Difference between revisions of "Gull" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 02:52, 5 November 2007

"Seagull" redirects here.

Gulls

Black-headed Gull

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Suborder:	Lari
Family:	Laridae Vigors, 1825

Genera

Larus
Rissa
Pagophila
Rhodostethia
Xema
Creagus

Gull is the common name for any of the aquatic birds comprising the family Laridae, characterized by long and narrow wings, strong bills that are hooked at the end, webbed feet, and normally white or gray plumage with gray or black markings on the head or wings. They are chiefly coastal birds, found near all oceans, but also are found commonly in various inland waters.

In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as sea gulls or seagulls. This name is used by layman to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed taxonomic meaning.

Some taxonomies consider terns as a subfamily of Laridae, although there is a tendency now to consider them their own family, Sternidae.

Description

Gulls are typically medium to large birds. They range in size from the little gull, at 120 grams (4.2 ounces) and 29 centimeters (11.5 inches) in length, to the great black-backed gull, at 1.75 kilograms (3.8 pounds) and 76 centimeters (30 inches).

Gulls tend to be heavily built. They have long and narrow wings for flying and webbed feet for swimming; the wingspan ranges from two to five feet. Gulls have stout, long bills with a slight hook on the end.

There are about fifty species of gulls, with most in the genus Larus. Apart from the kittiwakes, gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea. The kittiwakes, which comprise two species in the genus Rissa, are oceanic gulls that are rarely found on land. Gulls are very common in coastal areas in temperate and arctic areas in the Northern Hemisphere.

Gulls can be quite aggressive, taking food from a human's hand

Most gulls, particularly Larus species, are ground nesting carnivores, which will take live food or scavenge opportunistically. The live food often includes crabs and small fish, as well as mollusks and insects.

The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls.

A gull hovers above hundreds of tourists on Brighton Pier, England

Gulls—the larger species in particular—are resourceful and highly-intelligent birds, demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly-developed social structure; for example, many gull colonies display mobbing behavior, attacking and harassing would-be predators and other intruders (Alcock 1998). In addition, certain species (e.g. the herring gull) have exhibited tool use behavior. Many species of gull have learned to co-exist successfully with man and have thrived in human habitats. Others rely on kleptoparasitism (taking prey from another animals that has caught it) to get their food.

Classification

Fifty-five extant species in six genera are recognized in the list of species below, with 49 of the species in the genus Larus and 2 species in Rissa. Only one species is placed in each of the remaining four genera, Pagophila, Rhodostethia, Xema, and Creagus.

Gulls are most closely related to the terns (family Sternidae), which previously had been considered a subfamily of Laridae (van Tuinen et al. 2004). The American Ornithologists' Union continues to combine Sternidae, Stercorariidae (skuas or jaegers), and Rhynchopidae (skimmers) as subfamilies in the family Laridae. However, recent research (Paton et al. 2003; Thomas et al. 2004; Paton and Baker 2006) indicates that this is incorrect.

Gulls are only distantly related to auks and skimmers, and more distantly to the waders. Most gulls belong to the large genus Larus.

Two terms are in common usage among gull enthusiasts for subgroupings of the gulls:

Large white-headed gulls for the 16 Herring Gull-like species from great black-backed gull to lesser black-backed gull in the taxonomic list below.
White-winged gulls for the two Arctic-breeding species Iceland gull and glaucous gull.

Hybridization between species of gull occurs quite frequently, although to varying degrees depending on the species involved. The taxonomy of the large white-headed gulls is particularly complicated.

