Euripides
Euripides (Greek: Ευριπίδης) (c. 480–406 B.C.E.) was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles).
Ancient scholars thought that Euripides had written ninety-two plays, four of which were probably actually written by Critias; eighteen of them have survived complete. It is now widely believed that what was thought to be a nineteenth, Rhesus, was probably not by Euripides. [1] Fragments, some of them substantial, of most of the other plays also survive. More of his plays have survived than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly because of the chance preservation of a manuscript that was probably part of a complete collection of his works in alphabetical order.
Euripides is known primarily for having reshaped the formal structure of traditional Attic tragedy by showing strong women characters and smart slaves, and by satirizing many heroes of Greek mythology. His plays seem modern by comparison with those of his contemporaries, focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way that was unknown to Greek audiences.
He is also notable for having written Cyclops, the only complete satyr play currently in existence.
Life
According to legend, Euripides was born in Salamís on September 23 480 B.C.E. [citation needed]; the day of the Persian War's greatest naval battle.
His father's name was either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides and his mother's name Cleito, [2] and evidence suggests that the family was wealthy and influential, as a result of which Euripides was exposed to the great ideas and thinkers of the day, including Protagoras, Socrates, and Anaxagoras. Anaxagorus, for example, maintained that the sun was not a golden chariot steered across the sky by some elusive god, but rather a fiery mass of earth or stone; exposure to such ideas led Euripides to question the religion he grew up with. (It is recorded that he served as a cup-bearer for Apollo's dancers.)
He was married twice, to Choerile and Melito, though sources disagree as to which woman he married first. [3] [4] He had three sons, and it is rumored that he also had a daughter who was killed after a rabid dog attacked her. Some call this rumor a joke made by Aristophanes, a comic writer who often poked fun at Euripides, but many historians believe that the story is accurate. [citation needed]
The record of Euripides' public life, other than his involvement in dramatic competitions, is almost non-existent. The only reliable story of note is one by Aristotle about Euripides being involved in a dispute over a liturgy - a story which offers strong proof to Euripides being a wealthy man. It has been said that he travelled to Syracuse, Sicily, that he engaged in various public or political activities during his lifetime, and that he left Athens at the invitation of king Archelaus I of Macedon and stayed with him in Macedonia after 408 B.C.E.; there is, however, no historical evidence for any of these claims.
His plays
Euripides first competed in the famous Athenian dramatic festival (the Dionysia) in 455 B.C.E., one year after the death of Aeschylus. He came in third, because he refused to cater to the fancies of the Judges. [citation needed] It was not until 441 B.C.E. that he won first prize, and over the course of his lifetime, Euripides claimed a mere four victories. He also won one posthumous victory.
He was a frequent target of Aristophanes' humor. He appears as a character in The Acharnians, Thesmophoriazusae, and most memorably in The Frogs, where Dionysus travels to Hades to bring Euripides back from the dead. After a competition of poetry, Dionysus opts to bring Aeschylus instead.
Euripides' final competition in Athens was in 408 B.C.E. Although there is a story that he left Athens embittered over his defeats, there is no real evidence to support it. He accepted an invitation by the king of Macedon in 408 or 407 B.C.E., and once there he wrote Archelaus in honour of his host. He is believed to have died there in winter 407/6 B.C.E.; ancient biographers have told many stories about his death, but the simple truth was that it was probably his first exposure to the harsh Macedonia winter which killed him. (Rutherford 1996). The Bacchae was performed after his death in 405 B.C.E. and won first prize.
When compared with Aeschylus, who won thirteen times, and Sophocles, with eighteen victories, Euripides was the least honored, though not necessarily the least popular, of the three — at least in his lifetime. Later in the 4th century B.C.E., the dramas of Euripides became more popular than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles. His works influenced New Comedy and Roman drama, and were later idolized by the French classicists; his influence on drama reaches modern times.
Euripides' greatest works are considered to be Alcestis, Medea, Electra, and The Bacchae.
In June 2005, classicists at Oxford University employed infrared technology — previously used for satellite imaging — to detect previously unknown material by Euripides in fragments of the Oxyrhynchus papyri, [5] a collection of ancient manuscripts held by the university. [6]
Works
Tragedies of Euripides
- Alcestis (438 B.C.E., second prize)
- Medea (431 B.C.E., third prize)
- Heracleidae (c. 430 B.C.E.)
- Hippolytus (428 B.C.E., first prize)
- Andromache (c. 425 B.C.E.)
- Hecuba (c. 424 B.C.E.)
- The Suppliants (c. 423 B.C.E.)
- Electra (c. 420 B.C.E.)
- Heracles (c. 416 B.C.E.)
- Trojan Women (415 B.C.E., second prize)
- Iphigeneia in Tauris (c. 414 B.C.E.)
- Ion (c. 414 B.C.E.)
- Helen (412 B.C.E.)
- Phoenician Women (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Orestes (408 B.C.E.)
- Bacchae and Iphigeneia at Aulis (405 B.C.E., posthumous, first prize)
Fragmentary tragedies of Euripides
The following plays have come down to us today only in fragmentary form; some consist of only a handful of lines, but with some the fragments are extensive enough to allow tentative reconstruction: see Euripides: Selected Fragmentary Plays (Aris and Phillips 1995) ed. C. Collard, M.J. Cropp and K.H. Lee.
- Telephus (438 B.C.E.)
- Cretans (c. 435 B.C.E.)
- Stheneboea (before 429 B.C.E.)
- Bellerophon (c. 430 B.C.E.)
- Cresphontes (ca. 425 B.C.E.)
- Erechtheus (422 B.C.E.)
- Phaethon (c. 420 B.C.E.)
- Wise Melanippe (c. 420 B.C.E.)
- Alexandros (415 B.C.E.)
- Palamedes (415 B.C.E.)
- Sisyphus (415 B.C.E.)
- Captive Melanippe (412 B.C.E.)
- Andromeda (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Antiope (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Archelaus (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Hypsipyle (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Oedipus (c. 410 B.C.E.)
- Philoctetes (c. 410 B.C.E.)
Satyr play
- Cyclops (408)
Spurious plays
- Rhesus (mid 4th century B.C.E., probably not by Euripides, as maintained today by most scholars)
See also
- Tragedy on screen
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Croally, N.T. Euripidean Polemic: The Trojan Women and the Function of Tragedy. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Ippolito, P. La vita di Euripide. N�poles: Dipartimento di Filologia Classica dell'Universit'a degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 1999.
- Kovacs, D. Euripidea. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
- Lefkowitz, M.R. The Lives of the Greek Poets. London: Duckworth, 1981.
- Rutherford, Richard. Euripides: Medea and other plays. Penguin, 1996.
- Scullion, S. Euripides and Macedon, or the silence of the Frogs. The Classical Quarterly, Oxford, v. 53, n. 2, p. 389-400, 2003.
- Sommerstein, Alan H. Greek Drama and Dramatists, Routledge, 2002.
- Webster, T.B.L., The Tragedies of Euripides, Methuen, 1967.
Further reading
- Works by Euripides. Project Gutenberg
- Encarta's entry for Euripides
- Euripides-related materials at the Perseus Digital Library
- Useful summaries of Euripides' life, works, and other relevant topics of interest at TheatreHistory.com.
- http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-euripides.html
- http://www.ac-strasbourg.fr/pedago/lettres/Victor%20Hugo/Notes/Euripide.htm
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/~amahoney/tragedy_dates.html
- http://www.gpc.edu/~shale/humanities/literature/world_literature/euripides.html
- http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc4.htm
- IMDBs List of movies based on Euripides plays
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