Swift, Jonathan

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[[Image:jonathan_swift.JPG|right|thumb|Jonathan Swift]]
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[[Image:jonathan_swift.JPG|right|thumb|150px|'''Jonathan Swift''']]
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'''Jonathan Swift''' (November 30, 1667 – October 19, 1745) was an [[England|Anglo]]-[[Ireland|Irish]] [[priest]], essayist, political writer, and [[poetry|poet]], considered the foremost satirist in the English language. Swift's fiercely ironic novels and essays, including world classics such as ''Gulliver's Travels'' and ''The Tale of the Tub'', were immensely popular in his own time for their ribald humor and imaginative insight into human nature. Swift's object was to expose corruption and express political and social criticism through indirection.
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In his own times, Swift aligned himself with the [[Tory|Tories]] and became the most prominent literary figure to lend his hand to Tory politics. As a result, Swift found himself in a bitter feud with the other great pamphleteer and essayist of his time, [[Joseph Addison]]. Moreover, Swift's royalist political leanings have made him a semi-controversial figure in his native [[Ireland]], and whether Swift should be categorized as an English or Irish writer remains a point of academic contention. Nevertheless, Swift was, and remains, one of the most popular and readable authors of the eighteenth century, an author of humor and humanity, who is as often enlightening as he is ironical.
  
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'''Jonathan Swift''' ([[November 30]], [[1667]] – [[October 19]], [[1745]]) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] priest, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, and poet, famous for works like ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'', ''A Journal to Stella'', ''[[The Drapier's Letters]]'', ''[[The Battle of the Books]]'', and ''[[A Tale of a Tub]]''. Swift is probably the foremost prose [[satire|satirist]] in the [[English language]], although he is less well known for his [[poetry]]. Swift published all of his works under [[pseudonym]]s—such as [[Lemuel Gulliver]], [[Isaac Bickerstaff]], M.B. Drapier—or anonymously.
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==Biography==
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Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, the second child and only son of Jonathan and Abigail Swift, English immigrants. Jonathan arrived seven months after his father's untimely death. Most of the facts of Swift's early life are obscure and sometimes contradictory. It is widely believed that his mother returned to England when Swift was still very young, leaving him to be raised by his father's family. His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Swift, sending him to Kilkenny Grammar School with one of his cousins.
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In 1682 he attended [[Trinity College, Dublin]], receiving his B.A. in 1686. Swift was studying for his master’s degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the [[Glorious Revolution]] forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant to Sir William Temple, an English diplomat. Temple arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retiring from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Growing into the confidence of his employer, Swift was often trusted with matters of great importance. Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to [[William III of England|King William III]], and sent him to [[London]] to urge the king to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.
  
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==Biography==
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Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned the following year. The illness—fits of vertigo or giddiness now widely believed to be Ménière's disease—would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to be ordained a priest in the Church of Ireland, and was appointed to a small parish near Kilroot, Ireland, in 1694.
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[[Image:CBI - SERIES B - TEN POUND NOTE.PNG|right|frame|Swift as depicted on a IR£10 [[Series B Banknotes (Ireland)|Series B Banknote]] of the Central Bank of Ireland]]
 
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Jonathan Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, the second child and only son of Jonathan and Abigail Erick (or Herrick) Swift, English immigrants. Jonathan arrived seven months after his father's untimely death. Most of the facts of Swift's early life are obscure, confused and sometimes contradictory. It is widely believed that his mother returned to England when Jonathan was still very young, leaving him to be raised by his father's family. His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him to Kilkenny Grammar School with one of his cousins (also attended by the philosopher [[George_Berkeley|George Berkeley]]).
 
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[[Image:Swift-young.jpeg|frame|Jonathan Swift at Trinity]]
 
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In 1682 he attended Dublin University ([[Trinity College, Dublin]]), receiving his B.A. in 1686.  Swift was studying for his Masters when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the [[Glorious Revolution]] forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir [[William Temple (British politician)|William Temple]] at Moor Park.  Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the [[Triple Alliance of 1668]], retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs.  Growing into confidence with his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance."  Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to [[William III of England|William III]], and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.
 
  
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When Swift took up his residence at Moor Park, he met [[Esther Johnson]], then 8 years old, the fatherless daughter of one of the household servants. Swift acted as her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella" and the two maintained a close, but ambiguous, relationship for the rest of Esther's life.
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Swift was miserable in his new position, feeling isolated in a small, remote community. Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696 where he remained until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote ''The Battle of the Books'', a satire responding to critics of Temple's ''Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' (1690) that argued in favor of the [[classicism]] of the ancients over the modern "new learning" of scientific inquiry. Swift would not publish ''The Battle of the Books'', however, for another fourteen years.
  
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Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year.  The illness, fits of vertigo or giddiness, now known to be [[Ménière's disease]], would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from [[Hertford College]], [[Oxford University]] in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to be ordained a priest in the [[Church of Ireland]] and was appointed to a [[prebendary|prebend]] in [[Kilroot]], near [[Carrickfergus]] in 1694.  
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In the summer of 1699 Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly to finish editing Temple's memoirs, perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England, but this proved ineffectual. His next move was to approach William III directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had been given to another. He soon obtained a post as chaplain of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. In Laracor, Swift ministered to a congregation of about 15 persons, and he had ample time to pursue his hobbies: gardening, architecture, and above all, writing.  
  
