Difference between revisions of "Deep state" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Redirect|imperium in imperio||List of Latin phrases (I)#imperium in imperio}}
 
{{Redirect|imperium in imperio||List of Latin phrases (I)#imperium in imperio}}
 
{{short description|Form of clandestine government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a state's political leadership, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals}}
 
{{short description|Form of clandestine government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a state's political leadership, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals}}
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A '''deep state''' (from {{lang-tr|derin devlet}}), also known as a '''state within a state''', connotes a form of [[wikt:clandestine|clandestine]] government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a state's elected officials, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals. Government entities that might be part of a deep state include such [[organs of state]] as the [[armed forces]] or [[Public-benefit corporation|public authorities]] ([[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]], [[police]], [[secret police]], [[administrative agencies]], and government [[bureaucracy]]). The term itself is imprecise.  It can take the form of entrenched, career [[civil servant]]s acting in a non-conspiratorial manner, to further their own interests. In this case the intent of a deep state can include continuity of the state itself, job security for its members, enhanced power and authority, and the pursuit of ideological objectives.  
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A '''deep state''' (from {{lang-tr|derin devlet}}), also known as a '''state within a state''', connotes a form of [[wikt:clandestine|clandestine]] government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a state's elected officials, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals. Government entities that might be part of a deep state include such [[organs of state]] as the [[armed forces]] or [[Public-benefit corporation|public authorities]] ([[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]], [[police]], [[secret police]], [[administrative agencies]], and government [[bureaucracy]]). The term itself is used variously to describe different phenomena.  Deep state can refer to the actions of entrenched, career [[civil servant]]s acting to further their own interests. In this case the intent of a deep state can include continuity of the state itself, job security for its members, enhanced power and authority, and the pursuit of ideological objectives.  
  
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It can also be used to describe those who operate in opposition to the agenda of elected officials, by obstructing, resisting, and subverting their policies, conditions and directives, or [[government-owned corporation]]s or [[Privately held company|private companies]] that act independently of regulatory or governmental control.<ref>[[Daniel De Leon]]: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/pdf/1903/jun04_1903.pdf "Imperium in imperio"] in: ''Daily People'', June 4, 1903.</ref>
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In addition to promoting their own personal agenda, it can also be used to describe these state actors who operate in opposition to the agenda of elected officials, by obstructing, resisting, and subverting their policies, conditions and directives, or [[government-owned corporation]]s or [[Privately held company|private companies]] that act independently of regulatory or governmental control.<ref>[[Daniel De Leon]]: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/pdf/1903/jun04_1903.pdf "Imperium in imperio"] in: ''Daily People'', June 4, 1903.</ref>
  
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However, its most common usage is to describe some form of conspiracy designed to thwart the will of the people. In this usage, deep state refers to an organized cabal of state actors, including members of the intelligence community, armed forces or other bureaucracies within the government who have their own agenda and seek to promote it in opposition to the directives of the elected officials. The notion of a deep state is different from that of a shadow government.  A shadow government refers to an organization or group of actors that are behind the scenes directing the actions of the government officials. The notion of a deep state suggests that the actors are part of the government bureaucracy who are promoting their own power, or an ideologically driven agenda.
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However, deep state is most commonly used is to describe some form of conspiracy designed to thwart the will of the people. In this usage, deep state refers to an organized cabal of state actors who have their own political agenda and seek to promote it in opposition to the directives of the elected officials. Their actions are designed to resist or sabotage the policies pursued by the elected officials.  This conspiratorial notion of a deep state bears a striking similarity to that of a shadow government with one major difference.  A shadow government refers to an organization or group of non-state actors that are behind the scenes directing the actions or "pulling the strings" of the government officials. The notion of a deep state suggests that the actors are part of the government bureaucracy who are promoting their own power, or an ideologically driven agenda that differs from those of the office holders.
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==

Revision as of 04:01, 17 December 2019

For other uses, see Deep state (disambiguation).
"State within a state" redirects here.
"imperium in imperio" redirects here.

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A deep state (from Turkish: derin devlet), also known as a state within a state, connotes a form of clandestine government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a state's elected officials, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals. Government entities that might be part of a deep state include such organs of state as the armed forces or public authorities (intelligence agencies, police, secret police, administrative agencies, and government bureaucracy). The term itself is used variously to describe different phenomena. Deep state can refer to the actions of entrenched, career civil servants acting to further their own interests. In this case the intent of a deep state can include continuity of the state itself, job security for its members, enhanced power and authority, and the pursuit of ideological objectives.

