Drawing and quartering

To be drawn and quartered was the penalty ordained in England in 1823 for the crime of treason. It is considered by many to be the epitome of "cruel" punishment, and was reserved for the crime of treason as this was deemed more heinous than murder and other capital offences. The grisly punishment included the drawing of the convicted to the gallows, often by horse, the hanging of the body until near death, the beheading of the body and finally the quartering of the corpse, or the division of the bodily remnants into four pieces. The punishment of drawing and quartering was only applied to male criminals; women found guilty of treason in England were burnt at the stake. Both forms of punishment ceased to be carried out in 1790.

Details of the Punishment

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The hanging, drawing and quartering of the members of the Gunpowder plot. Seventeenth Century Print.

Execution was a highly popular spectator sport in Elizabethan England, and served as an effective tool of British law enforcement to instill fear and crown loyalty within the British public. The entire punishment process was conducted publicly, at an established market or meeting place including Tyburn Gallows, Smithfield, Cheapside or St. Giles. Petty criminals often received the sentence of hanging, while nobles and royalty were often subject to beheading. Traitors were to receive the punishment of drawing and quartering, the most barbaric of practices, to send a horrific message to all enemies and potential enemies of the state.

Until 1814, the full punishment for the crime of treason was to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Those convicted would first be drawn, dragged by horse or hurdle, a wooden frame, to the place of execution. While being drawn, victims were subject to the contempt and abuse of the rowdy crowds who gathered to take in the display. The convicted would then be hanged by the neck for a short time or until almost dead. In most cases, the condemned man would be subjected to the short drop method of hanging, so that the neck would not break. He was then dragged alive to the quartering table.

In cases where men were brought to the table dead or unconscious, a splash of water was used to wake them up. Often the disembowelment and castration of the victim would follow, the genitalia and entrails burned before the condemned's eyes. In many cases, the shock of such mutilation often killed the victim. Finally the victim would be beheaded and the body divided into four parts, or quartered. Quartering was sometimes accomplished by the tying of the body’s limbs to four horses, each horse being spurred away in different directions. Typically, the resulting parts of the body were gibbeted, or put on public display, in different parts of the city, town, or country, to deter potential traitors. The head was commonly sent to the Tower of London. Gibbeting was abolished in 1843.

History

Hanging, drawing and quartering was first invented to punish convicted pirate William Maurice in 1241. Such punishment was eventually codified within British law, informing the condemned, “That you be drawn on a hurdle to the place of execution where you shall be hanged by the neck and being alive cut down, your privy members shall be cut off and your bowels taken out and burned before you, your head severed from your body and your body divided into four quarters to be disposed of at the King’s pleasure.” Various Englishman received such a sentence, some of the more famous cases are listed below.

Prince David of Wales

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Edward I, as depicted in a statue in York Minster.

The punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering was more famously and verifiably employed by King Edward I in his efforts to bring Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under English rule.

In 1283, hanging, drawing and quartering was also inflicted on the Welsh prince David ap Gruffudd. Gruffudd had been a hostage in the English court in his youth, growing up with Edward I and for several years fighting alongside Edward against his brother Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Prince of Wales. Llywelyn had won recognition of the title, 'Prince of Wales', from Edward's father King Henry III, and in 1264 both Edward and his father had been imprisoned by Llywelyn's ally, Simon de Montfort, the Earl of Leicester.

Edward's enmity towards Llywelyn ran deep. When David returned to the side of his brother Llywelyn and attacked the English Hawarden Castle, Edward saw this as both a personal betrayal and a military setback. His subsequent punishment of David was specifically designed to be harsher than any previous form of capital punishment, and was part of an overarching strategy to eliminate Welsh independence. David was drawn for the crime of treason, hanged for the crime of homicide, disemboweled for the crime of sacrilege, and beheaded and quartered for plotting against the King. When receiving his sentencing, the judge ordered David “… to be drawn to the gallows as a traitor to the King who made him a Knight, to be hanged as the murderer of the gentleman taken in the Castle of Hawarden, to have his limbs burnt because he had profaned by assassination the solemnity of Christ's passion and to have his quarters dispersed through the country because he had in different places compassed the death of his lord the king.” Edward also built an 'iron ring' of castles in Wales where he incarcerated David’s young sons for life, and sent his daughters to a nunnery in England. His own son, Edward II, assumed the title Prince of Wales. David’s head joined that of his brother Llywelyn, killed in a skirmish months earlier, atop of the Tower of London, where their skulls were visible for many years. His quartered body parts were sent to four English towns for display.