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Swift was miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community.  While there, however, Swift may have become romantically involved with Jane Waring. A letter from him survives offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She must have refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696 where he remained until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote ''[[The Battle of the Books]]'', a satire responding to critics of Temple's ''Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' (1690). ''Battle'' was however not published until [[1704]].
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In 1701 Swift had invited his friend Esther Johnson to Dublin. According to rumor Swift married her in 1716, although no marriage was ever acknowledged. Swift's friendship with Johnson, in any case, lasted through her lifetime, and his letters to Johnson from London between 1710 and 1713 make up his ''Journal to Stella'', first published in 1768.
  
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In the summer of [[1699]] Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly to finish editing Temple's memoirs, perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England.  However, Swift's work  made enemies of some of Temple's family and friends who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.  His next move was to approach  [[William III of England|King William]] directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the [[Baron Berkeley|Earl of Berkeley]], one of the Lords Justices of Ireland.  However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had been given to another.  He soon, however, obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin in [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick]]'s Cathedral, Dublin.
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In February 1702, Swift received his doctor of divinity degree from Trinity College.  
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During his visits to England in these years Swift published ''A Tale of a Tub'' and ''The Battle of the Books'' (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with [[Alexander Pope]], John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriberlus Club, founded in 1713.  
  
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At Laracor, a mile or two from Trim, and twenty miles from Dublin, Swift ministered to a congregation of about fifteen persons, and had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal (after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park), planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage.  As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and travelled to London frequently over the next ten years.  In 1701, Swift published, anonymously, a political pamphlet, ''A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome''.
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===Political Involvement===
  
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In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from [[Trinity University|Dublin University]]. That spring he traveled to England and returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson — now twenty years old—and her friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of Wm. Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Stella. Many hold that they were secretly married in [[1716]].  Although there has never been definite proof of this, there is no doubt that she was dearer to him than anyone else and that his feelings for her did not change throughout his life.
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Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, petitioning the [[British Whig Party|Whig Party]] which he had supported all his life. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the ''Examiner'', the principal Tory periodical, when they came to power in 1710. In 1711 Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with [[France]].  
  
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During his visits to England in these years Swift published ''[[A Tale of a Tub]]'' and ''[[The Battle of the Books]]'' (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with [[Alexander Pope]], [[John Gay]], and [[John Arbuthnot]], forming the core of the Martinus Scriberlus Club, founded in 1713).
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Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government, often acting as mediator between the prime minister and various other members of Parliament. Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters, later collected and published as ''The Journal to Stella''. With the death of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] and ascension of [[King George]] that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.  
  
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Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the [[Queen Anne's Bounty|First-Fruits and Twentieths]] ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the  
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Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appears to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England, so he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live, he said, "like a rat in a hole."
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opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the ''[[Examiner]]'' when they came to power in 1710.  In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France.  The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] (1713) ending the [[War of the Spanish Succession]].
 
  
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Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government and often acted as mediator between [[Henry St. John]] (Viscount Bolingbroke) the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710-15) and [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley]] (Earl of Oxford) lord treasurer and prime minister (1711-4).  Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, later collected and published as ''The Journal to Stella''.  The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually lead to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] and ascension of [[King George]] that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France. 
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Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: "Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture" (1720), "The Drapier's Letters" (1724), and most famously,  "A Modest Proposal" (1729), a biting parody of economic utilitarianism he associated with the Whigs. Swift's pamphlets on Irish issues made him into something of a national hero in Ireland, despite his close association with the Tories and his ethnic English background.  
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[[Image:Swift-works.png|thumb|left|240px|The title page to Swift's [[1735]] ''Works,'' depicting the author in the Dean's chair, receiving the thanks of [[Ireland]]. The motto reads, "I have made a monument greater than brass." The 'brass' is a double entendre, for Wood's half-pence (alloyed with brass) is scattered at his feet.  [[Cherubim]] award Swift a poet's laurel.]]
 
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Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family and became involved with one of the daughters, Hester, yet another fatherless young woman and an ambiguous relationship to confuse Swift's biographers.  Swift furnished Hester with the nickname "Vanessa" and she features as one of the main characters in his poem "Cadenus and Vanessa."  The poem and their correspondence suggests that Hester was infatuated with Swift, that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret it and then try to break it off.  Hester followed Swift to Ireland in 1714, where there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson.  Hester Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35.
 
  
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Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England.  However, Queen Anne appears to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin.  With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".
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Also during these years, Swift began writing his masterpiece, ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships'', better known as ''Gulliver's Travels''. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of ''Gulliver's Travels''. During his visit he stayed with his old friends, [[Alexander Pope]], John Arbuthnot, and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727 and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.  
  
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Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works; "Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture" (1720), "The Drapier's Letters" (1724), and "A Modest Proposal" (1729); earning him the status of an Irish patriot.  
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Swift returned to England one more time in 1727, staying with Alexander Pope once again. In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top"). On October 19, 1745, Swift died. The bulk of his fortune was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill.
  
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Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships'', better known as ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.  Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade.  For instance, the episode when the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner.  In [[1726]] he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.  During his visit he stayed with his old friends, [[Alexander Pope]]. [[John Arbuthnot]], and [[John Gay]], who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book.  First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727.  French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727 and pirated copies were printed in Ireland. 
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==Works==
  
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Swift returned to England one more time in 1727 and stayed with Alexander Pope once again. The visit was cut short when he received word that Esther Johnson was dying and Swift rushed back home to be with her. On [[January 28]], [[1728]], Esther Johnson died. Though he prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort, Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his very interesting ''The Death of Mrs. Johnson''. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St. Patrick's.  Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Esther Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair."
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Swift was a prolific writer. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed., Basil Blackwell, 1965) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed., Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed., P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.
  
