juno, is the only member of the family working, as the daughter Mary is on [[strike action|strike]], and the son, Johnny, lost his arm in the [[Irish War of Independence]]. Johnny betrayed a comrade in the [[Irish Republican Army (1922&ndash;1969)|IRA]], and is afraid that he will be executed as punishment. A distant relative dies, and a [[solicitor]], Mr. Bentham, brings news that the family has come into money. The family buys goods on credit, and borrows money from neighbors with the intent of paying them back when the fortune arrives.
-==England==
+In the third act tragedy befalls the Boyle family. Mr Bentham, who had been courting Mary, ceases all contact with the family, and it becomes apparent that no money will be forthcoming. As the goods bought with the borrowed money are being taken back, Mr. and Mrs. Boyle learn that Mary has been impregnated by Mr Bentham. "Captain" Boyle goes with Joxer to a pub to spend the last of his money and take his mind off of the situation. While he is gone, Mrs. Boyle learns that her son, Johnny, has been killed, presumably by the IRA. Mary and Juno leave to live with Juno's sister and Captain Boyle returns to the stage drunk, unaware of his son's death.
-In 1929, [[W. B. Yeats]] rejected O'Casey's fourth play, ''The Silver Tassie'' for the Abbey. Already upset by the violent reaction to ''The Plough and the Stars'', O'Casey decided to sever all ties with the Abbey, and moved to England, where he spent the rest of his life.
+{{endspoiler}}
+====Adaptations====
+In 1930, a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[film]] adaptation of the play was produced. It was directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]], and featured [[Edward Chapman]] and [[Sara Allgood]].
-The plays he wrote after this, including the darken, allegorical ''[[Within the Gates]]'' (1934); his Communist extravaganza, ''[[The Star Turns Red]]'' (1940); the ''"wayward comedy"'' ''[[Purple Dust]]'' (1942); and ''[[Red Roses for Me (play)|Red Roses for Me]]'' (1943), saw a move away from his early style towards a more [[expressionism|expressionistic]] and overtly socialist mode of writing.
+A [[musical theater|musical]] adaptation of the play, titled ''[[Juno (musical)|Juno]],'' was created by [[Marc Blitzstein]] (music, lyrics) and [[Joseph Stein]] (book), and opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in 1959.  [[Shirley Booth]] starred as Juno Boyle, and [[Melvyn Douglas]] as the Captain. The musical version was a flop, closing after 16 performances, but Blitzstein's score was preserved on the original cast album and is today considered one of the composer's masterpieces. O'Casey gave his blessing to the project, but never saw the production.
-These plays have never had the same critical or popular success as the early trilogy. After [[World War II]] he wrote ''[[Cock-a-Doodle Dandy]]'' (1949), which is perhaps his most beautiful and exciting work. From ''The Bishop's Bonfire'' (1955) O'Casey's late plays are studies on the common life in [[Ireland]], ''"Irish microcosmos"'', like ''The Drums of Father Ned'' (1958).
+===''The Plough and the Stars''===
+Part of the Dublin trilogy, the play is set in Dublin in 1916, around the ''[[Easter Rising]],'' which was, in fact, a middle-class affair, not a reaction by the poor.
-In these late years, O'Casey put his creative energy into his highly entertaining and interesting six-volume ''Autobiography'' too.
+''The Plough and the Stars,'' an anti-war play, was misinterpreted by the Abbey audience as an anti-nationalist work, which resulted in scenes reminiscent of the riots that greeted [[John Millington Synge|Synge]]'s ''[[The Playboy of the Western World]]'' in 1907. In reference to the "[[Playboy Riots]]," [[W.B. Yeats]] famously declared to the rioters against ''The Plough and the Stars,'' "You have disgraced yourself again, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius?"
-In September of 1964 at the age of 84, O'Casey died of a heart attack, in [[Torquay]], [[England]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0330.html Sean O'Casey, Irish Playwright, Is Dead at 84, New York Times]</ref>
+In [[1936 in film|1936]], it was made into a film by American director [[John Ford]].
