Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Hannah Szenes" - New World
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[[Image:HannahSzenes1.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Hannah Szenes]] | [[Image:HannahSzenes1.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Hannah Szenes]] | ||
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| − | Szenes was arrested at the Hungarian border, imprisoned and tortured, but she refused to reveal details of her mission, and was eventually tried and | + | '''Hannah Szenes''' (or '''Chana Senesh''') (July 17, 1921 — November 7, 1944) was a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Judaism|Jew]], one of 17 Jews living in what was then the British Mandate of [[Palestine]], now [[Israel]], who were trained by the British army to [[parachute]] into [[Yugoslavia]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] in order to help save the Jews of Hungary, who were about to be deported to the [[Germany|German]] death camp at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. |
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| + | Szenes was arrested at the Hungarian border, imprisoned and tortured, but she refused to reveal details of her mission, and was eventually tried and executed by firing squad. She is regarded as a national heroine in Israel, where streets are named after her and her poetry is widely known. | ||
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==Move to Nahalal== | ==Move to Nahalal== | ||
| − | Szenes graduated in | + | Szenes graduated in 1939 and decided to emigrate to what was then the British Mandate of [[Palestine]] in order to study in the Girls' Agricultural School at Nahalal. In 1941, she joined [[Kibbutz]] Sedot Yam and then joined the [[Haganah]], the paramilitary group that laid the foundation of the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In 1943, she enlisted in the British army and began her training in [[Egypt]] as a paratrooper for the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). |
==Arrest and torture== | ==Arrest and torture== | ||
| − | In March 1944, she and two male colleagues, | + | In March 1944, she and two male colleagues, Joel Palgi and Peretz Goldstein, were parachuted into [[Yugoslavia]] and joined a partisan group. After landing, they learned the Germans had already invaded Hungary, so the men decided to call off the mission as too dangerous. <ref name=Hecht/> Szenes continued alone and headed for the Hungarian border. At the border, she was arrested by Hungarian gendarmes, who found the British military transmitter she was carrying, which was to be used to communicate with the SOE and with other partisans. She was taken to a prison in Budapest, tied to a chair, stripped, then whipped and clubbed for several hours. The guards wanted to know the code for her transmitter so they could find out who the other parachutists were. She did not tell them, even when they brought her mother into the cell and threatened to torture her too. <ref name=Hecht/> |
While in jail, Szenes used a mirror to flash signals out of the window to the Jewish prisoners in other cells, and communicated with them using large cut-out letters in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] that she placed in her window one at a time, and by drawing the [[Magen David]] in the dust. She tried to keep their spirits up by singing. | While in jail, Szenes used a mirror to flash signals out of the window to the Jewish prisoners in other cells, and communicated with them using large cut-out letters in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] that she placed in her window one at a time, and by drawing the [[Magen David]] in the dust. She tried to keep their spirits up by singing. | ||
==Trial and execution== | ==Trial and execution== | ||
| − | She was tried for [[treason]] on [[October 28]], 1944. There was an eight-day postponment to give the judges more time to find a verdict, followed by another postponment, this one due to the appointment of a new Judge Advocate. She was executed by a [[firing squad]] before the judges had returned a verdict. She kept diary entries until her last day, [[November 7]], [[1944]]. One of them read: "In the month of July, I shall be twenty-three/I played a number in a game/The dice have rolled. I have lost," and another: "I loved the warm sunlight." | + | She was tried for [[treason]] on [[October 28]], 1944. There was an eight-day postponment to give the judges more time to find a verdict, followed by another postponment, this one due to the appointment of a new Judge Advocate. She was executed by a [[firing squad]] before the judges had returned a verdict. She kept diary entries until her last day, [[November 7]], [[1944]]. One of them read: "In the month of July, I shall be twenty-three/I played a number in a game/The dice have rolled. I have lost," and another: "I loved the warm sunlight." |
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[[Image:Chana_Senesh_grave.JPG|thumb|right|Szenes's gravestone]] | [[Image:Chana_Senesh_grave.JPG|thumb|right|Szenes's gravestone]] | ||
Her diary was published in Hebrew in 1946. Her remains were brought to [[Israel]] in 1950 and buried in the cemetery on [[Mount Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]. | Her diary was published in Hebrew in 1946. Her remains were brought to [[Israel]] in 1950 and buried in the cemetery on [[Mount Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]. | ||
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*[[Rudolf Vrba]] | *[[Rudolf Vrba]] | ||
| − | == | + | ==Footnotes== |
<references/> | <references/> | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| − | *[http://www.hannahsenesh.org.il/ Hannah Senesh Legacy | + | * Hecht, Ben; ''Perfidy,'' New York, Messner 1961 OCLC: 613093 |
| − | *[http://www.hannahsenesh.org/ | + | * Braham, Randolph L., ''The Holocaust in Hungary: a selected and annotated bibliography: 1984-2000'', New York, Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0880334819 OCLC: 49394388 |
| + | * Hay, Peter, ''Ordinary heroes: Chana Szenes and the dream of Zion'', New York, Putnam, 1986, ISBN 0399131523 OCLC: 13395114 | ||
| + | * Schur, Maxine; Ruff, Donna; ''Hannah Szenes: a song of light'', Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1986, ISBN 0827602510 OCLC: 11840452 | ||
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| + | ==External Links== | ||
| + | * [http://www.hannahsenesh.org.il/ Hannah Senesh] ''Hannah Senesh Legacy Foundation'', Retrieved January 10, 2007 | ||
| + | *[http://www.hannahsenesh.org/templates/page_2.asp?docid=573 Hannah Senesh, our namesake], ''Hannah Senesh Community Day School'', Retrieved January 10, 2007 | ||
| + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary History of the Jews in Hungary], ''Wikipedia'', Retrieved January 10, 2007 | ||
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| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:History and biography]] |
| − | + | [[Category:Biography]] | |
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{{credit|93723068}} | {{credit|93723068}} | ||
Revision as of 01:27, 11 January 2007
Hannah Szenes (or Chana Senesh) (July 17, 1921 — November 7, 1944) was a Hungarian Jew, one of 17 Jews living in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine, now Israel, who were trained by the British army to parachute into Yugoslavia during the Second World War in order to help save the Jews of Hungary, who were about to be deported to the German death camp at Auschwitz.