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Death became a frequent feature in Swift's life from this point.  In 1731 he wrote "Verses on the Death of Dr Swift," his own obituary published in 1739.  In 1732, his good friend and collaborator [[John Gay]] died.  In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died.  In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top.")  In order to protect him from unscrupulous hangers on, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory."  In 1744, Alexander Pope died.  Then, on October 19, 1745, Swift died.  He was buried by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes.  The bulk of his fortune was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill.
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=== Major Prose ===
  
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===Epitaph===
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In 1708, when a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions, Swift attacked Partridge in ''Prediction For The Ensuing Year'', a parody predicting that Partridge would die on March 29. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on March 30 claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary.
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[[Image:Jonathan Swift - Project Gutenberg eText 18250.jpg|thumb|Jonathan Swift, illustration from a 1905 collection of his works]]
 
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:''Text extracted from the introduction to ''The Journal to Stella'' by George A. Aitken and from other sources)''
 
  
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Swift wrote his own epitaph:
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Swift's first major prose work, ''A Tale of a Tub'', demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and humorous while at the same time pointed and harshly critical of its targets. The ''Tale'' recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of [[Christianity]] in England: the Anglican, Catholic, and Nonconformist ("Dissenting") Churches. Each of the sons receives a coat from their fathers as a bequest, with the added instructions to make no alternations to the coats whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will which will allow them to make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, Swift satirizes the various changes (and corruptions) that had consumed all three branches of Christianity in Swift's time. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, Swift includes a series of whimsical "discourses" on various subjects.
  
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:Hic depositum est corpus
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In 1729, Swift wrote “A Modest Proposal,” supposedly written by an intelligent and objective "political arithmetician" who had carefully studied Ireland before making his proposal. The author calmly suggests one solution for both the problem of overpopulation and the growing numbers of undernourished people: breed those children who would otherwise go hungry or be mistreated and sell them as food for the rich.
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:JONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D.
 
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:Huyus Ecclesiae Cathedralis
 
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:Decani
 
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:Ubi saeva indignatio
 
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:Ulterius
 
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:Cor lacerare nequit
 
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:Abi Viator
 
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:Et imitare, si poteris
 
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:Strenuum pro virili
 
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:Libertatis Vindicatorem
 
  
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:Obiit 19 Die Mensis Octobris
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===Gulliver's Travels===
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:A.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78
 
  
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which [[William Butler Yeats]] translated from the Latin as:
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''Gulliver's Travels'' (published 1726, amended 1735), officially titled ''Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World'' is Swift's masterpiece, both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is easily Swift's most celebrated work and one of the indisputable classics of the English language.
  
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:Swift has sailed into his rest.
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The book became tremendously popular as soon as it was published (Alexander Pope quipped that "it is universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery") and it is likely that it has never been out of print since its original publication. [[George Orwell]] went so far as to declare it to be among the six most indispensable books in world literature.  
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:Savage indignation there
 
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:cannot lacerate his breast.
 
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:Imitate him if you can,
 
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:world-besotted traveller.
 
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:He served human liberty.
 
  
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== Writings ==
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====Synopsis====
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Dating generally follows the Norton Critical and Oxford Authors single-volume editions of Swift's writings, as well as Herbert Davis's (ed.) ''Swift: Poetical Works.'' 
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On his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck, awaking to find himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people who stand 15 centimeters high, inhabitants of the neighboring and rival countries of Lilliput and Blefuscu. After giving assurances of his good behavior he is given a residence in Lilliput, becoming a favorite of the court. He assists the Lilliputians in subduing their neighbors, the Blefuscudans, but refuses to reduce Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput, so he is charged with treason and sentenced to be blinded. Fortunately, Gulliver easily overpowers the Lilliputian army and escapes back home.
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==Works==
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On his second voyage, while exploring a new country, Gulliver is abandoned by his companions, finding himself in Brobdingnag, a land of giants. He is then bought (as a curiosity) by the queen of Brobdingnag and kept as a favorite at court. On a trip to the seaside, his ship is seized by a giant eagle and dropped into the sea where he is picked up by sailors and returned to England.
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On his third voyage, Gulliver's ship is attacked by pirates and he is abandoned on a desolate rocky island. Fortunately he is rescued by the flying island of Laputa, a kingdom devoted to the intellectual arts that is utterly incapable of doing anything practical. While there, he tours the country as the guest of a low-ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by blind pursuit of science without practical results. He also encounters the Struldbrugs, an unfortunate race who are cursed to have immortal life without immortal youth. The trip is otherwise reasonably free of incident and Gulliver returns home, determined to stay a homebody for the rest of his days.
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Disregarding these intentions at the end of the third part, Gulliver returns to sea where his crew promptly [[mutiny|mutinies]]. He is abandoned ashore, coming first upon a race of hideously deformed creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy. Shortly thereafter he meets an eloquent, talking horse and comes to understand that the horses (in their language "Houyhnhnm") are the rulers and the deformed creatures ("Yahoos") are in fact [[human being]]s. Gulliver becomes a member of the horse's household, treated almost as a favored pet, and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their lifestyle, rejecting human beings as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them. However, an assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver, a Yahoo with some semblance of reason, is a danger to their [[civilization]], so he is expelled. He is then rescued, against his will, by a Portuguese ship that returns him to his home in England. He is, however, unable to reconcile himself to living among Yahoos; he becomes a recluse, remaining in his house, largely avoiding his family, and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables.
  