List of gulls in taxonomic order

Genus Larus

Dolphin Gull, Larus scoresbii
Pacific Gull, Larus pacificus
Belcher's Gull, Larus belcheri
Olrog's Gull, Larus atlanticus
Black-tailed Gull, Larus crassirostris
Gray Gull, Larus modestus
Heermann's Gull, Larus heermanni
White-eyed Gull, Larus leucophthalmus
Sooty Gull, Larus hemprichii
Common Gull or Mew Gull, Larus canus
Audouin's Gull, Larus audouinii
Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis
California Gull, Larus californicus
Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus
Kelp Gull, Larus dominicanus
Glaucous-winged Gull, Larus glaucescens
Western Gull, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed Gull, Larus livens
Glaucous Gull, Larus hyperboreus
Iceland Gull, Larus glaucoides
Thayer's Gull, Larus thayeri
Herring Gull, Larus argentatus
Heuglin's Gull, Larus heuglini
American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus
Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis
Caspian Gull, Larus cachinnans
East Siberian Herring Gull, Larus vegae
Armenian Gull, Larus armenicus
Slaty-backed Gull, Larus schistisagus
Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus
Great Black-headed Gull, Larus ichthyaetus
Brown-headed Gull, Larus brunnicephalus
Grey-headed Gull, Larus cirrocephalus
Hartlaub's Gull, Larus hartlaubii
Silver Gull, Larus novaehollandiae
Red-billed Gull, Larus scopulinus
Black-billed Gull, Larus bulleri
Brown-hooded Gull, Larus maculipennis
Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus
Slender-billed Gull, Larus genei
Bonaparte's Gull, Larus philadelphia
Saunders' Gull, Larus saundersi
Andean Gull, Larus serranus
Mediterranean Gull, Larus melanocephalus
Relict Gull, Larus relictus
Lava Gull, Larus fuliginosus
Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla
Franklin's Gull, Larus pipixcan
Little Gull, Larus minutus

Genus Rissa

Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla
Red-legged Kittiwake, Rissa brevirostris

Genus Pagophila

Ivory Gull, Pagophila eburnea

Genus Rhodostethia

Ross's Gull, Rhodostethia rosea

Genus Xema

Sabine's Gull, Xema sabini

Genus Creagrus

Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus

The Laridae are known from fossil evidence since the Early Oligocene, some 30-33 mya. A fossil gull from the Late Miocene of Cherry County, USA is placed in the prehistoric genus Gaviota; apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species are at least tentatively assigned to the modern genus Larus, q.v.

Gallery

Lesser Black-backed Gull: Adult gull and her chick
Western Gull in Monterey, United States
Gull chick at Trondheim, Norway
A Black-headed Gull in Devon, England
The Swallow-tailed Gull, endemic inhabitant of the Galápagos Islands.
Swallow-tailed Gull in flight, showing wing patterns.
Herring Gull on the North Devon coast, England
Silver Gull at Sale, Australia
Great Black-backed Gull, Stornoway, Hebrides
Ring-billed Gulls at Chesapeake Bay
Ring-billed Gull at Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Peserina2.jpg

Dolphin Gull at Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego
A Silver Gull, Lakes Entrance
Black-tailed Gulls feeding in flight
Heermann's Gulls have all over greyish plumage with a white head during the breeding season.
Lava Gull at Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos
Herring Gull eggs
Larus smithsonianus-USFWS.jpg

American Herring Gull on its nest
Herring Gulls mating

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Alcock, J. 1998. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach, 6th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878930094.

Olsen, K. M., and H. Larsson. 1995. Terns of Europe and North America. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0713640561.

Paton, T. A., and A. J. Baker. 2006. Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(3): 657–667. Retrieved November 5, 2007.

Paton, T. A., A. J. Baker, J. G. Groth, and G. F. Barrowclough. 2003. RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 268-278. Retrieved November 5, 2007.

Thomas, G. H., M. A. Wills, and T. Székely. 2004. A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. Retrieved November 5, 2007.

van Tuinen, M., D. Waterhouse, and G. J. Dyke. 2004. Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Avian Biology 35(3): 191-194.

External links

The Norwegian Gull Page: Huge picture archive including all NW European species, as well as features from the Nearctic and SE Europe. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
Bird pictures - Gulls: Pictures and descriptions of large gulls from The Netherlands, France, Spain and Poland.
Gull videos on the Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved November 5, 2007.

