Difference between revisions of "Hunter-gatherer" - New World Encyclopedia
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As [[foragers]], hunter-gatherers are dependent upon the natural availability of food. Consequently, they are relatively mobile, moving on as their food supplies become exhausted. This nomadic lifestyle, in which all possessions must be carried, leads hunter-gatherers to rely on materials available in the wild to construct simple shelters. Thus there is rarely any building of elaborate, permanent housing or development of cities in such societies. | As [[foragers]], hunter-gatherers are dependent upon the natural availability of food. Consequently, they are relatively mobile, moving on as their food supplies become exhausted. This nomadic lifestyle, in which all possessions must be carried, leads hunter-gatherers to rely on materials available in the wild to construct simple shelters. Thus there is rarely any building of elaborate, permanent housing or development of cities in such societies. | ||
| − | However, in cases where food is abundant and reliable, a hunter-gatherer group may become [[sedentary]]. Natives of the American Pacific Northwest, for example, used flour from acorns and smoke-dried salmon for food, developing permanent settlements with substantial populations. The [[Haida]], of what is now [[British Columbia]], lived in such a rich environment that they could remain sedentary and became skilled | + | However, in cases where food is abundant and reliable, a hunter-gatherer group may become [[sedentary]]. In such cases, a combination of hunting and gathering with [[agriculture]] or [[horticulture]], [[animal husbandry]] or [[herding]] is common. Natives of the American Pacific Northwest, for example, used flour from acorns and smoke-dried salmon for food, developing permanent settlements with substantial populations. The [[Haida]], of what is now [[British Columbia]], lived in such a rich environment that they could remain sedentary and became skilled [[artisans]]. |
==Structure of Hunter-gatherer Societies== | ==Structure of Hunter-gatherer Societies== | ||
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Nomadic hunter-gatherer societies usually have non-hierarchical social structures, unlike higher order horticultural, [[pastoral]], and [[industrial]] societies. The group usually consists of a small number of family units, often related, comprising a [[tribe]]. | Nomadic hunter-gatherer societies usually have non-hierarchical social structures, unlike higher order horticultural, [[pastoral]], and [[industrial]] societies. The group usually consists of a small number of family units, often related, comprising a [[tribe]]. | ||
| − | The mobile lifestyle means that generally they do not have the possibility of storing surplus food and thus remain on a subsistence level. [[Specialization of labor]] does not develop beyond the division of responsibilities between men (hunting) and women (gathering and domestic), as each family acquires only enough food for its own needs and has no surplus to share or trade with others. Thus full-time leaders, | + | The mobile lifestyle means that generally they do not have the possibility of storing surplus food and thus remain on a subsistence level. [[Specialization of labor]] does not develop beyond the division of responsibilities between men (hunting) and women (gathering and domestic), as each family acquires only enough food for its own needs and has no surplus to share or trade with others. Thus full-time leaders, artisans, or other professions are rarely supported by pure hunter-gatherer societies. |
Moving from the subsistence level to creating surplus supports societal development. The existence of surplus relieves individuals, or family units, from the burden of having to procure sufficient food for their needs on a daily basis. This frees them to develop their skills and talents in ways that benefit others, who in return can share their surplus food or other products with them. | Moving from the subsistence level to creating surplus supports societal development. The existence of surplus relieves individuals, or family units, from the burden of having to procure sufficient food for their needs on a daily basis. This frees them to develop their skills and talents in ways that benefit others, who in return can share their surplus food or other products with them. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Historical Context== |
| − | All [[archaeology | archeological]] evidence to date suggests that all human beings were hunter-gatherers prior to twelve thousand years ago, before the [[Neolithic]] Era | + | All [[archaeology | archeological]] evidence to date suggests that all human beings were hunter-gatherers prior to twelve thousand years ago, before the [[Neolithic]] Era. The [[Neolithic_Revolution | Neolithic revolution]], at the beginning of the [[Holocene epoch]], marks the emergence of agriculture and [[domestication of animals]] and the subsequent decline of hunter-gatherer populations. |
| − | + | However, the line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies is not clear cut. Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning inedible plants while encouraging those they can be consumed. Agricultural people often continue to hunt and gather, farming during the temperate months and hunting during the winter. Still today, many in developed countries will go hunting for food and for recreation. | |
==Modern Hunter-gatherers== | ==Modern Hunter-gatherers== | ||
| − | Today hunter-gatherer groups are found in the [[Arctic]], [[tropical rainforests]], and [[desert | deserts]], where other forms of subsistence production are impossible or too costly. Examples of traditional hunter-gatherers that continue this lifestyle today are the [[Bushmen]] of southern [[Africa]] | + | Today hunter-gatherer groups are found in the [[Arctic]], [[tropical rainforests]], and [[desert | deserts]], where other forms of subsistence production are impossible or too costly. Examples of traditional hunter-gatherers that continue this lifestyle today are the [[Bushmen]] of southern [[Africa]], the [[Pygmies]] of central Africa, and the [[Spinifex people]] of Western [[Australia]]. Other groups do not have a continuous history of hunting and gathering; in many cases their [[ancestors]] were farmers who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations and wars. |
There are some modern social movements related to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle: | There are some modern social movements related to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle: | ||
*[[freeganism]] involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment | *[[freeganism]] involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment | ||
| − | + | *sport [[hunting]] and sport [[fishing]] are recreational activities practiced by people in developed countries who get the majority of their food by modern means (see also: [[fox hunt]], [[safari]]) | |
| − | *sport [[hunting]] and sport [[fishing]] are recreational activities practiced by people who get the majority of their food by modern means (see also: [[fox hunt]], [[safari]]) | ||
*[[anarcho-primitivism]], which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild | *[[anarcho-primitivism]], which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild | ||
Revision as of 21:19, 1 October 2005
In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by human beings who obtain their food from the bounty of nature, hunting animals and gathering wild plants. It is a subsistence lifestyle, practiced by all early human societies. Such people are generally nomads, moving on as food supplies dwindle. There is little development of skills or specialized labor beyond that required for hunting and gathering food. Such societies generally remain small, consisting of several, often related, family units.