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=== Major Prose ===
 
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{{cleanup-date|March 2006}}
 
  
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In 1708, when a cobbler named [[John Partridge (astrologer)|John Partridge]] published a popular [[almanac]] of [[astrological]] predictions, Swift attacked Partridge in ''Prediction For The Ensuing Year'' by [[Isaac Bickerstaff|Isaac Bickerstaff]], a parody predicting that Partridge would die on March 29th. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on March 30th claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary.
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== Legacy ==
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Swift once stated that "satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own." Utilizing grotesque logic—for example, that Irish poverty can be solved by the breeding of infants as food for the rich—Swift commented on attitudes and policies of his day with an originality and forcefulness that influenced later novelists such as [[Samuel Clemens|Mark Twain]], [[H. G. Wells]], and [[George Orwell]]. "Swiftian" satire is a term coined for especially outlandish and sardonic parody.  
  
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''Drapier's Letters'' (1724) was against the [[monopoly]] granted by the English government to [[William Wood]] to provide the Irish with [[copper]] coinage. In 1729, Swift wrote ''"A Modest Proposal"'', supposedly written by an intelligent and objective "political arithmetician" who had carefully studied Ireland before making his proposal. The author calmly suggests one solution for both the problem of overpopulation and the growing numbers of undernourished people: breed those children who would otherwise go hungry or be mistreated in order to feed the general public. In ''A Modest Proposal'' (1729) the narrator with intentionally grotesque logic recommends, that Irish poverty can solved by the breeding up their infants as food for the rich.
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Although his many pamphlets and attacks on religious corruption and intellectual laziness are dated for most modern readers, ''Gulliver's Travels'' has remained a popular favorite both for its humorous rendering of human foibles and its adventurous fantasy.
  
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''Gulliver's Travels'' was published in 1726. Though it has been often mistakenly thought of as a children's book, it is a great satire of the times.  ''Gulliver's Travels'' is a misanthropic anatomy of human nature; a sardonic looking-glass. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has not adequately characterized human nature and society. Each of the 4 books has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride.
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==Bibliography==
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All links retrieved June 11, 2007.
  
 
=== Essays, Tracts, Pamphlets, Periodicals ===
 
=== Essays, Tracts, Pamphlets, Periodicals ===
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*"A Meditation upon a Broomstick" ([[1703]]-[[1710]]): Full text: [http://www.blackmask.com/books41c/medbroomdex.htm Blackmask]
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*"A Meditation upon a Broomstick" (1703-1710)
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*"A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" ([[1707]]-[[1711]])
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*"A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707-1711)
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*The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers ([[1708]]-[[1709]]): Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97b/ U of Adelaide]
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*The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708-1709): Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97b/ Univ. of Adelaide]
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*"An Argument against Abolishing Christianity" ([[1708]]-[[1711]]): Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97ab/ U of Adelaide]
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*"An Argument against Abolishing Christianity" (1708-1711): Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97ab/ Univ. of Adelaide]
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*''The Intelligencer'' (with [[Thomas Sheridan]]) ([[1710]]-????): Text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13169 Project Gutenberg]
+
*''The Intelligencer'' (with Thomas Sheridan) (1710-????): Text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13169 Project Gutenberg]
−
*''The Examiner'' ([[1710]]): Texts: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/examiner/index.htm Ourcivilisation.com], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13169 Project Gutenberg]
+
*''The Examiner'' (1710): Texts: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/examiner/index.htm Ourcivilisation.com], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13169 Project Gutenberg]
−
*"A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" ([[1712]]): Full texts: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/proposal.html Jack Lynch], [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607794346&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
+
*"A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/proposal.html Jack Lynch], [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607794346&textreg=3&query=&id= Univ. of Virginia]
−
*"On the Conduct of the Allies" ([[1713]])
+
*"On the Conduct of the Allies" (1713)
−
*"Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" ([[1713]]): Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/8.html Bartleby.com]
+
*"Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/8.html Bartleby.com]
−
*"A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" ([[1720]])
+
*"A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
−
*"A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" ([[1721]]): Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/10.html Bartleby.com]
+
*"A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/10.html Bartleby.com]
−
*''[[The Drapier's Letters]]'' ([[1724]], [[1725]]): Full text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12784 Project Gutenberg]
+
*''The Drapier's Letters'' (1724, 1725): Full text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12784 Project Gutenberg]
−
*"Bon Mots de Stella" ([[1726]]): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
+
*"Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
 
*"An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen": Full text: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/other_swift/fates.html JaffeBros]
 
*"An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen": Full text: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/other_swift/fates.html JaffeBros]
 
*"A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/9.html Bartleby.com]
 
*"A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: [http://www.bartleby.com/27/9.html Bartleby.com]
Line 102: Line 92:
 
*"An Essay On Modern Education": Full text: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/other_swift/moded.html JaffeBros]
 
*"An Essay On Modern Education": Full text: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/other_swift/moded.html JaffeBros]
  