Credits

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Gull ^history
Tern ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Gull"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Claimed}}{{Contracted}}
 {{Redirectone|Seagull}}
 {{Taxobox
@@ Line 24: / Line 23: @@
 ''[[Swallow-tailed Gull|Creagus]]''
 }}
+'''Gull''' is the common name for any of the aquatic [[bird]]s comprising the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Laridae]], characterized by long and narrow [[wing]]s, strong bills that are hooked at the end, webbed feet, and normally white or gray plumage with gray or black markings on the head or wings. They are chiefly coastal birds, found near all oceans, but also are found commonly in various inland waters.
-'''Gulls''' are [[Aves|birds]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Laridae]]. They are most closely related to the [[tern]]s (family [[Sternidae]]) and only distantly related to [[auk]]s, and [[skimmer]]s, and more distantly to the [[wader]]s. Most gulls belong to the large [[genus]] ''[[Larus]]''.
+In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as '''sea gulls''' or '''seagulls'''. This name is used by layman to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] meaning.
+Some taxonomies consider terns as a subfamily of Laridae, although there is a tendency now to consider them their own family, Sternidae.
-They are typically medium to large [[Aves|bird]]s, usually grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish [[beak|bill]]s, and [[webbed feet]]. Gull species range in size from the [[Little Gull]], at 120 g (4.2 oz) and 29 cm (11.5 inches), to the [[Great Black-backed Gull]], at 1.75 kg (3.8 lbs) and 76 cm (30 inches).
+==Description==
-'''Terns''' are [[seabird]]s in the family '''Sternidae''', previously considered a subfamily (Sterninae) of the [[gull]] family [[Laridae]] (van Tuinen ''et al.'', 2004). They form a lineage with the [[gulls]] and [[skimmer]]s which in turn is related to [[skua]]s and [[auk]]s. Terns have a worldwide distribution.
+Gulls are typically medium to large [[Aves|bird]]s. They range in size from the [[little gull]], at 120 grams (4.2 ounces) and 29 centimeters (11.5 inches) in length, to the [[great black-backed gull]], at 1.75 kilograms (3.8 pounds) and 76 centimeters (30 inches).
-Most gulls, particularly ''Larus'' species, are ground nesting [[carnivore]]s, which will take live food or scavenge opportunistically.  The live food often includes [[crab]]s and small fish. Apart from the [[kittiwake]]s, gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea. The large species take up to four years to attain full adult [[Feathers|plumage]], but two years is typical for small gulls.
+Gulls tend to be heavily built. They have long and narrow wings for flying and webbed feet for swimming; the wingspan ranges from two to five feet. Gulls have stout, long [[beak|bill]]s with a slight hook on the end.
-Gulls — the larger species in particular — are resourceful and highly-intelligent birds, demonstrating  complex methods of communication and a highly-developed social structure - for example many gull colonies display [[mobbing behaviour]], attacking and harassing would-be predators and other intruders.<ref>[[John Alcock (behavioral ecologist)|Alcock, J.]] (1998) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (6th edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87893-009-4</ref> In addition, certain species (e.g. the [[Herring Gull]]) have exhibited tool use behaviour. Many species of gull have learned to co-exist successfully with man and have thrived in human habitats. Others rely on [[kleptoparasitism]] to get their food.
+There are about fifty species of gulls, with most in the genus ''Larus''. Apart from the [[kittiwake]]s, gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea. The kittiwakes, which comprise two species in the genus ''Rissa'', are oceanic gulls that are rarely found on land. Gulls are very common in coastal areas in temperate and arctic areas in the Northern Hemisphere.
-Two terms are in common usage among gull enthusiasts for subgroupings of the gulls:
+[[Image:Seagul Brighton-eating.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Gulls can be quite aggressive, taking food from a human's hand]]
-* '''Large white-headed gulls''' for the 16 [[Herring Gull|Herring Gull-like]] species from [[Great Black-backed Gull]] to [[Lesser Black-backed Gull]] in the taxonomic list below
+Most gulls, particularly ''Larus'' species, are ground nesting [[carnivore]]s, which will take live food or scavenge opportunistically.  The live food often includes [[crab]]s and small [[fish]], as well as [[mollusk]]s and [[insect]]s.
