Difference between revisions of "Empedocles" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:388px-Empedokles.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Empedocles of Agrigentum]]
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'''Empedocles''' (c. 490 B.C.E. – 430 B.C.E.) was a [[Hellenic civilization|Greek]] [[pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic philosopher]] and a citizen of [[Agrigentum]], a Greek colony in [[Sicily]].
  
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[[Image:Empedokles.jpeg|right|thumb|225px|Empedocles of Agrigentum]]
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Empedocles conceived the ultimate reality as the unity of four permanent elements which he called “roots”: water, earth, air, and fire. Each element has its distinct characteristics. He taught that these elements are both spiritual and physical, and the principle of love and hate causes the combination and separation of these elements, thereby producing the diversity and changes of the world. His teachings portray love as the principle of unity and hate is that of destruction. Empedocles developed a cyclical [[cosmology]] that the cosmos repeats unity and destruction by alternate domination of love and hate.  
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'''Empedocles''' (c. [[490 B.C.E.]] – c. [[430 B.C.E.]]) was a [[Hellenic civilization|Greek]] [[presocratic]] [[philosopher]] and a citizen of [[Agrigentum]], a Greek colony in [[Sicily]].  
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{{toc}}
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Empedocles was the first [[pluralism|pluralist]] in Greek philosophy. He was an enigmatic figure with multiple faces as a poet, medical doctor, preacher, mystic, magician, prophet, and a political leader as well as a philosopher.  
  
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He maintained that all [[matter]] is made up of four [[classical element|Elements]] (which he called ''roots):'' [[water (classical element)|water]], [[earth (classical element)|earth]], [[air (classical element)|air]] and [[fire (classical element)|fire]]. In addition to these, he postulated something called [[Love]] ''(philia)'' to explain the attraction of different forms of matter, and of something called Strife ''(neikos)'' to account for their separation.  He was also one of the first people to state the theory that [[light]] travels at a finite (although very large) speed, a theory that gained acceptance only much later.
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==Life and Works==
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Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in an epic verse and the surviving fragments of his teaching are from his two poems, ''Purifications'' and ''On Nature.''  
  
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Though having much in common with [[Heraclitus]]' [[ontology]], Empedocles is considered to be more tolerant and soft in his outlook. That fact served as a matter of mentioning him by [[Plato]] in the famous "Sophist" [[dialogue]] as a "gentle muse":
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He claimed that by the virtue of the knowledge he possessed he had become divine and could perform miracles. He fought to preserve Greek [[democracy]] and allowed that through his teachings others could also become divine. He even went so far as to suggest that all living things were on the same spiritual plane, indicating he was influenced by [[Pythagoras|Pythagorean]] spirituality. Like Pythagoras, he believed in the [[reincarnation|transmigration of souls]] between humans and animals and followed a [[vegetarian]] lifestyle.
  
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:''Then there are Ionian, and in more recent times Sicilian muses, who have arrived at the conclusion that to unite the two principles is safer, and to say that being is one and many, and that these are held together by enmity and friendship, ever parting, ever meeting, as the-severer Muses assert, while the gentler ones do not insist on the perpetual strife and peace, but admit a relaxation and alternation of them; peace and unity sometimes prevailing under the sway of Aphrodite, and then again plurality and war, by reason of a principle of strife.'' ([[Plato]], ''Soph.'').
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The legend goes that he died by throwing himself into an active volcano ([[Mount Etna]] in Sicily), so that people would believe his body had vanished and he had turned into an immortal god.
  
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Empedocles was also a mystic and a poet, and some consider him the inventor of the study of [[rhetoric]].  [[Gorgias]] of Leontini was his student, and it is probably from Empedocles that Gorgias developed the notion of rhetoric as magic.
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==Philosophy==
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===The Ultimate Being as the Interactive Unity of the Four Elements===
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Empedocles attempted to integrate two opposing views of existence developed by [[Parmenides]] and [[Heraclitus]]. Parmenides conceived the ultimate existence as permanent unchanging being, and Heraclitus as ever changing flow or process. To Empedocles, the Parmenidean view was logically appealing, and the Heraclitian view was in accord with personal experiences.  
  