−
=== Poems ===
+
===Prose Works===
−
*"Ode to the Athenian Society" 1692 (first published work)
+
*''A Tale of a Tub'' 1696 (published 1704)
−
*Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D.  Texts at Project Gutenberg: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14353 Volume One], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13621 Volume Two]
+
*''The Battle of the Books'' 1697 (published 1704)
−
*"Baucis and Philemon" ([[1706]]-[[1709]]): Full text: [http://www.blackmask.com/books41c/baucphildex.htm Blackmask]
+
*"When I Come to Be Old" (1699)
−
*"A Description of the Morning" ([[1709]]): Full annotated text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2062.html U of Toronto]; Another text: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607746679&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
+
*"A Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test" (1708)
−
*"A Description of a City Shower" ([[1710]]): Full text: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607759837&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
+
*"Sentiments of a Church of England Man" (1708)
−
*"Cadenus and Vanessa" ([[1713]]): Full text: [http://www.blackmask.com/books41c/cadvanedex.htm Blackmask]
+
*"Bickerstaff/Partridge" papers (1708)
−
*"Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" ([[1719]]): Full text: [http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html theotherpages.org]
+
*""Proposal for the Advancement of Religion" (1709)
−
*Stella's birthday poems:
+
*''Examiner'' (1710 - )
−
**1719.  Full annotated text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2065.html U of Toronto]
+
*''The Conduct of the Allies'' (1711)
−
**1720.  Full text: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607768675&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
+
*''An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity'' (1711)
−
**1727.  Full text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2066.html U of Toronto]
+
*''Correcting the English Tongue'' (1712)
−
*"The Progress of Beauty" ([[1719]]-[[1720]]): Full text: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap2.htm OurCivilisation.com]
+
*''Public Spirit of the Whigs'' (1714)
−
*"The Progress of Poetry" ([[1720]]): Full text: [http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html theotherpages.org]
+
*''A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet'' (1720)
−
*"A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" ([[1722]]): Full text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2064.html U of Toronto]
+
*''The Drapier's Letters to the People of Ireland Against Receiving Wood's Halfpence'' (1724)
−
*"To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" ([[1725]]): Full text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2063.html U of Toronto]
+
*''Gulliver's Travels'' (1726)
−
*"Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" ([[1726]]): Full text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2060.html U of Toronto]
+
*''A Modest Proposal'' (1729)
−
*"The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" ([[1727]])
+
*''A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation'' (1738)
−
*"On a Very Old Glass" ([[1728]]): Full text: [http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#glass Gosford.co.uk]
 
−
*"A Pastoral Dialogue" ([[1729]]): Full text: [http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#pastoral Gosford.co.uk]
 
−
*"The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" ([[1729]]): Full text: [http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#bawn Gosford.co.uk]
 
−
*"On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" ([[1730]]): Full text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2067.html U of Toronto]
 
−
*"Death and Daphne" ([[1730]]): Full text: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap3.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
−
*"The Place of the Damn'd" ([[1731]]): [http://www.geocities.com/soho/nook/7255/damned.html Full text]
 
−
*"A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" ([[1731]]): Full annotated text: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/nymphbed.html Jack Lynch]; Another text: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607752257&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
 
−
*"Strephon and Chloe" ([[1731]]): Full annotated text: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/strephon.html Jack Lynch]; Another text: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607775280&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
 
−
*"Helter Skelter" ([[1731]]): Full text: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap5.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
−
*"Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" ([[1731]]): Full annotated text: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/cassinus.html Jack Lynch]
 
−
*"The Day of Judgment" ([[1731]]): [http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Nook/7255/judgement.html Full text]
 
−
*"Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." ([[1731]]-[[1732]]): Full annotated texts: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/verses.html Jack Lynch], [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2068.html U of Toronto]; Non-annotated text:: [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607701505&textreg=3&query=&id= U of Virginia]
 
−
*"An Epistle To A Lady" ([[1732]]): Full text: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap7.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
−
*"The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" ([[1732]]): Full annotated text: [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem2061.html U of Toronto]
 
−
*"The Lady's Dressing Room" ([[1732]]): Full annotated text: [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/dressing.html Jack Lynch]
 
−
*"On Poetry: A Rhapsody" ([[1733]])
 
−
*"The Puppet Show" Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap7.html Worldwideschool.org]
 
−
*"The Logicians Refuted" Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap6.html Worldwideschool.org]
 
−
 
 
−
=== Correspondence, Personal Writings ===
 
−
*"When I Come to Be Old"—Swift's resolutions.  ([[1699]]):  Full text: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/other_swift/when.html JaffeBros]
 
−
*''The Journal to Stella'' ([[1710]]-[[1713]]): Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97s/ U of Adelaide]; Extracts: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/stella/index.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
−
*Letters:
 
−
**Selected Letters: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/letters/index.html JaffeBros]
 
−
**To Oxford and Pope: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/letters/index.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
  
 
=== Sermons, Prayers ===
 
=== Sermons, Prayers ===
−
*Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: [http://isis.library.adelaide.edu.au/pg/etext03/trsm10h.htm U of Adelaide], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9276 Project Gutenberg]
+
*Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9276 Project Gutenberg]
−
*Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4738 Project Gutenberg]
+
*Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4738 Project Gutenberg]
−
*Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12252 Volume One], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12746 Volume Two]
+
*Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12252 Volume One], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12746 Volume Two]
−
*"The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap11.html Worldwideschool.org]
+
*"The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap11.html Worldwideschool.org]
 
*"The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap12.html Worldwideschool.org]
 
*"The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap12.html Worldwideschool.org]
−
=== Miscellany ===
 
−
*''Directions to Servants'' ([[1731]])::  Extracts: [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/servant.htm OurCivilisation.com]
 
−
*''A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation'' ([[1731]])
 
−
*"Thoughts on Various Subjects." Full text: [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97th/ U of Adelaide]
 
−
*Historical Writings: [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13040 Project Gutenberg]
 
−
*Swift Quotations: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/quotes.html JaffeBros]—Many choice, well-documented Swift quotations here.
 