-* '''White-winged gulls''' for the two Arctic-breeding species [[Iceland Gull]] and [[Glaucous Gull]]
+The large species take up to four years to attain full adult [[Feathers|plumage]], but two years is typical for small gulls.
+[[Image:Seagull_Hovers.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A gull hovers above hundreds of tourists on [[Brighton Pier]], England]]
+Gulls&mdash;the larger species in particular&mdash;are resourceful and highly-intelligent birds, demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly-developed social structure; for example, many gull colonies display [[mobbing behavior]], attacking and harassing would-be predators and other intruders (Alcock 1998). In addition, certain species (e.g. the [[herring gull]]) have exhibited tool use behavior. Many species of gull have learned to co-exist successfully with man and have thrived in human habitats. Others rely on [[kleptoparasitism]] (taking prey from another animals that has caught it) to get their food.
-Hybridisation between species of gull occurs quite frequently, although to varying degrees depending on the species involved (see [[Hybridisation in gulls]]). The taxonomy of the large white-headed gulls is particularly complicated.
+==Classification==
+Fifty-five extant species in six genera are recognized in the list of species below, with 49 of the species in the genus ''Larus'' and 2 species in ''Rissa''. Only one species is placed in each of the remaining four genera, ''Pagophila'', ''Rhodostethia'', ''Xema'', and ''Creagus''.
-In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as ''sea gulls'' or ''seagulls''. This name is used by the layman to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed taxonomic meaning.
+Gulls are most closely related to the [[tern]]s (family [[Sternidae]]), which previously had been considered a subfamily of Laridae (van Tuinen et al. 2004). The [[American Ornithologists' Union]] continues to combine [[Sternidae]], [[Stercorariidae]] (skuas or jaegers), and [[Rhynchopidae]] (skimmers) as subfamilies in the family Laridae. However, recent research (Paton et al. 2003; Thomas et al. 2004; Paton and Baker 2006) indicates that this is incorrect.
-[[Image:Seagul Brighton-eating.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gulls can be quite aggressive, taking food from a human's hand]]
-[[Image:Seagull_Hovers.jpg|thumb|200px|A gull hovers above hundreds of tourists on [[Brighton Pier]], England]]
-The [[American Ornithologists' Union]] combines [[Sternidae]], [[Stercorariidae]], and [[Rhynchopidae]] as subfamilies in the family Laridae, but recent research (Paton ''et al.'', 2003; Thomas ''et al.'', 2004; Paton & Baker, 2006) indicates that this is incorrect.
+Gulls are only distantly related to [[auk]]s and skimmers, and more distantly to the [[wader]]s. Most gulls belong to the large [[genus]] ''[[Larus]]''.
+Two terms are in common usage among gull enthusiasts for subgroupings of the gulls:
+* '''Large white-headed gulls''' for the 16 [[Herring Gull|Herring Gull-like]] species from [[great black-backed gull]] to [[lesser black-backed gull]] in the taxonomic list below.
+* '''White-winged gulls''' for the two Arctic-breeding species [[Iceland gull]] and [[glaucous gull]].
+Hybridization between species of gull occurs quite frequently, although to varying degrees depending on the species involved. The taxonomy of the large white-headed gulls is particularly complicated.
 ==List of gulls in taxonomic order==
@@ Line 55: / Line 65: @@
 *[[Olrog's Gull]], ''Larus atlanticus''
 *[[Black-tailed Gull]], ''Larus crassirostris''
-*[[Grey Gull]], ''Larus modestus''
+*[[Gray Gull]], ''Larus modestus''
 *[[Heermann's Gull]], ''Larus heermanni''
 *[[White-eyed Gull]], ''Larus leucophthalmus''
@@ Line 116: / Line 126: @@
 *[[Swallow-tailed Gull]], ''Creagrus furcatus''
-The Laridae are known from [[fossil]] evidence since the Early [[Oligocene]], some 30-33 [[mya (unit)|mya]]. A fossil gull from the Late [[Miocene]] of [[Cherry County]], [[USA]] is placed in the prehistoric genus ''[[Gaviota]]''; apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species are at least tentatively assigned to the modern genus ''Larus'', q.v.
+The Laridae are known from [[fossil]] evidence since the Early [[Oligocene]], some 30-33 [[mya (unit)|mya]]. A fossil gull from the Late [[Miocene]] of Cherry County, [[USA]] is placed in the prehistoric genus ''[[Gaviota]]''; apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species are at least tentatively assigned to the modern genus ''Larus'', q.v.
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery>
-Image:Goeland adulte et juvénile.jpg|Lesser Black-backed Gull - Adult gull and her chick