In addition to promoting their own personal agenda, it can also be used to describe these state actors who operate in opposition to the agenda of elected officials, by obstructing, resisting, and subverting their policies, conditions and directives, or government-owned corporations or private companies that act independently of regulatory or governmental control.[1]

However, deep state is most commonly used is to describe some form of conspiracy designed to thwart the will of the people. In this usage, deep state refers to an organized cabal of state actors who have their own political agenda and seek to promote it in opposition to the directives of the elected officials. Their actions are designed to resist or sabotage the policies pursued by the elected officials. This conspiratorial notion of a deep state bears a striking similarity to that of a shadow government with one major difference. A shadow government refers to an organization or group of non-state actors that are behind the scenes directing the actions or "pulling the strings" of the government officials. The notion of a deep state suggests that the actors are part of the government bureaucracy who are promoting their own power, or an ideologically driven agenda that differs from those of the office holders.

Overview

The modern concept of a deep state is associated with Turkey, and the secret network established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[2] Similar ideas are older. The Greek language κράτος ἐν κράτει, (kratos en kratei) was later adopted into Latin as imperium in imperio[3] or status in statu).

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries political debate surrounding the separation of church and state often revolved around the perception that if left unchecked the Church might turn into a kind of State within a State, an illegitimate encroachment of the State's natural civil power.[4]

Cases

Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia

The Soviet secret police have been frequently described by historians as a "state within a state.". According to Yevgenia Albats, most KGB leaders, including Lavrenty Beria, Yuri Andropov, and Vladimir Kryuchkov, always competed for power with the Communist Party and manipulated communist leaders.[5]

According to Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov in 1991, "It is not true that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party is a supreme power. The Political Bureau is only a shadow of the real supreme power that stands behind the chair of every Bureau member ... The real power thinks, acts and dictates for all of us. The name of the power is NKVD—MVD—MGB. The Stalin regime is based not on the Soviets, Party ideals, the power of the Political Bureau or Stalin's personality, but on the organization and the techniques of the Soviet political police where Stalin plays the role of the first policeman."[6] However, he also noted that "To say that NKVD is ‘a state within the state’ means to belittle the importance of the NKVD because this question allows two forces – a normal state and a supernormal NKVD – whereas the only force is Chekism".

According to Ion Mihai Pacepa in 2006, "In the Soviet Union, the KGB was a state within a state. Now former KGB officers are running the state. They have custody of the country's 6,000 nuclear weapons, entrusted to the KGB in the 1950s, and they now also manage the strategic oil industry renationalized by Putin. The KGB successor, rechristened FSB, still has the right to electronically monitor the population, control political groups, search homes and businesses, infiltrate the federal government, create its own front enterprises, investigate cases, and run its own prison system. The Soviet Union had one KGB officer for every 428 citizens. Putin's Russia has one FSB-ist for every 297 citizens.[7]

Chechnya

According to Julia Ioffe, the Russian Federal Subject of Chechnya, under leadership of Ramzan Kadyrov, has become a state within a state.[8]

United Kingdom

The Civil Service has been called a "deep state" by senior politicians in the United Kingdom. Tony Blair said of the Civil Service, "You cannot underestimate how much they believe it's their job to actually run the country and to resist the changes put forward by people they dismiss as 'here today, gone tomorrow' politicians. They genuinely see themselves as the true guardians of the national interest, and think that their job is simply to wear you down and wait you out."[9] The efforts of the Civil Service to frustrate elected politicians is the subject of the popular satiric BBC TV comedy, Yes Minister.

United States of America

In the United States of America, the term "deep state" is used to describe "a hybrid association of government elements and parts of top-level industry and finance that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process."[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Intelligence agencies such as the CIA have been accused by elements of the Donald Trump administration of attempting to thwart its policy goals.[23] Writing for The New York Times, the analyst Issandr El Amani warned against the "growing discord between a president and his bureaucratic rank-and-file", while analysts of the column The Interpreter wrote:[23]

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

Venezuela

Further information: Cartel of the Suns

The Cartel of the Suns, a group of high-ranking officials within the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela, has been described as "a series of often competing networks buried deep within the Chavista regime". Following the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, the Bolivarian government initially embezzled until there were no more funds to embezzle, which required them to turn to drug trafficking. President Hugo Chávez made partnerships with the Colombian leftist militia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and his successor Nicolás Maduro continued the process, promoting officials to high-ranking positions after they were accused of drug trafficking.[24]

Italy

The most famous Italian case is Propaganda Due.[25] Propaganda Due (better known as P2) was a Masonic lodge belonging to the Grand Orient of Italy (GOI). It was founded in 1877 with the name of Masonic Propaganda,[26] in the period of its management by the entrepreneur Licio Gelli assumed deviated forms with respect to the statutes of the Freemasonry and subversive towards the Italian legal order. The P2 was suspended by the GOI on 26 July 1976; subsequently, the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the P2 Masonic lodge under the presidency of Minister Tina Anselmi concluded the P2 case denouncing the lodge as a real "criminal organization"[27] and "subversive". It was dissolved with a special law, the n. 17 of 25 January 1982.