−
*Swift quotes at Bartleby: [http://www.bartleby.com/100/211.html Bartleby.com]—59 quotations, with notes.
 
  
−
* ''See, [[Timeline of environmental events]]''
+
== Biographical Sources ==
 +
*Samuel Johnson's “Life of Swift”: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/johnslife.html JaffeBros] – From his ''Lives of the Poets''.
 +
*William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/thackeray.html JaffeBros] – From his ''English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century''.
 +
*Many other sources are listed [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/sources/biography.html here.]
  
−
==Works==
+
==External links==
−
Jonathan Swift was a prolific writer.  The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes.  A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long.  One  edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.
+
All links retrieved August 3, 2022.
−
 
 
−
The subjects and themes of Jonathan Swift's writings generally and understandably follow the events and concerns in his life.  This is one of the reasons that his critics pay so much attention to his biography, the established facts and the many disputed items, as a means of elucidating the true meaning of his writings.  While perhaps an oversimplication, it can be seen how his earliest works show an academic interest in the philosophical issues of his day, shifting to the concerns of the Church that he represented both as a priest and a lobbyist, turning then to political matters as he leant his pen to the Tory party, and finally taking up the cause of the Irish people in defense of his nation of exile.  Throughout these larger trends are the personal writings which give tantalizing but inconclusive hints about Swift's inner life.
 
  
−
===Major Prose Works===
+
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Swift%2c%20Jonathan Online Books by Jonathan Swift] The Online Books Page
−
*''[[A Tale of a Tub]]'' 1696 (published 1704)
+
* {{gutenberg author| id=Jonathan+Swift | name=Jonathan Swift}}
−
*''The Battle of the Books'' 1697 (published 1704)
+
* [http://librivox.org/a-modest-proposal-by-jonathan-swift/ ''A Modest Proposal''] Free audiobook from LibriVox
−
*"When I Come to Be Old" 1699
 
−
*"A Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test," 1708
 
−
*"Sentiments of a Church of England Man" 1708
 
−
*"Bickerstaff/Partridge" papers 1708
 
−
*""Proposal for the Advancement of Religion" 1709
 
−
*''Examiner'' 1710 -
 
−
*''The Conduct of the Allies'' 1711
 
−
*''An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity'' 1711
 
−
*''Correcting the English Tongue'' 1712
 
−
*''Public Spirit of the Whigs'' 1714
 
−
*''A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet'' 1720
 
−
*''The Drapier's Letters to the People of Ireland Against Receiving Wood's Halfpence'' 1724
 
−
*''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' 1726
 
−
*''[[A Modest Proposal]]'' 1729
 
−
*''A Complete Collection Of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation'' 1738
 
  
−
Swift's first major prose work, ''A Tale of a Tub'', demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work.  It is at once wildly playful and funny while being very pointed and harshly critical of its targets.  In its main thread, the ''Tale'' recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alternations whatsoever.  However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will which will allow them to make the needed alterations.  As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance.  Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, Swift includes a series of whimsical "discourses" on various subjects.
+
[[Category:Writers and poets]]
  
−
In 1690, Sir [[William Temple]], Swift's patron, published ''An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' a defense of classical writing (see [[Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns]]) holding up the ''Epistles of Phalaris'' as an example.  [[William Wotton]] responded to Temple with ''Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning'' (1694) showing that the ''Epistles'' were a later forgery.  A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by [[Charles Boyle]] (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer).  A further retort on the Modern side came from [[Richard Bentley]], one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay ''Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris'' (1699).  However, the final words on the topic belong to Swift in his ''[[Battle of the Books]]'' (1697) in which he makes a humorous defense on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients.
+
[[Category:Politicians and reformers]]
−
 
 
−
== Biographical Sources ==
 
−
*Samuel Johnson's Life of Swift: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/johnslife.html JaffeBros].  From his ''Lives of the Poets''. 
 
−
*William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/thackeray.html JaffeBros]. From his ''English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century''.
 
−
*Many other sources are listed [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/sources/biography.html here].
 
−
 
 
−
== See also ==
 
−
 
 
−
* [[List of people on stamps of Ireland]]
 
−
 
 
−
==External links==
 
−
{{wikiquote}}
 
−
{{wikisource author}}
 
−
*[http://www.ottres.ca/gulliver/index.html Gulliver's Travels Deciphered, by Alastair Sweeny]
 
−
*e-texts of Swift's works
 
−
**at [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Swift%2c%20Jonathan The Online Books Page]
 
−
** {{gutenberg author| id=Jonathan+Swift | name=Jonathan Swift}}
 
−
**at [http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/ Gulliver's Travels]
 
−
* [http://www.stpatrickshosp.com/legacy.htm St Patrick's Hospital: Swift's Legacy ]
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/seo_advice/gullivers_travels.html Swift and Gulliver]
 
−
* [http://librivox.org/a-modest-proposal-by-jonathan-swift/ Free audiobook] of ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'' from [http://librivox.org/ LibriVox]
 
−
* [http://www.irelandliteratureguide.com/jonathan_swift.html Jonathan Swift Resource]
 
  
−
[[Category: Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
+
{{credit2|Jonathan_Swift|74946530|Gulliver's_Travels|76017090}}
−
{{credit|74946530}}
 

Latest revision as of 00:23, 4 August 2022

Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift (November 30, 1667 – October 19, 1745) was an Anglo-Irish priest, essayist, political writer, and poet, considered the foremost satirist in the English language. Swift's fiercely ironic novels and essays, including world classics such as Gulliver's Travels and The Tale of the Tub, were immensely popular in his own time for their ribald humor and imaginative insight into human nature. Swift's object was to expose corruption and express political and social criticism through indirection.