Sir William Wallace

Perhaps the most infamous sentencing of such a punishment was against the Scottish patriot Sir William Wallace in 1305, a patriot leader during the resistance to the English occupation of Scotland during the wars of Scottish independence, Eventually betrayed and captured, Wallace was drawn for treason, hanged for homicide, disemboweled for sacrilege, beheaded as an outlaw and quartered for “divers depredations”.

Wallace achieved a great number of victories against the British army, including the Battle of Stirling Bridge in which he was greatly outnumbered. After his execution, Wallace’s parts were displayed in the towns of Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Aberdeen.

William Collingbourne

In 1485, under King Richard III, writer William Collingbourne was sentenced to the brutal execution by drawing and quartering for writing the famous couplet, “The cat, the rat and Lovel the dog, rule all England under the hog”. Of his punishment, English historian John Stowe wrote, “After having been hanged, he was cut down immediately and his entrails were then extracted and thrown into the fire, and all this was so speedily done that when the executioners pulled out his heart he spoke and said “Jesus, Jesus."

English Tudors

In 1535, in an attempt to intimidate the Roman Catholic clergy to take the Oath of Supremacy, Henry VIII ordered that John Houghton, the prior of the London Charterhouse, be condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered, along with two other Carthusians. Henry also famously condemned one Francis Dereham to this form of execution for being one of wife Catherine Howard's lovers. Dereham and the King's good friend Thomas Culpeper were both executed shortly before Catherine herself, but Culpeper was spared the cruel punishment and was instead beheaded. Sir Thomas More, who was found guilty of high treason under the Treason Act of 1534, was spared this punishment; Henry commuted the execution to one by beheading.

In September of 1586, in the aftermath of the Babington plot to murder Queen Elizabeth I and replace her on the throne with Mary Queen of Scots, the conspirators were condemned to drawing and quartering. On hearing of the appalling agony to which the first seven men were subjected, Elizabeth ordered that the remaining conspirators, who were to be dispatched on the following day, should be left hanging until they were dead. Other Elizabethans who were executed in this way include the Catholic priest St Edmund Campion in 1581, and Elizabeth's own physician Dr. Rodrigo Lopez, a Portuguese Jew, who was convicted of conspiring against her in 1594.

The Gunpowder Conspirators

In 1606 Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes and several co-conspirators were sentenced to drawing and quartering after a failed attempt to assassinate King James I. The plan, know as the Gunpowder Plot, was to blow up the Houses of Parliament at Westminster using barrels of gunpowder. On the day of his execution, Fawkes, though weakened by torture, cheated the executioners when he jumped from the gallows, breaking his neck and dying before his disembowelment. Co-conspirator Robert Keyes attempted the same trick; however the rope broke and he was drawn fully conscious. In May of 1606, English Jesuit Henry Garnet was executed at London’s St Paul's Cathedral. His crime was to be the confessor of several members of the Gunpowder Plot. Many spectators thought that the sentence too severe, and "With a loud cry of 'hold, hold' they stopped the hangman cutting down the body while Garnet was still alive. Others pulled the priest's legs ... which was traditionally done to ensure a speedy death".

Under the Commonwealth, while convicted traitors were seemingly spared this gruesome execution, St John Southworth, being a priest, was prosecuted under the Elizabethan anti-priest legislation which prescribed the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering. He was hanged, but spared the drawing and quartering, in 1654.