Africa

  • Algeria's Department of Intelligence and Security
  • Cameroon's Cameroon Development Corporation
  • Egypt's Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

Central and South America

  • Brazil's Army between the 1940s and 1980s
  • Chilean's National Intelligence Directorate
  • Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party which dominated politics in Mexico for much of the 20th century
  • British Guiana's Booker-McConnell
  • Guatemala's United Fruit Company
  • Honduras's United Fruit Company
  • PDVSA in Venezuela

Germany

Turkey and the Ottoman Empire

  • Ottoman Empire's Committee of Union and Progress
  • Ottoman Empire's Janissaries
  • Ottoman Empire's Karakol society
  • Ottoman Empire's Young Turks
  • Deep state in Turkey – Ergenekon, Counter-Guerrilla, Grey Wolves

Other places

See also

  • Cabal
  • Civilian control of the military
  • Counterintelligence state
  • The Establishment
  • Fifth column
  • Fourth branch of government
  • Illiberal democracy
  • List of conspiracy theories
  • Military coup
  • Military dictatorship
  • Monopoly on violence
  • Political machine
  • Power behind the throne
  • Proto-state
  • Puppet government
  • Shadow government (conspiracy)
  • Silovik
  • Smoke-filled room

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ Daniel De Leon: "Imperium in imperio" in: Daily People, June 4, 1903.
  2. ↑ Filkins, Dexter, "The Deep State", The New Yorker, 12 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  3. ↑ from Baruch Spinoza: Tractatus politicus, Caput II, § 6.
  4. ↑ Cf William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, IV, c.4 ss. iii.2, p. *54, where the charge of being imperium in imperio was notably levied against the Church
  5. ↑ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia—Past, Present, and Future. 1994. Template:ISBN.
  6. ↑ The Chechen Times №17, 30.08.2003. Translated from "Technology of Power", 1991, chapter 34 Russian text
  7. ↑ Jamie Glazov (23 June 2006). When an Evil Empire Returns — The Cold War: It's back., interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, R. James Woolsey, Jr., Yuri Yarim-Agaev, and Lt. Gen. Thomas McInerney, FreeRepublic.com. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. ↑ Julia Ioffe. "Putin Is Down With Polygamy", Foreign Policy, 24 July 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  9. ↑ Khan, Shehab, "David Cameron's former director of strategy says Tony Blair warned him about a 'deep state' conspiracy", 6 February 2018.
  10. ↑ (2011) Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316182218. 
  11. ↑ (2013) Deep State: Inside the Government Secrecy Industry. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118146682. 
  12. ↑ Scott, Peter Dale (March 10, 2014). The State, the Deep State, and the Wall Street Overworld. The Asia-Pacific Journal 12 (10, No. 5).
  13. ↑ Michael J. Glennon (2014). National Security and Double Government. Harvard National Security Journal 5.
  14. ↑ Lofgren, Mike (2016). The Deep State: The Fall of the Constitution and the Rise of a Shadow Government. Viking. ISBN 978-0525428343. 
  15. ↑ Jordan Michael Smith (October 19, 2014). Vote all you want. The secret government won't change.. The Boston Globe.
  16. ↑ Anand Giridharadas. "Examining Who Runs the United States", New York Times, September 15, 2015.
  17. ↑ Bob Burnett (March 7, 2014). The War on Democracy: The Deep State. Huffington Post.
  18. ↑ Geoff Dyer (December 10, 2014). CIA report is a strike back against America's deep state. The Financial Times.
  19. ↑ Peggy Noonan (October 28, 2013). The Deep State. The Wall Street Journal.
  20. ↑ Lofgren, Mike, "Essay: Anatomy of the Deep State", BillMoyers.com, 2014-02-21. (written in en-US)
  21. ↑ Jessop, Bob (2015). The State: Past, Present, Future. John Wiley & Sons, 224. 
  22. ↑ "State Within a State?", The New York Times, 1963-10-06, p. 194.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Taub, Amanda, "As Leaks Multiply, Fears of a 'Deep State' in America", The New York Times, February 16, 2017. (written in en)
  24. ↑ (2018) Venezuela: A Mafia State?. Medellin, Colombia: InSight Crime, 3–84. 
  25. ↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY - 26 - 1981: Italy in crisis as cabinet resigns", 1981-05-26. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  26. ↑ Dino P. Arrigo, Fratelli d'Italia. Cronache, storie, riti e personaggi (per capire la Massoneria), Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 1994, p. 45.
  27. ↑ Willan, Puppetmasters, p. 50.
  28. ↑ "Ex CIA director sees Serbs as masters of "deep state"", 13 February 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  29. ↑ Who Controls Pakistan's Powerful ISI?, Radio Free Europe, August 14, 2008
  30. ↑ "Pakistan's shadowy secret service, the ISI", BBC News, 3 May 2011.
  31. ↑ "The City: A state within a state", BBC News, 2011-11-04. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  32. ↑ [Thailand's Deep State, Royal Power and the Constitutional Court https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472336.2016.1151917?journalCode=rjoc20]


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