Characteristics of Hunter-gatherer Life
The hunter-gatherer society operates on a subsistence level. Different societies specialize according to the available food supplies. Some hunt big game, or trap animals, while others may fish in lakes, rivers, or along the coast. An older term found in Scandinavian countries is hunter-trapper instead of "gatherer", signifying their use of complex trap systems using holes in the ground to catch elks, reindeer, etc. Typically, men are responsible for hunting and women gathering.
As foragers, hunter-gatherers are dependent upon the natural availability of food. Consequently, they are relatively mobile, moving on as their food supplies become exhausted. This nomadic lifestyle, in which all possessions must be carried, leads hunter-gatherers to rely on materials available in the wild to construct simple shelters. Thus there is rarely any building of elaborate, permanent housing or development of cities in such societies.
However, in cases where food is abundant and reliable, a hunter-gatherer group may become sedentary. In such cases, a combination of hunting and gathering with agriculture or horticulture, animal husbandry or herding is common. Natives of the American Pacific Northwest, for example, used flour from acorns and smoke-dried salmon for food, developing permanent settlements with substantial populations. The Haida, of what is now British Columbia, lived in such a rich environment that they could remain sedentary and became skilled artisans.
Structure of Hunter-gatherer Societies
Hunter-gatherers tend to have very low population densities, since only a limited number of people can congregate without quickly exhausting the local food supplies. In climates that can support agriculture, farmland can support population densities 60–100 times greater than land left uncultivated.
Nomadic hunter-gatherer societies usually have non-hierarchical social structures, unlike higher order horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies. The group usually consists of a small number of family units, often related, comprising a tribe.
The mobile lifestyle means that generally they do not have the possibility of storing surplus food and thus remain on a subsistence level. Specialization of labor does not develop beyond the division of responsibilities between men (hunting) and women (gathering and domestic), as each family acquires only enough food for its own needs and has no surplus to share or trade with others. Thus full-time leaders, artisans, or other professions are rarely supported by pure hunter-gatherer societies.
Moving from the subsistence level to creating surplus supports societal development. The existence of surplus relieves individuals, or family units, from the burden of having to procure sufficient food for their needs on a daily basis. This frees them to develop their skills and talents in ways that benefit others, who in return can share their surplus food or other products with them.
Historical Context
All archeological evidence to date suggests that all human beings were hunter-gatherers prior to twelve thousand years ago, before the Neolithic Era. The Neolithic revolution, at the beginning of the Holocene epoch, marks the emergence of agriculture and domestication of animals and the subsequent decline of hunter-gatherer populations.
However, the line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies is not clear cut. Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning inedible plants while encouraging those they can be consumed. Agricultural people often continue to hunt and gather, farming during the temperate months and hunting during the winter. Still today, many in developed countries will go hunting for food and for recreation.
Modern Hunter-gatherers
Today hunter-gatherer groups are found in the Arctic, tropical rainforests, and deserts, where other forms of subsistence production are impossible or too costly. Examples of traditional hunter-gatherers that continue this lifestyle today are the Bushmen of southern Africa, the Pygmies of central Africa, and the Spinifex people of Western Australia. Other groups do not have a continuous history of hunting and gathering; in many cases their ancestors were farmers who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations and wars.
There are some modern social movements related to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle:
- freeganism involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment
- sport hunting and sport fishing are recreational activities practiced by people in developed countries who get the majority of their food by modern means (see also: fox hunt, safari)
- anarcho-primitivism, which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild
External links
- Baka Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers
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