-'''''The Playboy of the Western World''''' is a three-act play written by [[Ireland|Irish]], Protestant [[playwright]] [[J. M. Synge]] and first performed at the [[Abbey Theatre]], [[Dublin]], on January 26, 1907.<ref>Synge(1983), p vii</ref>  It is set in Michael James Flaherty's public house — a [[shebeen]], or illicit bar, in [[County Mayo]] (on the west coast of Ireland) during the early 1900s. It tells the story of Christy Mahon, a young man running away from his farm, claiming he killed his father. The locals are more interested in vicariously enjoying his story than in condemning the morality of his murderous deed. He captures the romantic attention of the bar-maid Pegeen Mike, the daughter of Flaherty.
+Despite the controversy, O'Casey gave up his job to become a full-time writer.
-When ''The Playboy'' first opened in Dublin, it was the cause of civil disturbances as [[Catholic church|Catholic]] protesters voiced their objections to the portrayal of rural Irish Catholic morality.
+==England==
+In 1929, [[W.B. Yeats]] rejected O'Casey's fourth play, ''The Silver Tassie,'' for production at the [[Abbey Theatre]]. Already upset by the violent reaction to ''The Plough and the Stars,'' O'Casey decided to sever all ties with the Abbey, and moved to England, where he spent the rest of his life.
-==Persons in the Play==
-*'''Christy Mahon''', anti-hero
-*'''Old Mahon''', Christy's father, a squatter
-*'''Michael James Flaherty''', a publican
-*'''Margaret Flaherty''', called '''Pegeen Mike''', Michael's daughter, and the bar-maid
-*'''Shawn Keogh''', Pegeen's betrothed
-*'''Widow Quin''', a widow of about thirty
-*'''Philly Cullen''' and '''Jimmy Farrell''', farmers
-*'''Sara Tansey''', '''Susan Brady''', and '''Honor Blake''', village girls
-*'''A Bellman'''
-*'''Some peasants'''
-==Synopsis==
-On the west coast of County Mayo<ref>"poor girls walking Mayo in their thousands" in Synge(1998)</ref>Christy Mahon stumbles into Flaherty's tavern. There he claims that he is on the run because he killed his own father by driving a spade into his father's head. Flaherty praises Christy for his boldness, and Flaherty's daughter (and the barmaid), Pegeen, falls in love with Christy, to the dismay of her betrothed, Shawn. Because of the novelty of Christy's exploits and the skill with which he tells his own story, he becomes something of a town hero. Many other women also become attracted to him, including the Widow Quin, who tries unsuccessfully to seduce Christy at Shawn's behest. Christy also impresses the village women by his victory at the race, using the slowest beast.
-Eventually Christy's father, Mahon, who was only wounded, tracks him to the tavern. When the townsfolk realize that Christy's father is alive, everyone (including Pegeen) shuns him as a liar and a coward. In order to regain Pegeen's love and the respect of the town, Christy attacks his father a second time. This time it seems that Old Mahon really is dead, but instead of praising Christy, the townspeople, led by Pegeen, bind and prepare to hang him to avoid being implicated as accessories to his crime. Christy's life is saved when his father, beaten and bloodied, crawls back onto the scene, having improbably survived his son's second attack. As Christy and his father leave to wander the world, Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon, but she spurns him. Pegeen then laments betraying and losing Christy, The Playboy of the Western World.
-==The "Playboy Riots"==
-The ''Playboy Riots'' occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play. The riots were stirred up by Irish nationalists who viewed the contents of the play as an offence to public morals and an insult against Ireland. The riots took place in [[Dublin]], spreading out from the [[Abbey Theatre]] and finally being quelled by the actions of the [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]].