+Image:Goeland adulte et juvénile.jpg|Lesser Black-backed Gull: Adult gull and her chick
-Image:Gull ca usa.jpg|[[Western Gull]] in [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[United States]]
+Image:Gull ca usa.jpg|[[Western Gull]] in Monterey, [[United States]]
-Image:Baby_gull.jpg|Gull chick at [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]]
+Image:Baby_gull.jpg|Gull chick at Trondheim, [[Norway]]
-Image:Larus ridibundus.jpg|A [[Black-headed Gull]] in [[Devon]], [[England]]
+Image:Larus ridibundus.jpg|A [[Black-headed Gull]] in Devon, [[England]]
 Image:Creagrus furcatus.JPG|The [[Swallow-tailed Gull]], [[endemism|endemic]] inhabitant of the [[Galápagos Islands]].
 Image:Creagrus furcatus flight.jpg|Swallow-tailed Gull in flight, showing wing patterns.
@@ Line 138: / Line 148: @@
 Image:Oeufs goeland argenté.jpg|[[Herring Gull]] eggs
 Image:Larus smithsonianus-USFWS.jpg|[[American Herring Gull]] on its [[nest]]
-Image:Mating seagulls.jpg|[[Herring Gull]]s [[sexual intercourse|mating]]
+Image:Mating seagulls.jpg|[[Herring Gull]]s mating
 </gallery>
 ==References==
-<references />
-* '''Olsen''', Klaus Malling & '''Larsson''', Hans (1995): ''Terns of Europe and North America''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. ISBN 0-7136-4056-1
-* '''Paton''', Tara A. & '''Baker''', Allan J. (2006): Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''39'''(3): 657–667. {{DOI|10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011}} (HTML abstract)
+* Alcock, J. 1998. ''Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach'', 6th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878930094.
+* Olsen, K. M., and H. Larsson. 1995. ''Terns of Europe and North America''. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0713640561.
+* Paton, T. A., and A. J. Baker. 2006. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNH-4JFHF4V-2&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a325a8391f5cadeabc6e83e56dbe6bb4 Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(3): 657–667. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
+* Paton, T. A., A. J. Baker, J. G. Groth, and G. F. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNH-48FSWJ2-3&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e132e475021cd78f8fb628aeb3f66eee Barrowclough. 2003. RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 29: 268-278. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
-* '''Paton''', T. A.; Baker, A. J.; Groth, J. G. & Barrowclough, G. F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''29''': 268-278. {{doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8}} (HTML abstract)
+* Thomas, G. H., M. A. Wills, and T. Székely. 2004. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/28 A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny]. ''BMC Evol. Biol.'' 4: 28. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
-* '''Thomas''', Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''[[BMC journals|BMC Evol. Biol.]]'' '''4''': 28. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-4-28}} [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/picrender.fcgi?artid=515296&blobtype=pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296#supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material]
+* van Tuinen, M., D. Waterhouse, and G. J. Dyke. 2004. Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. ''Journal of Avian Biology'' 35(3): 191-194.
 == External links ==
-{{wiktionarypar|gull}}
+* [http://cyberbirding.uib.no/gull/ The Norwegian Gull Page]: Huge picture archive including all NW European species, as well as features from the Nearctic and SE Europe. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
-* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~calidris/gullindex.htm Rudy's Gull-index]: Pictures of several less well-known plumages of large gulls plus many links.
-* [http://cyberbirding.uib.no/gull/ The Norwegian Gull Page]: Huge picture archive including all NW European species, as well as features from the Nearctic and SE Europe.
 * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~daarruud Bird pictures - Gulls]: Pictures and descriptions of large gulls from The Netherlands, France, Spain and Poland.
-*[http://www.bird-hybrids.com/engine.php?LA=EN Bird Hybrids Database]: Search for specific [[laridae]] hybrids by entering gull species name in query box.  Click on hybrid for references.
+*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=66 Gull videos] on the Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
-*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=66 Gull videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
-{{commonscat|Laridae}}
 [[Category:Life sciences]]
 {{credit|Gull|168251799|Tern|163014707}}