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As a person he was somewhat arrogant, dressing himself in purple and claiming that by the virtue of the knowledge he possessed he had become divine and could perform miracles. Yet his actions and teaching betrayed an [[egalitarian]] streak, he fought to preserve Greek [[democracy]] and allowed that through his teaching others could also become divine. He even went so far to suggest that all living things were on the same spiritual plane, indicating he was influenced by [[Pythagoras|Pythagorean]] spirituality. Like Pythagoras, he believed in the [[reincarnation|transmigration of souls]] between humans and animals and followed a [[vegetarian]] lifestyle.
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While Parmenides understood the ultimate reality as a homogeneous, permanent, and unchanging single entity, Empedocles comprehended it as the combination of the four permanent and unchanging [[Element|elements]] (which he called ''roots''): water, earth, air, and fire. These “roots” are both material and spiritual, and called “[[Zeus]],” “[[Here]],” “[[Nestis]],” and “[[Adoneus]].” Empedocles’ conception of the ultimate reality has intrinsic dynamism, which the Parmenidean concept of the ultimate reality lacked.
  
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Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in verse and the surviving fragments of his teaching are from his two poems, ''Purifications'' and ''On Nature''.
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Empedocles explained diversity and changes of the world, which Heraclitus grasped, as a combination and separation of these four elements. For Empedocles, each element maintains its own nature without change and the degree and ratio of the mixture of the four elements produce diversity.
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His life was recored by [[Diogenes Laertius]].
 
  
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The legend goes that he died by throwing himself into an active volcano ([[Mount Etna]] in [[Sicily]]), so that people would believe his body had vanished and he had turned into an immortal god; however, the volcano threw back one of his bronze sandals, revealing the deceit. (There is, however, some evidence that he actually died in Greece.)
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===Love and hate: the principle of unity and destruction===
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These four elements, however, do not intrinsically possess the principle of change. Empedocles introduced “love” ''(philia)'' and “hate” ''(neikos)'' as the principle causes of both combination and separation in all things in the world. “Love” combines and “hate” separates. He did not ascribe this emotional principle to any personified existence. The principle of love and hate is rather naturalistic and mechanical. [[Aristotle]] noted, based upon his own [[theory of four causes]], that Empedocles was the first philosopher who introduced the [[efficient cause]].  
  
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In Icaro-Menippus, a comedic dialogue written by the second century satirist [[Lucian of Samosata]], Empedocles’ final fate is revaluated. Rather than being incinerated in the fires of Mount Etna, he was carried up into the heavens by a volcanic eruption. Though a bit singed by the ordeal he survives and continues his life on the [[moon]], surviving by feeding on dew.
 
  
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Empedocles is the subject of [[Friedrich Hölderlin]]'s play ''Tod des Empedokles'' (''Death of Empedocles''), two versions of which were written between the years [[1798]] and [[1800]].  A third version was made public in [[1826]].
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===Periodic cycle of the world===
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Empedocles developed a cyclical cosmology based upon the principle of love and hate. The world regularly repeats four periods:
  
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In Matthew Arnold's poem "Empedocles on Etna", dramatising the philosopher's last hours before he jumps to his death in the crater, Empedocles predicts:  
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:I. The first period: love dominates; the world is unified; everything is one; there is no separation; symbolized by “sphere.”
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:II. The second period: hate intrudes into the world and co-exists with love; the unity of the world is broken; elements are separated and the world is diversified.
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:III. The third period: hate becomes dominant; the world becomes chaotic and more diversified.
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:IV. The fourth period: love becomes dominant again; unity and harmony are restored; the world is restored to a perfection symbolized by “sphere.”
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The world repeats a cycle of four epochs again and again as a natural process like the four seasons. The efforts of human beings have no effect upon this process. At the fourth stage, the variety of things in the world we have today is born.
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 +
Empedocles integrated the ideas of vortex, spontaneous generation, and the [[survival of the fittest]] in his periodic view of the world in order to explain the formation of the cosmos and the development of living things.
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He held a broad knowledge that included the medical sciences
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===Homeopathic theory of knowledge===
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Empedocles held a theory of knowledge that is recognized like by like. Recognition is the accordance between an element in us and a like element outside of us.
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<blockquote>
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With our own matter we perceive the earth; with our water, water; with our air, divine air; with our fire, the scorching blaze; with our love, the love of the world; and its hatred, with our own sorry hate. (D.K., 109)
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</blockquote>
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==References to Empedocles==
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*Empedocles is the subject of [[Friedrich Holderlin]]'s play ''Tod des Empedokles (Death of Empedocles),'' two versions of which were written between the years 1798 and 1800. A third version was made public in 1826.
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*In Matthew Arnold's poem "Empedocles on Etna," dramatizing the philosopher's last hours before he jumps to his death in the crater, Empedocles predicts:  
  