Szenes was arrested at the Hungarian border, imprisoned and tortured, but she refused to reveal details of her mission, and was eventually tried and executed by firing squad. She is regarded as a national heroine in Israel, where streets are named after her and her poetry is widely known.
Early life
Szenes was born to an assimilated Jewish family in Hungary. Her father, Béla, a journalist and playwright, died when she was six years old. She continued to live with her mother, Katherine, and her brother, Giora.
She enrolled in a Protestant private school for girls, that accepted – for increased tuition – Catholic and Jewish pupils. However, when she was elected to the school's literary society, she was unable to take office due to the anti-Semitic atmosphere. This, along with the realization that the situation of the Jews in Hungary was becoming precarious, prompted Szenes to embrace Judaism. She announced to her friends that she had become a Jew, [1] and joined Maccabea, a Hungarian Zionist students organization.
Move to Nahalal
Szenes graduated in 1939 and decided to emigrate to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in order to study in the Girls' Agricultural School at Nahalal. In 1941, she joined Kibbutz Sedot Yam and then joined the Haganah, the paramilitary group that laid the foundation of the Israel Defense Forces. In 1943, she enlisted in the British army and began her training in Egypt as a paratrooper for the British Special Operations Executive (SOE).
Arrest and torture
In March 1944, she and two male colleagues, Joel Palgi and Peretz Goldstein, were parachuted into Yugoslavia and joined a partisan group. After landing, they learned the Germans had already invaded Hungary, so the men decided to call off the mission as too dangerous. [1] Szenes continued alone and headed for the Hungarian border. At the border, she was arrested by Hungarian gendarmes, who found the British military transmitter she was carrying, which was to be used to communicate with the SOE and with other partisans. She was taken to a prison in Budapest, tied to a chair, stripped, then whipped and clubbed for several hours. The guards wanted to know the code for her transmitter so they could find out who the other parachutists were. She did not tell them, even when they brought her mother into the cell and threatened to torture her too. [1]
While in jail, Szenes used a mirror to flash signals out of the window to the Jewish prisoners in other cells, and communicated with them using large cut-out letters in Hebrew that she placed in her window one at a time, and by drawing the Magen David in the dust. She tried to keep their spirits up by singing.
Trial and execution
She was tried for treason on October 28, 1944. There was an eight-day postponment to give the judges more time to find a verdict, followed by another postponment, this one due to the appointment of a new Judge Advocate. She was executed by a firing squad before the judges had returned a verdict. She kept diary entries until her last day, November 7, 1944. One of them read: "In the month of July, I shall be twenty-three/I played a number in a game/The dice have rolled. I have lost," and another: "I loved the warm sunlight."
Her diary was published in Hebrew in 1946. Her remains were brought to Israel in 1950 and buried in the cemetery on Mount Herzl, Jerusalem.
After the Cold War, a Hungarian military court officially exonerated her. Her kin in Israel were informed on November 5, 1993.
Poetry and plays
Szenes was a poet and playwright writing both in Hungarian and Hebrew. The following are four of her better known poems or songs. The best known of these is Halikha LeKesariya ("A Walk to Caesarea"), commonly known as Eli, Eli ("My God, My God"). Many singers have sung it; it was used to close some versions of the film Schindler's List:
- My God, My God, I pray that these things never end,
- The sand and the sea,
- The rush of the waters,
- The crash of the Heavens,
- The prayer of Man.
- אלי, אלי, שלא יגמר לעולם
- החול והים
- רישרוש של המים
- ברק השמים
- תפילת האדם
- The voice called, and I went.
- I went, because the voice called.
The following lines are the last song she wrote after she was parachuted into a partisan camp in Yugoslavia:
- Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame.
- Blessed is the flame that burns in the secret fastness of the heart.
- Blessed is the heart with strength to stop its beating for honor's sake.
- Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame.
The following lines were found in Hanna's death cell after her execution:
- One - two - three... eight feet long
- Two strides across, the rest is dark...
- Life is a fleeting question mark
- One - two - three... maybe another week.
- Or the next month may still find me here,
- But death, I feel is very near.
- I could have been 23 next July
- I gambled on what mattered most, the dice were cast. I lost.
See also
- Rudolf Kastner
- Rudolf Vrba
Footnotes
Further reading
- Hecht, Ben; Perfidy, New York, Messner 1961 OCLC: 613093
- Braham, Randolph L., The Holocaust in Hungary: a selected and annotated bibliography: 1984-2000, New York, Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0880334819 OCLC: 49394388
- Hay, Peter, Ordinary heroes: Chana Szenes and the dream of Zion, New York, Putnam, 1986, ISBN 0399131523 OCLC: 13395114
- Schur, Maxine; Ruff, Donna; Hannah Szenes: a song of light, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1986, ISBN 0827602510 OCLC: 11840452
External Links
- Hannah Senesh Hannah Senesh Legacy Foundation, Retrieved January 10, 2007
- Hannah Senesh, our namesake, Hannah Senesh Community Day School, Retrieved January 10, 2007
- History of the Jews in Hungary, Wikipedia, Retrieved January 10, 2007
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