-The fact that the play was based on a story of apparent patricide also attracted a hostile public reaction. Egged on by nationalists, including [[Sinn Féin]] leader [[Arthur Griffith]], who believed that the theatre was not sufficiently political and described the play as "a vile and inhuman story told in the foulest language we have ever listened to from a public platform", and with the pretext of a perceived slight on the virtue of Irish womanhood in the line "a drift of females standing in their shifts" (a shift being a female undergarment), a significant portion of the crowd rioted, causing the remainder of the play to be acted out in dumb show. Nevertheless, press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests petered out.
+The plays he wrote after this, including the darken, allegorical ''[[Within the Gates]]'' (1934); his [[Communism|Communist]] extravaganza, ''[[The Star Turns Red]]'' (1940); the "wayward comedy" ''[[Purple Dust]]'' (1942); and ''[[Red Roses for Me (play)|Red Roses for Me]]'' (1943), saw a move away from his early style towards a more [[Expressionism|expressionistic]] and overtly [[Socialism|socialist]] mode of writing.
-Years later, [[W. B. Yeats]] famously declared to rioters against [[Seán O'Casey]]'s pacifist drama ''[[The Plough and the Stars]]'', in reference to the "Playboy Riots": "You have disgraced yourself again, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius?".
+These plays have never had the same critical or popular success as the early trilogy. After [[World War II]], he wrote ''[[Cock-a-Doodle Dandy]]'' (1949), which is perhaps one of his most beautiful works. From ''The Bishop's Bonfire'' (1955) O'Casey's late plays are studies on the common life in [[Ireland]], "Irish microcosms," like ''The Drums of Father Ned'' (1958).
-==Adaptations==
+In these late years, O'Casey put his creative energy into his highly entertaining and interesting, six-volume ''Autobiography''.
-A movie version in 1962 starred [[Siobhán McKenna]] as Pegeen Mike and Gary Redmond as Christy Mahon. It was adapted and directed by Brian Desmond Hearst.
-This play was adapted in 1984 by [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]] playwright [[Mustapha Matura]], lifted out of turn of the century Ireland and set down in 1950's Trinidad, and retitled ''[[Playboy of the West Indies]]''.
+In September of 1964, at the age of 84, O'Casey died of a heart attack, in [[Torquay]], [[England]].<ref>New York Times, [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0330.html Sean O'Casey, Irish Playwright, Is Dead at 84.] Retrieved December 17, 2007.</ref>
-An operatic rendition (2003), by Mark Alburger, was premiered from August 23 to 26, 2007, with GHP/SF Cabaret Opera at Oakland Metro Opera House, Oakland, CA.
+==Legacy==
+Sean O'Casey's career was inextricably linked with Ireland's most famous theater, the [[Abbey Theatre]]. After its heyday with such playwrights as [[John Millington Synge]], the Abbey drifted along and suffered from falling public interest and box office returns. This trend was halted for a time by the emergence of [[Sean O'Casey]] as an heir to Synge. ''The Shadow of a Gunman'' was staged by the Abbey in 1923. This was followed by ''Juno and the Paycock'' (1924) and ''The Plough and the Stars'' (1926). This last play resulted in riots reminiscent of those that had greeted the ''Playboy,'' nineteen years earlier. Once again, scared off by the public reaction, the Abbey rejected O'Casey's next play and he emigrated shortly thereafter.
-A musical version of this play, written by Kate Hancock and Richard B. Evans, premiered at the STAGES 2005 musical festival at the Theatre Building Chicago.