 
:To the elements it came from
 
:To the elements it came from
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:Heat to fire,
 
:Heat to fire,
 
:Breath to air.
 
:Breath to air.
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*[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] drafted an unfinished script for Empedocles’ drama. Some claim that the archetype of Nietzsche’s [[Zarathustra]] was Empedocles.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
*Diels, H., and W. Kranz, eds. ''Die Fragmente der Vorsocratiker.'' Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1960.
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*Freeman, K., ed. ''Ancilla to the pre-Socratic philosophers.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
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*Hicks, R. D. ''Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers,'' 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library, 1925.
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*Kingsley, Peter. ''Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
 +
*Kirk, G. S., J.E. Raven, and M. Schofield. ''The Presocratic Philosophers,'' 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
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*Wright, M.R. ''Empedocles: The Extant Fragments.'' New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
  
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* M R Wright, ''Empedocles: The Extant Fragments'', 1995
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==External links==
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* Peter Kingsley, ''Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition'', 1986 
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All links retrieved February 13, 2024.
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* Anthony Gottlieb, ''The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance '', 2001
 
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* Kirk, Raven, and Schofield, ''The Presocratic Philosophers'', 1983
 
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* A. A. Long, ''The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy'', 1999
 
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* Bertrand Russell, ''The History of Western Philosophy'', 1945
 
  
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==External links==
 
 
*[http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e5.htm#empe Empedocles at Philosophical Dictionary]
 
*[http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e5.htm#empe Empedocles at Philosophical Dictionary]
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*[http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/emp.htm Empedocles Fragments and Commentary]
 
 
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm Empedocles (of Acragas) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
 
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm Empedocles (of Acragas) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
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*[http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/empedocles/ Empedocles of Agrigentum at Peith&ocirc;'s Web]
 
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*[http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/empedoclesetna.html "Empedocles on Etna"], dramatic poem by Matthew Arnold
 
  
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{{Presocratics}}
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===General Philosophy Sources===
  
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[[Category:490 B.C.E. births]]
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*[http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
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[[Category:430 B.C.E. deaths]]
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*[http://www.bu.edu/wcp/PaidArch.html Paideia Project Online]
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[[Category:Presocratic philosophers]]
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*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
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[[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers]]
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*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ Project Gutenberg]
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[[Category:Sicilian Greeks]]
 
  
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[[category|Philosophy and religion]]
 
  
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[[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers]]
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[[Category:Philosophy and religion]]
  
 
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Latest revision as of 18:28, 13 February 2024

Empedocles of Agrigentum

Empedocles (c. 490 B.C.E. – 430 B.C.E.) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily.

Empedocles conceived the ultimate reality as the unity of four permanent elements which he called “roots”: water, earth, air, and fire. Each element has its distinct characteristics. He taught that these elements are both spiritual and physical, and the principle of love and hate causes the combination and separation of these elements, thereby producing the diversity and changes of the world. His teachings portray love as the principle of unity and hate is that of destruction. Empedocles developed a cyclical cosmology that the cosmos repeats unity and destruction by alternate domination of love and hate.

Empedocles was the first pluralist in Greek philosophy. He was an enigmatic figure with multiple faces as a poet, medical doctor, preacher, mystic, magician, prophet, and a political leader as well as a philosopher.

Life and Works

Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in an epic verse and the surviving fragments of his teaching are from his two poems, Purifications and On Nature.