From the eighteenth century

During the American War of Independence (1775 – 1783), notable captured colonists, such as signers of the American Declaration of Independence, were theoretically subject to being hanged, drawn and quartered as traitors to the King. Those taken in arms (military) were treated as prisoners of war.^{[citation needed]}

The penultimate time the sentence was carried out in England was against the French spy François Henri de la Motte, who was convicted of treason on 23 July 1781. The last time it was carried out was on 24 August 1782 against Scottish spy David Tyrie in Portsmouth for carrying on a treasonable correspondence with the French (using information passed to him from officials high in the British government). A contemporary account in the the Hampshire Chronicle describes his being hanged for 22 minutes, following which he was beheaded and his heart cut out and burned. He was then emasculated, quartered, and his body parts put into a coffin and buried in the pebbles at the seaside. The same account claims that immediately after his burial, sailors dug the coffin up and cut the body into a thousand pieces, each taking a piece as a souvenir to their shipmates. Little else is known of his life.

Edward Marcus Despard and his six accomplices were sentenced to hanging, drawing and quartering for allegedly plotting to assassinate George III but their sentence was commuted to simple hanging and beheading.

In 1817, the three leaders of the Pentrich Rising, convicted of high treason, suffered hanging and beheading only.

In 1820, Arthur Thistlewood and other participants in the Cato Street Conspiracy were condemned to this punishment, though the court record shows that the drawing and quartering was omitted from the completion of the sentence. The sentence was passed on the Irish rebel leader William Smith O'Brien in 1848 but commuted to transportation.

In Lower Canada (now Quebec ), David McLane was hanged, drawn and quartered on 21 July 1797 for treason. Ignace Vailliancourt was "hanged, dissected and anatomized" on 7 March 1803 for murder. During the War of 1812, in May 1814 at Ancaster, Upper Canada (now Ontario), Attorney General John Beverley Robinson orchestrated a show trial to discourage any tendencies to join with the American side in the war because many residents of Upper Canada were immigrants from the American Colonies or closely related to Americans. The judges indicted 71 traitors and sentenced 17 to be hanged, drawn and quartered. They finally pardoned nine, hanged eight and quartered none.

Details of the crime

The crime of treason, or offences against the king (or queen) is often thought of in terms of attempted regicides, such as Guy Fawkes and others mentioned above. However, the crime was interpreted at different periods of English history to include a variety of acts which, at the time, were deemed to threaten the constitutional authority of the monarchy.

For example, on 12 December 1674, William Burnet, was condemned to this punishment for offences against the king: namely that he "had often endeavoured to reconcile divers of his Majesties Protestant subjects to the Romish Church, and had actually perverted several to embrace the Roman Catholique Religion, and assert and maintain the Popes supremacy." In other words, he had come to England and attempted to convert Protestants to Catholicism. In a similar vein, John Morgan was also sentenced to this punishment on 30 April 1679, for having received orders from the See of Rome, and coming to England: there being "very good Evidence that proved he was a Priest, and had said Mass."

On the same day in 1679, two other people were found guilty of offences against the king, at the Old Bailey. In this case, they had been "Coyning and Counterfeiting." Again, they were sentenced to be Hanged, Drawn, and Quartered. In a similar case on 15 October 1690, Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers were tried for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver" (in other words, clipping the edges off silver coins). Thomas Rogers was hanged, drawn and quartered and Anne Rogers was burnt alive.

Men convicted of the lesser crime of petty treason were dragged to the place of execution and hanged until dead, but not subsequently dismembered.^{[citation needed]} Women convicted of treason or petty treason were burnt at the stake.

Class distinctions in its application

In Britain, this penalty was usually reserved for commoners, including knights. Noble traitors were 'merely' beheaded, at first by sword and in later years by axe. The different treatment of lords and commoners was clear after the Cornish Rebellion of 1497: lowly-born Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank were hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn; while their fellow rebellion leader Lord Audley was beheaded at Tower Hill.

This class distinction was brought out in a House of Commons debate of 1680, with regard to the Warrant of Execution of Lord Stafford, which had condemned him to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Sir William Jones is quoted as saying "Death is the substance of the Judgment; the manner of it is but a circumstance.... No man can show me an example of a Nobleman that has been quartered for High-Treason: They have been only beheaded." The House then resolved that "Execution be done upon Lord Stafford, by severing his Head from his Body."

