Difference between revisions of "Obsidian" - New World Encyclopedia
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== Origin and properties == | == Origin and properties == | ||
| − | While a rock like [[basalt]] is dark because of [[mafic|ferromagnesian]] enrichment, obsidian consists mainly of SiO<sub>2</sub> ([[silicon dioxide]]), usually 70% or more. Obsidian is [[mineral]]-like, but not a true mineral because it is not [[crystal]]line. Its composition is very similar to that of [[granite]] and [[rhyolite]]. It is sometimes classified as a [[mineraloid]]. Because obsidian is [[phases of matter#Metastable_phases|metastable]] at the earth's surface (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no obsidian has been found that is older than [[Cretaceous]] age. The breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. [[Tektite]]s were once thought by many to be obsidian produced by [[moon|lunar]] volcanic eruptions, | + | While a rock like [[basalt]] is dark because of [[mafic|ferromagnesian]] enrichment, obsidian consists mainly of SiO<sub>2</sub> ([[silicon dioxide]]), usually 70% or more. Obsidian is [[mineral]]-like, but not a true mineral because it is not [[crystal]]line. Its composition is very similar to that of [[granite]] and [[rhyolite]]. It is sometimes classified as a [[mineraloid]]. Because obsidian is [[phases of matter#Metastable_phases|metastable]] at the earth's surface (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no obsidian has been found that is older than [[Cretaceous]] age. The breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. [[Tektite]]s were once thought by many to be obsidian produced by [[moon|lunar]] volcanic eruptions, but few scientists now adhere to this hypothesis. |
While pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance, the color varies depending on the presence of impurities. [[Iron]] and [[magnesium]] typically give the obsidian a dark green to brown to black color. A very few samples are nearly clear. In some stones, the [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] of small, white, radially clustered crystals of [[cristobalite]] in the black glass produce a blotchy or snowflake pattern (''snowflake obsidian''). It may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden (''sheen obsidian'') or rainbow sheen (''rainbow obsidian''). Obsidian is relatively soft with a typical [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|hardness]] of 5 to 5.5. Its [[relative density]] is approximately 2.6. | While pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance, the color varies depending on the presence of impurities. [[Iron]] and [[magnesium]] typically give the obsidian a dark green to brown to black color. A very few samples are nearly clear. In some stones, the [[Inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] of small, white, radially clustered crystals of [[cristobalite]] in the black glass produce a blotchy or snowflake pattern (''snowflake obsidian''). It may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden (''sheen obsidian'') or rainbow sheen (''rainbow obsidian''). Obsidian is relatively soft with a typical [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|hardness]] of 5 to 5.5. Its [[relative density]] is approximately 2.6. | ||
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Among other places, [[Yellowstone National Park]] has a mountainside containing much obsidian (located between [[Mammoth Hot Springs]] and the [[Norris Geyser Basin]]). It can also be found in [[Scotland]]. | Among other places, [[Yellowstone National Park]] has a mountainside containing much obsidian (located between [[Mammoth Hot Springs]] and the [[Norris Geyser Basin]]). It can also be found in [[Scotland]]. | ||
| − | == Historical | + | == Historical uses == |
| + | |||
Obsidian was highly valued in certain [[Stone Age]] cultures because, like [[flint]], it could be fractured to produce sharp blades or arrowheads. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic [[conchoidal fracture]]. It was also polished to create early [[mirror]]s. | Obsidian was highly valued in certain [[Stone Age]] cultures because, like [[flint]], it could be fractured to produce sharp blades or arrowheads. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic [[conchoidal fracture]]. It was also polished to create early [[mirror]]s. | ||
[[image:pig.snowobsidian.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pig carved in snowflake obsidian, 10 centimeters (4 in) long.]] | [[image:pig.snowobsidian.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pig carved in snowflake obsidian, 10 centimeters (4 in) long.]] | ||
[[Image:Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Obsidian [[arrowhead]].]] | [[Image:Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Obsidian [[arrowhead]].]] | ||
| − | [[Pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]]ns | + | |
| + | [[Pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]]ns used obsidian extensively. For instance, they carved and worked obsidian for [[tool]]s and decorative objects. The ancient Mesoamericans also made a type of [[sword]] with obsidian blades mounted in a wooden body. Called a [[macuahuitl]], the weapon was capable of inflicting terrible injuries, combining the sharp cutting edge of an obsidian blade with the ragged cut of a serrated weapon that brought fear. | ||
Native Americans traded obsidian throughout North America. Each volcano and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian, making it possible for archeologists to trace the origins of a particular artifact. | Native Americans traded obsidian throughout North America. Each volcano and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian, making it possible for archeologists to trace the origins of a particular artifact. | ||
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Obsidian was also used in the construction of the [[Moai]] (the large stone statues on [[Easter Island]]). | Obsidian was also used in the construction of the [[Moai]] (the large stone statues on [[Easter Island]]). | ||
| − | ==Current | + | ==Current usage== |
| − | Obsidian is used in [[cardiac surgery]], as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge up to five times sharper than high-quality steel surgical [[scalpel]]s, with the edge of the blade reaching veritable molecular thinness. It produces a cleaner cut and less tissue [[Physical trauma|trauma]], which translates to faster healing and less [[scar]] tissue[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8415970&dopt=Abstract]. | + | |
| + | Obsidian is used in [[cardiac surgery]], as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge up to five times sharper than high-quality steel surgical [[scalpel]]s, with the edge of the blade reaching veritable molecular thinness. It produces a cleaner cut and less tissue [[Physical trauma|trauma]], which translates to faster healing and less [[scar]] tissue.<ref>J.J. Disa, J. Vossoughi, and N.H. Goldberg, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8415970&dopt=Abstract "A comparison of obsidian and surgical steel scalpel wound healing in rats,"] ''Plast. Reconstr. Surg.'' 92 (5) (1993): 884-87. Retrieved April 11, 2007.</ref> | ||
| − | Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a [[gemstone]], for it possesses the peculiar property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray. "[[Apache tears]]" are small rounded obsidian nuggets embedded within a | + | Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a [[gemstone]], for it possesses the peculiar property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray. "[[Apache tears]]" are small rounded obsidian nuggets embedded within a grayish-white [[perlite]] matrix. |
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| − | * [[ | + | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Crystal]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Glass]] |
| + | * [[Rock (geology)]] | ||
| + | * [[Tektite]] | ||
| + | * [[Volcano]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Notes == | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | *[http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/obsidian.html | + | * Farndon, John. 2006. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks''. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412. |
| − | *[http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vw_hyperexchange/obsidian.html | + | |
| − | *[http:// | + | * Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. ''Manual of Mineral Science''. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574. |
| − | + | ||
| + | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Mineral Gallery. 2006. [http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/mineralo/obsidian/obsidian.htm The Mineraloid Obsidian.] ''Amethyst Galleries''. Retrieved April 11, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == External links == | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/obsidian.html Photo Glossary of Volcano Terms: Obsidian.] ''U.S. Geological Survey''. Retrieved April 11, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vw_hyperexchange/obsidian.html Obsidian is Hot Stuff.] ''Volcano World''. Retrieved April 11, 2007. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.mindat.org/min-8519.html Obsidian.] ''Mindat.org''. Retrieved April 11, 2007. | ||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Revision as of 18:35, 11 April 2007
- This article is about volcanic glass. For other uses see obsidian (disambiguation).
Obsidian is a rock which is a type of naturally occurring glass, produced by volcanoes (igneous origin) when a felsic lava cools rapidly and freezes without sufficient time for crystal growth (see glass transition temperature). Obsidian is an extrusive igneous rock. It is commonly found within the margins of felsic lava flows, where cooling is more rapid. Because of the lack of crystal structure, obsidian blade edges can reach almost molecular thinness, leading to its ancient use as arrowheads, and its modern use as surgical scalpel blades.
Origin and properties
While a rock like basalt is dark because of ferromagnesian enrichment, obsidian consists mainly of SiO2 (silicon dioxide), usually 70% or more. Obsidian is mineral-like, but not a true mineral because it is not crystalline. Its composition is very similar to that of granite and rhyolite. It is sometimes classified as a mineraloid. Because obsidian is metastable at the earth's surface (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no obsidian has been found that is older than Cretaceous age. The breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. Tektites were once thought by many to be obsidian produced by lunar volcanic eruptions, but few scientists now adhere to this hypothesis.
While pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance, the color varies depending on the presence of impurities. Iron and magnesium typically give the obsidian a dark green to brown to black color. A very few samples are nearly clear. In some stones, the inclusion of small, white, radially clustered crystals of cristobalite in the black glass produce a blotchy or snowflake pattern (snowflake obsidian). It may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden (sheen obsidian) or rainbow sheen (rainbow obsidian). Obsidian is relatively soft with a typical hardness of 5 to 5.5. Its relative density is approximately 2.6.
Among other places, Yellowstone National Park has a mountainside containing much obsidian (located between Mammoth Hot Springs and the Norris Geyser Basin). It can also be found in Scotland.
Historical uses
Obsidian was highly valued in certain Stone Age cultures because, like flint, it could be fractured to produce sharp blades or arrowheads. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic conchoidal fracture. It was also polished to create early mirrors.
Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used obsidian extensively. For instance, they carved and worked obsidian for tools and decorative objects. The ancient Mesoamericans also made a type of sword with obsidian blades mounted in a wooden body. Called a macuahuitl, the weapon was capable of inflicting terrible injuries, combining the sharp cutting edge of an obsidian blade with the ragged cut of a serrated weapon that brought fear.
Native Americans traded obsidian throughout North America. Each volcano and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian, making it possible for archeologists to trace the origins of a particular artifact.
Obsidian was also used in the construction of the Moai (the large stone statues on Easter Island).
Current usage
Obsidian is used in cardiac surgery, as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge up to five times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels, with the edge of the blade reaching veritable molecular thinness. It produces a cleaner cut and less tissue trauma, which translates to faster healing and less scar tissue.[1]
Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a gemstone, for it possesses the peculiar property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray. "Apache tears" are small rounded obsidian nuggets embedded within a grayish-white perlite matrix.
See also
- Crystal
- Glass
- Rock (geology)
- Tektite
- Volcano
Notes
- ↑ J.J. Disa, J. Vossoughi, and N.H. Goldberg, "A comparison of obsidian and surgical steel scalpel wound healing in rats," Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92 (5) (1993): 884-87. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Farndon, John. 2006. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. London: Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412.
- Klein, Cornelis, and Barbara Dutrow. 2007. Manual of Mineral Science. 23rd ed. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0471721574.
- Pellant, Chris. 2002. Rocks and Minerals. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060.
- Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Rev. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1582381321.
- Mineral Gallery. 2006. The Mineraloid Obsidian. Amethyst Galleries. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
External links
- Photo Glossary of Volcano Terms: Obsidian. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- Obsidian is Hot Stuff. Volcano World. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- Obsidian. Mindat.org. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
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