He claimed that by the virtue of the knowledge he possessed he had become divine and could perform miracles. He fought to preserve Greek democracy and allowed that through his teachings others could also become divine. He even went so far as to suggest that all living things were on the same spiritual plane, indicating he was influenced by Pythagorean spirituality. Like Pythagoras, he believed in the transmigration of souls between humans and animals and followed a vegetarian lifestyle.

The legend goes that he died by throwing himself into an active volcano (Mount Etna in Sicily), so that people would believe his body had vanished and he had turned into an immortal god.

Philosophy

The Ultimate Being as the Interactive Unity of the Four Elements

Empedocles attempted to integrate two opposing views of existence developed by Parmenides and Heraclitus. Parmenides conceived the ultimate existence as permanent unchanging being, and Heraclitus as ever changing flow or process. To Empedocles, the Parmenidean view was logically appealing, and the Heraclitian view was in accord with personal experiences.

While Parmenides understood the ultimate reality as a homogeneous, permanent, and unchanging single entity, Empedocles comprehended it as the combination of the four permanent and unchanging elements (which he called roots): water, earth, air, and fire. These “roots” are both material and spiritual, and called “Zeus,” “Here,” “Nestis,” and “Adoneus.” Empedocles’ conception of the ultimate reality has intrinsic dynamism, which the Parmenidean concept of the ultimate reality lacked.

Empedocles explained diversity and changes of the world, which Heraclitus grasped, as a combination and separation of these four elements. For Empedocles, each element maintains its own nature without change and the degree and ratio of the mixture of the four elements produce diversity.

Love and hate: the principle of unity and destruction

These four elements, however, do not intrinsically possess the principle of change. Empedocles introduced “love” (philia) and “hate” (neikos) as the principle causes of both combination and separation in all things in the world. “Love” combines and “hate” separates. He did not ascribe this emotional principle to any personified existence. The principle of love and hate is rather naturalistic and mechanical. Aristotle noted, based upon his own theory of four causes, that Empedocles was the first philosopher who introduced the efficient cause.


Periodic cycle of the world

Empedocles developed a cyclical cosmology based upon the principle of love and hate. The world regularly repeats four periods:

I. The first period: love dominates; the world is unified; everything is one; there is no separation; symbolized by “sphere.”
II. The second period: hate intrudes into the world and co-exists with love; the unity of the world is broken; elements are separated and the world is diversified.
III. The third period: hate becomes dominant; the world becomes chaotic and more diversified.
IV. The fourth period: love becomes dominant again; unity and harmony are restored; the world is restored to a perfection symbolized by “sphere.”

The world repeats a cycle of four epochs again and again as a natural process like the four seasons. The efforts of human beings have no effect upon this process. At the fourth stage, the variety of things in the world we have today is born.

Empedocles integrated the ideas of vortex, spontaneous generation, and the survival of the fittest in his periodic view of the world in order to explain the formation of the cosmos and the development of living things.

He held a broad knowledge that included the medical sciences

Homeopathic theory of knowledge

Empedocles held a theory of knowledge that is recognized like by like. Recognition is the accordance between an element in us and a like element outside of us.

With our own matter we perceive the earth; with our water, water; with our air, divine air; with our fire, the scorching blaze; with our love, the love of the world; and its hatred, with our own sorry hate. (D.K., 109)

References to Empedocles

  • Empedocles is the subject of Friedrich Holderlin's play Tod des Empedokles (Death of Empedocles), two versions of which were written between the years 1798 and 1800. A third version was made public in 1826.
  • In Matthew Arnold's poem "Empedocles on Etna," dramatizing the philosopher's last hours before he jumps to his death in the crater, Empedocles predicts:
To the elements it came from
Everything will return.
Our bodies to earth,
Our blood to water,
Heat to fire,
Breath to air.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Diels, H., and W. Kranz, eds. Die Fragmente der Vorsocratiker. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1960.
  • Freeman, K., ed. Ancilla to the pre-Socratic philosophers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
  • Hicks, R. D. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library, 1925.
  • Kingsley, Peter. Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
  • Kirk, G. S., J.E. Raven, and M. Schofield. The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Wright, M.R. Empedocles: The Extant Fragments. New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.

External links

All links retrieved February 13, 2024.

General Philosophy Sources

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