Religious considerations

Dismemberment of the body after death was seen by many contemporaries as a way of punishing the traitor beyond the grave. In western European Christian countries, it was ordinarily considered contrary to the dignity of the human body to mutilate it. A Parliamentary Act from the reign of Henry VIII stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection. Being thus dismembered was viewed as an extra punishment not suitable for others. There are cases on record where murderers would try to plead guilty to another capital offence so that, although they would be hanged, their body would be buried whole and not be dissected.

Attitudes towards this issue changed very slowly in Britain and were not manifested in law until the passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832. Respect for the dead is still a sensitive issue in Britain as can be seen by the furor over the "Alder Hey organs scandal" when the organs of children were kept without parents' informed consent.

Eyewitness Accounts

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Sign outside the Hung, Drawn and Quartered pub in Tower Hill, London

An account is provided by the diary of Samuel Pepys for Saturday 13 October 1660, in which he describes his attendance at the execution of Major-General Thomas Harrison for regicide. The complete diary entry for the day, given below, illustrates the matter-of-fact way in which the execution is treated by Pepys:

“

To my Lord's in the morning, where I met with Captain Cuttance, but my Lord not being up I went out to Charing Cross, to see Major-general Harrison hanged, drawn, and quartered; which was done there, he looking as cheerful as any man could do in that condition. He was presently cut down, and his head and heart shown to the people, at which there was great shouts of joy. It is said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the right hand of Christ to judge them that now had judged him; and that his wife do expect his coming again. Thus it was my chance to see the King beheaded at White Hall, and to see the first blood shed in revenge for the blood of the King at Charing Cross. From thence to my Lord's, and took Captain Cuttance and Mr. Sheply to the Sun Tavern, and did give them some oysters. After that I went by water home, where I was angry with my wife for her things lying about, and in my passion kicked the little fine basket, which I bought her in Holland, and broke it, which troubled me after I had done it. Within all the afternoon setting up shelves in my study. At night to bed.

”

At 26-27 Great Tower Street, Tower Hill, London, there is a pub called "The Hung [sic] Drawn and Quartered." On the wall is the quotation from Samuel Pepys, shown above. The pub is close to the site of several executions, but not to Charing Cross.

For example, the record of the trial of Thomas Wallcot, John Rouse, William Hone and William Blake for offences against the king, on 12 July, 1683 concludes as follows: "Then Sentence was passed, as followeth, viz. That they should return to the place from whence they came, from thence be drawn to the Common place of Execution upon Hurdles, and there to be Hanged by the Necks, then cut down alive, their Privy-Members cut off, and Bowels taken out to be burnt before their Faces, their Heads to be severed from their Bodies, and their Bodies divided into four parts, to be disposed of as the King should think fit.".

French Quartering

In France, the traditional punishment for regicide, whether attempted or completed, under the ancien régime is often described as quartering, though it in fact has little to do with the English punishment. The process was as follows: the regicide offender would be first tortured with red-hot pincers, then the hand with which the crime was committed would be burnt with sulphur. Molten lead, wax and boiling oil was then poured into the wounds. The quartering would be accomplished by the attachment of the condemned's limbs to horses, who would then tear them away from the body. Finally, the often still-living torso would be burnt. Notable examples include Jean Châtel, who attempted to assassinate Henry IV, François Ravaillac who murdered King Henri IV of France, and Robert-François Damiens, who attempted the assassination of Louis XV in 1757. Other victims include Jacques Clément, the murderer of Henri III, and Balthasar Gérard, the assassin of William the Silent.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Britannica Encyclopedia. Drawing & Quartering. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
• Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Drawing & Quartering. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
• Online Encyclopedia. Drawing and Quartering. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
• PBS. Execution Elizabethan Style. In Search of Shakespeare, PBS.org Retrieved 6 June 2007.
• Martin, Gary. Hung, Drawn and Quartered. The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
• Hoepper, Brian. Terror in Pre-Modern Europe. The National Centre for History Education. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
• George Neilson, Drawing, Hanging and Quartering published in Notes and Queries, 15 August 1891; s7-XII: 129 - 131.

External Links

• William Wallace's execution
• Proceedings of the Old Bailey
• A comprehensive site about capital punishment in the UK

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