-In 2006, a [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin language]] version of the play set in a hairdressers shop in a [[Beijing]] suburb was performed at the [[Beijing Oriental Theatre]]. It was produced by the Irish contemporary theatre company, Pan Pan[http://www.panpantheatre.com]. Again, the play attracted controversy when a member of the audience complained about the shortness of the skirt worn by Sha Sha, playing the Sarah Tansey character. Following the complaint, the play was attended by two policemen.<ref>The Irish Times (23 March, 2006)</ref>
-==Quotes==
-*"... it's great luck and company I've won me in the end of time — two fine women fighting for the likes of me — till I'm thinking this night wasn't I a foolish fellow not to kill my father in the years gone by." — Christy
-*"Drink a health to the wonders of the western world, the pirates, preachers, poteen-makers, with the jobbing jockies; parching peelers, and the juries fill their stomachs selling judgments of the English law." — Sara Tansey
-*"It's well you know what call I have. It's well you know it's a lonesome thing to be passing small towns with the lights shining sideways when the night is down, or going in strange places with a dog noising before you and a dog noising behind, or drawn to the cities where you'd hear a voice kissing and talking deep love in every shadow of the ditch, and you passing on with an empty, hungry stomach failing from your heart." — Christy
-*"A daring fellow is the jewel of the world...." — Michael Flaherty
-*"...the blow of a loy, have taught me that there's a great gap between a gallous story and a dirty deed."-Pegeen
-*"Oh my grief, I've lost him surely. I've lost the only Playboy of the Western World." — Pegeen Mike
-<ref>All quotes searchable in Synge (1998)</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[John Millington Synge]]
-*[[Tom Murphy (playwright)]]
-*[[Brian Friel]]
-*[[W. B. Yeats]]
 ==Notes==
 <references />
 ==References==
-(NOTE that the '''Project Gutenberg''' version is a single file, without line or page numbers. So to locate precisely any reference simply employ a text search on the relevant quotation.)
+*Igoe, Vivien. ''A Literary Guide to Dublin.'' Methuen, 1994. ISBN 0-4136912-0-9
+*Krause, David. ''Sean O'Casey and his World''. New York: C. Scribner's, 1976. ISBN 9780684147277
-*Synge, J.M., ''The Playboy of the Western World''. Plain-text, from Project Gutenberg. Prepared by Judy Boss, 1998. (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/potww10.txt)
+*Ryan, Philip B. ''The Lost Theatres of Dublin''. The Badger Press, 1998. ISBN 0-9526076-1-1
-*Synge, J.M., ''The Playboy of the Western World''. Commentary and notes by Non Worrall. London, 1983. ISBN 0-413-51940-6.
-*Kiely, David M., ''John Millington Synge: A Biography''. New York, 1995.
-* ''"[http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/front/2006/0323/1006060088HM1KNICKERS.html Pegeen Mike evokes a blush in Beijing]"'', ''[[The Irish Times]]'', [[23 March]] 2006
-==References==
-<references/>
-*Igoe, Vivien. ''A Literary Guide to Dublin''. (Methuen, 1994) ISBN 0-4136912-0-9
-*Krause, David, ''Sean O'Casey and his World''. NY, C. Scribner's, 1976
-*Ryan, Philip B. ''The Lost Theatres of Dublin''. (The Badger Press, 1998) ISBN 0-9526076-1-1
-'''Online'''
-*[http://en.internationalism.org/wr/292_1916_rising.html Sean O’Casey and the 1916 Easter Rising]
-*[http://www.todayinliterature.com/biography/sean.ocasey.asp O'Casey at Today in Literature]
-*[http://www.faber.co.uk/book_detail.html?bid=35895&clid= O'Casey on the Faber and Faber website] - link to 'About O'Casey' by Victoria Stewart
-*[http://www.artandculture.com/arts/artist?artistId=766 O'Casey at Art and Culture]
-*[http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/parade/abj76/PG/pieces/ocasey/sean_ocasey.shtml Bibliography]
-*[http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/threemon_article_sean_o_casey_irish_drama_portrait_of_the_artist.htm Sean O'Casey - Portrait of the artist as an outsider]
+==External links==
+All links retrieved January 25, 2023.
+*[http://en.internationalism.org/wr/292_1916_rising.html Sean O’Casey and the 1916 Easter Rising].
+*http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/threemon_article_sean_o_casey_irish_drama_portrait_of_the_artist.htm Sean O'Casey—Portrait of the artist as an outsider].
-{{credits|Sean_O'Casey|155079598|Playboy_of_the_Western_World|155307733}}
+{{credits|Sean_O'Casey|155079598|Juno_and_the_Paycock|155213923|The_Plough_and_the_Stars|155147940}}
 [[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
+[[category:Biography]]