Difference between revisions of "Jasper" - New World Encyclopedia
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[[Image:jasper.pebble.600pix.bkg.jpg|thumb|180px|Polished jasper pebble, about one inch (2.5 centimeters) in length.]] | [[Image:jasper.pebble.600pix.bkg.jpg|thumb|180px|Polished jasper pebble, about one inch (2.5 centimeters) in length.]] | ||
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| + | '''Jasper''' is an opaque, impure variety of [[quartz]], usually [[red]], [[yellow]], or [[brown]] in color. This [[mineral]] breaks with a smooth surface and can be highly polished. It is used for ornamentation, such as for vases, or as a [[gemstone]]. It has been used to make seals and [[tobacco|snuff]] boxes. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called ''striped'' or ''banded'' jasper. Jaspilite is a [[banded iron formation]] rock that often has distinctive bands of jasper. The [[Egypt]]ian [[pebble]] is a brownish-yellow jasper. | ||
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[[Image:unpolished jasper.jpg|thumb|180px|Unpolished jasper, freshly recovered from the ground.]] | [[Image:unpolished jasper.jpg|thumb|180px|Unpolished jasper, freshly recovered from the ground.]] | ||
| + | ==Etymology == | ||
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| + | The name jasper means "spotted stone." It is derived from the [[Anglo-French]] ''jaspre'', from [[Old French]] ''jaspe'', from [[Latin]] ''iaspidem'' (the accusative of ''iaspis''), from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''iaspis'', via a [[Semitic]] language (cf. [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''yashepheh'', [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''yashupu''), ultimately from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''yashp''. | ||
| − | + | ==Types of jasper== | |
| − | + | Jasper can appear as an opaque rock of shades of red due to mineral impurities. Patterns can arise from the formation process and from flow patterns in the [[sediment]] or [[volcanic ash]] that was saturated with silica to form jasper, yielding bands or swirls in the rock. | |
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| + | Jasper may be permeated by [[Dendrite (crystal)|dendritic]] minerals, providing the appearance of vegetative growths. The jasper may have been fractured and/or distorted after formation, later rebonding into discontinuous patterns or filling with another material. Heat or environmental factors may have created surface rinds (such as varnish) or interior stresses leading to fracturing. | ||
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| + | Picture jaspers simultaneously exhibit several of these variations (such as banding, flow patterns, dendrites, or color variations), resulting in what appear to be scenes or images in a cut section (as in Biggs, Deschutes, Owyhee, Poppy, and other named types). Spherical flow patterns produce a distinctive orbicular appearance (porcelain jaspers such as Blue Mountain, [[Bruneau Jasper|Bruneau]] and Willow Creek). Complex mixes of impurities produce wild color variations (as in McDermit jasper). Healed fractures produce [[Breccia|brecciated]] jasper (such as Canyon Creek). Examples of this can be seen at [[Llanddwyn Island]]. | ||
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| + | == Historical/mythical usage == | ||
According to [[Bahya ben Asher|Rebbenu Bachya]], the word ''Yasfeh'' in the verse [[Exodus]] 28:20 means ''jasper'' and was the stone on the [[Ephod]] representing the tribe of [[Benjamin]]. | According to [[Bahya ben Asher|Rebbenu Bachya]], the word ''Yasfeh'' in the verse [[Exodus]] 28:20 means ''jasper'' and was the stone on the [[Ephod]] representing the tribe of [[Benjamin]]. | ||
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It is described in the [[Book of Revelation]] (21:11) as: "It shown with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal''. | It is described in the [[Book of Revelation]] (21:11) as: "It shown with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal''. | ||
| − | + | In the Chinese Zodiac, jasper is the gemstone of the Rooster. | |
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* [[Mineral]] | * [[Mineral]] | ||
* [[Quartz]] | * [[Quartz]] | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | * Farndon, John | + | * Farndon, John. 2006. ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens'', with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412 |
| − | + | * Hurlbut, Cornelius S., and Klein, Cornelis. 1985. ''Manual of Mineralogy''. 20th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-80580-7 | |
| − | * Hurlbut, Cornelius S., and Klein, Cornelis | + | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Smithsonian Handbooks: Rocks and Minerals''. New York, NY: DK Adult. ISBN 0789491060 |
| − | + | * Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. ''Rocks, Gems and Minerals''. Revised and updated edition. St. Martin's Press, Golden Guide. ISBN 1582381321 | |
| − | * Pellant, Chris | ||
| − | |||
| − | * Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| + | All links retrieved April 3, 2018. | ||
| + | *[http://www.mindat.org/min-2082.html Mindat] | ||
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[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:56, 3 April 2018
Jasper is an opaque, impure variety of quartz, usually red, yellow, or brown in color. This mineral breaks with a smooth surface and can be highly polished. It is used for ornamentation, such as for vases, or as a gemstone. It has been used to make seals and snuff boxes. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. Jaspilite is a banded iron formation rock that often has distinctive bands of jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish-yellow jasper.
Etymology
The name jasper means "spotted stone." It is derived from the Anglo-French jaspre, from Old French jaspe, from Latin iaspidem (the accusative of iaspis), from Greek iaspis, via a Semitic language (cf. Hebrew yashepheh, Akkadian yashupu), ultimately from Persian yashp.
Types of jasper
Jasper can appear as an opaque rock of shades of red due to mineral impurities. Patterns can arise from the formation process and from flow patterns in the sediment or volcanic ash that was saturated with silica to form jasper, yielding bands or swirls in the rock.
Jasper may be permeated by dendritic minerals, providing the appearance of vegetative growths. The jasper may have been fractured and/or distorted after formation, later rebonding into discontinuous patterns or filling with another material. Heat or environmental factors may have created surface rinds (such as varnish) or interior stresses leading to fracturing.
Picture jaspers simultaneously exhibit several of these variations (such as banding, flow patterns, dendrites, or color variations), resulting in what appear to be scenes or images in a cut section (as in Biggs, Deschutes, Owyhee, Poppy, and other named types). Spherical flow patterns produce a distinctive orbicular appearance (porcelain jaspers such as Blue Mountain, Bruneau and Willow Creek). Complex mixes of impurities produce wild color variations (as in McDermit jasper). Healed fractures produce brecciated jasper (such as Canyon Creek). Examples of this can be seen at Llanddwyn Island.
Historical/mythical usage
According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word Yasfeh in the verse Exodus 28:20 means jasper and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Benjamin.
It is described in the Book of Revelation (21:11) as: "It shown with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal.
In the Chinese Zodiac, jasper is the gemstone of the Rooster.
See also
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Farndon, John. 2006. The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks & Minerals: How to Find, Identify, Collect and Maintain the World's best Specimens, with over 1000 Photographs and Artworks. Lorenz Books. ISBN 0754815412
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S., and Klein, Cornelis. 1985. Manual of Mineralogy. 20th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- Pellant, Chris. 2002. Smithsonian Handbooks: Rocks and Minerals. New York, NY: DK Adult. ISBN 0789491060
- Shaffer, Paul R., Herbert S. Zim, and Raymond Perlman. 2001. Rocks, Gems and Minerals. Revised and updated edition. St. Martin's Press, Golden Guide. ISBN 1582381321
External links
All links retrieved April 3, 2018.
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