In his own times, Swift aligned himself with the Tories and became the most prominent literary figure to lend his hand to Tory politics. As a result, Swift found himself in a bitter feud with the other great pamphleteer and essayist of his time, Joseph Addison. Moreover, Swift's royalist political leanings have made him a semi-controversial figure in his native Ireland, and whether Swift should be categorized as an English or Irish writer remains a point of academic contention. Nevertheless, Swift was, and remains, one of the most popular and readable authors of the eighteenth century, an author of humor and humanity, who is as often enlightening as he is ironical.

Biography

Swift was born at No. 7, Hoey's Court, Dublin, the second child and only son of Jonathan and Abigail Swift, English immigrants. Jonathan arrived seven months after his father's untimely death. Most of the facts of Swift's early life are obscure and sometimes contradictory. It is widely believed that his mother returned to England when Swift was still very young, leaving him to be raised by his father's family. His uncle Godwin took primary responsibility for the young Swift, sending him to Kilkenny Grammar School with one of his cousins.

In 1682 he attended Trinity College, Dublin, receiving his B.A. in 1686. Swift was studying for his master’s degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant to Sir William Temple, an English diplomat. Temple arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retiring from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Growing into the confidence of his employer, Swift was often trusted with matters of great importance. Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to King William III, and sent him to London to urge the king to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

Swift left Temple in 1690 for Ireland because of his health, but returned the following year. The illness—fits of vertigo or giddiness now widely believed to be Ménière's disease—would continue to plague Swift throughout his life. During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Oxford University in 1692. Then, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, Swift left Moor Park to be ordained a priest in the Church of Ireland, and was appointed to a small parish near Kilroot, Ireland, in 1694.

Swift was miserable in his new position, feeling isolated in a small, remote community. Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696 where he remained until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690) that argued in favor of the classicism of the ancients over the modern "new learning" of scientific inquiry. Swift would not publish The Battle of the Books, however, for another fourteen years.

In the summer of 1699 Temple died. Swift stayed on briefly to finish editing Temple's memoirs, perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England, but this proved ineffectual. His next move was to approach William III directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had been given to another. He soon obtained a post as chaplain of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. In Laracor, Swift ministered to a congregation of about 15 persons, and he had ample time to pursue his hobbies: gardening, architecture, and above all, writing.

In 1701 Swift had invited his friend Esther Johnson to Dublin. According to rumor Swift married her in 1716, although no marriage was ever acknowledged. Swift's friendship with Johnson, in any case, lasted through her lifetime, and his letters to Johnson from London between 1710 and 1713 make up his Journal to Stella, first published in 1768.

In February 1702, Swift received his doctor of divinity degree from Trinity College. During his visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriberlus Club, founded in 1713.

Political Involvement

Swift became increasingly active politically in these years. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, petitioning the Whig Party which he had supported all his life. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and Swift was recruited to support their cause as editor of the Examiner, the principal Tory periodical, when they came to power in 1710. In 1711 Swift published the political pamphlet "The Conduct of the Allies," attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France.

Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government, often acting as mediator between the prime minister and various other members of Parliament. Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters, later collected and published as The Journal to Stella. With the death of Queen Anne and ascension of King George that year, the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.

Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appears to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. The best position his friends could secure for him was the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin. With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England, so he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live, he said, "like a rat in a hole."

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: "Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture" (1720), "The Drapier's Letters" (1724), and most famously, "A Modest Proposal" (1729), a biting parody of economic utilitarianism he associated with the Whigs. Swift's pamphlets on Irish issues made him into something of a national hero in Ireland, despite his close association with the Tories and his ethnic English background.

Also during these years, Swift began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London, taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit he stayed with his old friends, Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot, and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727 and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.

Swift returned to England one more time in 1727, staying with Alexander Pope once again. In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness and in 1742 he appears to have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realizing his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled ("I shall be like that tree," he once said, "I shall die at the top"). On October 19, 1745, Swift died. The bulk of his fortune was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill.

Works

Swift was a prolific writer. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed., Basil Blackwell, 1965) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed., Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed., P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major Prose

In 1708, when a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions, Swift attacked Partridge in Prediction For The Ensuing Year, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on March 29. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on March 30 claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary.

Swift's first major prose work, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and humorous while at the same time pointed and harshly critical of its targets. The Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity in England: the Anglican, Catholic, and Nonconformist ("Dissenting") Churches. Each of the sons receives a coat from their fathers as a bequest, with the added instructions to make no alternations to the coats whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will which will allow them to make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, Swift satirizes the various changes (and corruptions) that had consumed all three branches of Christianity in Swift's time. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, Swift includes a series of whimsical "discourses" on various subjects.

In 1729, Swift wrote “A Modest Proposal,” supposedly written by an intelligent and objective "political arithmetician" who had carefully studied Ireland before making his proposal. The author calmly suggests one solution for both the problem of overpopulation and the growing numbers of undernourished people: breed those children who would otherwise go hungry or be mistreated and sell them as food for the rich.

Gulliver's Travels

Gulliver's Travels (published 1726, amended 1735), officially titled Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World is Swift's masterpiece, both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is easily Swift's most celebrated work and one of the indisputable classics of the English language.

The book became tremendously popular as soon as it was published (Alexander Pope quipped that "it is universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery") and it is likely that it has never been out of print since its original publication. George Orwell went so far as to declare it to be among the six most indispensable books in world literature.

Synopsis

On his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck, awaking to find himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people who stand 15 centimeters high, inhabitants of the neighboring and rival countries of Lilliput and Blefuscu. After giving assurances of his good behavior he is given a residence in Lilliput, becoming a favorite of the court. He assists the Lilliputians in subduing their neighbors, the Blefuscudans, but refuses to reduce Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput, so he is charged with treason and sentenced to be blinded. Fortunately, Gulliver easily overpowers the Lilliputian army and escapes back home.

On his second voyage, while exploring a new country, Gulliver is abandoned by his companions, finding himself in Brobdingnag, a land of giants. He is then bought (as a curiosity) by the queen of Brobdingnag and kept as a favorite at court. On a trip to the seaside, his ship is seized by a giant eagle and dropped into the sea where he is picked up by sailors and returned to England.

On his third voyage, Gulliver's ship is attacked by pirates and he is abandoned on a desolate rocky island. Fortunately he is rescued by the flying island of Laputa, a kingdom devoted to the intellectual arts that is utterly incapable of doing anything practical. While there, he tours the country as the guest of a low-ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by blind pursuit of science without practical results. He also encounters the Struldbrugs, an unfortunate race who are cursed to have immortal life without immortal youth. The trip is otherwise reasonably free of incident and Gulliver returns home, determined to stay a homebody for the rest of his days.

Disregarding these intentions at the end of the third part, Gulliver returns to sea where his crew promptly mutinies. He is abandoned ashore, coming first upon a race of hideously deformed creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy. Shortly thereafter he meets an eloquent, talking horse and comes to understand that the horses (in their language "Houyhnhnm") are the rulers and the deformed creatures ("Yahoos") are in fact human beings. Gulliver becomes a member of the horse's household, treated almost as a favored pet, and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their lifestyle, rejecting human beings as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them. However, an assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver, a Yahoo with some semblance of reason, is a danger to their civilization, so he is expelled. He is then rescued, against his will, by a Portuguese ship that returns him to his home in England. He is, however, unable to reconcile himself to living among Yahoos; he becomes a recluse, remaining in his house, largely avoiding his family, and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables.


Legacy

Swift once stated that "satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own." Utilizing grotesque logic—for example, that Irish poverty can be solved by the breeding of infants as food for the rich—Swift commented on attitudes and policies of his day with an originality and forcefulness that influenced later novelists such as Mark Twain, H. G. Wells, and George Orwell. "Swiftian" satire is a term coined for especially outlandish and sardonic parody.

Although his many pamphlets and attacks on religious corruption and intellectual laziness are dated for most modern readers, Gulliver's Travels has remained a popular favorite both for its humorous rendering of human foibles and its adventurous fantasy.

Bibliography

All links retrieved June 11, 2007.

Essays, Tracts, Pamphlets, Periodicals

  • "A Meditation upon a Broomstick" (1703-1710)
  • "A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707-1711)
  • The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708-1709): Full text: Univ. of Adelaide
  • "An Argument against Abolishing Christianity" (1708-1711): Full text: Univ. of Adelaide
  • The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan) (1710-????): Text: Project Gutenberg
  • The Examiner (1710): Texts: Ourcivilisation.com, Project Gutenberg
  • "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: Jack Lynch, Univ. of Virginia
  • "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1713)
  • "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com
  • "A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
  • "A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com
  • The Drapier's Letters (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg
  • "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
  • "An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen": Full text: JaffeBros
  • "A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com
  • "On the Death of Esther Johnson": Full text: Bartleby.com
  • "An Essay On Modern Education": Full text: JaffeBros

Prose Works

  • A Tale of a Tub 1696 (published 1704)
  • The Battle of the Books 1697 (published 1704)
  • "When I Come to Be Old" (1699)
  • "A Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test" (1708)
  • "Sentiments of a Church of England Man" (1708)
  • "Bickerstaff/Partridge" papers (1708)
  • ""Proposal for the Advancement of Religion" (1709)
  • Examiner (1710 - )
  • The Conduct of the Allies (1711)
  • An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity (1711)
  • Correcting the English Tongue (1712)
  • Public Spirit of the Whigs (1714)
  • A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet (1720)
  • The Drapier's Letters to the People of Ireland Against Receiving Wood's Halfpence (1724)
  • Gulliver's Travels (1726)
  • A Modest Proposal (1729)
  • A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1738)

Sermons, Prayers

Biographical Sources

  • Samuel Johnson's “Life of Swift”: JaffeBros – From his Lives of the Poets.
  • William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: JaffeBros – From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century.
  • Many other sources are listed here.

External links

All links retrieved August 3, 2022.

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