Difference between revisions of "Chickasaw" - New World Encyclopedia
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|group=Chickasaw | |group=Chickasaw | ||
|image=[[Image:Chickasaw_seal.svg|center|140px|Seal of the Chickasaw Nation]] | |image=[[Image:Chickasaw_seal.svg|center|140px|Seal of the Chickasaw Nation]] | ||
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|related=[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[Five Civilized Tribes]], [[Choctaw]] | |related=[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[Five Civilized Tribes]], [[Choctaw]] | ||
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| − | The '''Chickasaw''' are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people of the [[United States]], originally from present-day [[Tennessee]] and [[Mississippi]], now mostly living in [[Oklahoma]]. They are related to the [[Choctaws]], who speak a language very similar to the [[Chickasaw language]], both forming the Western Group of the [[Muskogean languages]]. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of ''Chikashsha'' ({{IPA2|tʃikaʃːa}}), that means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa" | + | |
| + | The '''Chickasaw''' are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people of the [[United States]], originally from present-day [[Tennessee]] and [[Mississippi]], now mostly living in [[Oklahoma]]. They are related to the [[Choctaws]], who speak a language very similar to the [[Chickasaw language]], both forming the Western Group of the [[Muskogean languages]]. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of ''Chikashsha'' ({{IPA2|tʃikaʃːa}}), that means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa." The Chickasaw are divided in two groups: the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa." The Chickasaws were one of the "[[Five Civilized Tribes]]" forcibly removed to the [[Indian Territory]] during the era of [[Indian Removal]]. The Chickasaw Nation is the thirteenth largest federally-recognized tribe in the United States. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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The origin of the Chickasaws is uncertain. When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaws were living in villages in what is now Mississippi and western [[Tennessee]], with a smaller number in [[Savannah Town, South Carolina|South Carolina]]. The Chickasaws may have been immigrants to the area, and perhaps were not descendants of Indians of the pre-historic [[Mississippian culture]]. | The origin of the Chickasaws is uncertain. When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaws were living in villages in what is now Mississippi and western [[Tennessee]], with a smaller number in [[Savannah Town, South Carolina|South Carolina]]. The Chickasaws may have been immigrants to the area, and perhaps were not descendants of Indians of the pre-historic [[Mississippian culture]]. | ||
| − | The first European contact with the Chickasaws was in | + | The first European contact with the Chickasaws was in 1540, when Spanish explorer [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando De Soto]] encountered them and stayed in their eponymous town, '''''Chicasa''''', at present-day [[Lawrenceburg, Tennessee]]. After various disagreements, the Chickasaws attacked the De Soto expedition, and the Spanish moved on. |
| − | The Chickasaws began to trade with the British after the colony of [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] was founded in | + | The Chickasaws began to trade with the British after the colony of [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] was founded in 1670. With British-supplied guns, the Chickasaws raided their enemies the Choctaws, capturing Choctaws and selling them into slavery, a practice that stopped once the Choctaws acquired guns from the French. The Chickasaws were often at war with the French and the Choctaws in the eighteenth century, such as in the [[Battle of Ackia]] on May 26, 1736, until France gave up her claims to the region after the [[Seven Years' War]]. |
| − | The majority of the tribe was [[Indian Removal|deported]] to [[Indian Territory]] (now headquartered in [[Ada, Oklahoma]]) in the | + | The majority of the tribe was [[Indian Removal|deported]] to [[Indian Territory]] (now headquartered in [[Ada, Oklahoma]]) in the 1830s. Remnants of the South Carolina Chickasaws, known as the [[Chaloklowa Chickasaw]]s have reorganized tribal government, and gained official recognition from the state in the summer of 2005, having their tribal headquarters at [[Indiantown, South Carolina]]. |
During the American Civil War, the Chickasaw Nation allied with the South and it was the last Confederate community to surrender in the U.S. | During the American Civil War, the Chickasaw Nation allied with the South and it was the last Confederate community to surrender in the U.S. | ||
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Pashofa, cracked white [[hominy]] boiled with [[pork]], is a main dish which is still eaten. Hogs are not native to the Americas, but escaped and [[introduced species|became feral]] from De Soto's expedition. | Pashofa, cracked white [[hominy]] boiled with [[pork]], is a main dish which is still eaten. Hogs are not native to the Americas, but escaped and [[introduced species|became feral]] from De Soto's expedition. | ||
| − | Obion is a Chickasaw Indian name meaning "river of many forks" | + | Obion is a Chickasaw Indian name meaning "river of many forks." |
| − | The suffix "-mingo" (Chickasaw: <i>minko'</i> ) is used to identify a chieftain. For example, "[[Chief Tishomingo|Tishomingo]]" was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. The town of [[Tishomingo, Mississippi]] and [[Tishomingo County, Mississippi]] were named after him, as was the town of [[Tishomingo, Oklahoma]]. South Carolina's [[Black Mingo Creek]] was named after the colonial Chickasaw chief, who controlled the lands around it as a sort of hunting preserve. Sometimes it is spelled "minko" | + | The suffix "-mingo" (Chickasaw: <i>minko'</i> ) is used to identify a chieftain. For example, "[[Chief Tishomingo|Tishomingo]]" was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. The town of [[Tishomingo, Mississippi]] and [[Tishomingo County, Mississippi]] were named after him, as was the town of [[Tishomingo, Oklahoma]]. South Carolina's [[Black Mingo Creek]] was named after the colonial Chickasaw chief, who controlled the lands around it as a sort of hunting preserve. Sometimes it is spelled "minko," but this most generally occurs in older literary references. |
The Chickasaw Nation recently hosted a pre-screening of [[Mel Gibson|Mel Gibson's]] new movie, ''[[Apocalypto]]''. Gibson held two pre-screening for two [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] audiences, at the [[Riverwind Casino]] in [[Goldsby, Oklahoma|Goldsby]], owned by the Chickasaw Nation, and at [[Cameron University]] in [[Lawton, Oklahoma|Lawton]].<ref>{{cite news | The Chickasaw Nation recently hosted a pre-screening of [[Mel Gibson|Mel Gibson's]] new movie, ''[[Apocalypto]]''. Gibson held two pre-screening for two [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] audiences, at the [[Riverwind Casino]] in [[Goldsby, Oklahoma|Goldsby]], owned by the Chickasaw Nation, and at [[Cameron University]] in [[Lawton, Oklahoma|Lawton]].<ref>{{cite news | ||
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==Notable Chickasaws== | ==Notable Chickasaws== | ||
| − | * [[Bill Anoatubby]], Governor of the [[Chickasaw Nation]] since | + | * [[Bill Anoatubby]], Governor of the [[Chickasaw Nation]] since 1987 |
| − | * [[Amanda Cobb]], author and professor of American studies<ref>Public Affairs Department, University of New Mexico. [http://www.unm.edu/news/Releases/Sep7cobb.htm "UNM ASSISTANT PROFESSOR WINS AMERICAN BOOK AWARD"], | + | * [[Amanda Cobb]], author and professor of American studies<ref>Public Affairs Department, University of New Mexico. [http://www.unm.edu/news/Releases/Sep7cobb.htm "UNM ASSISTANT PROFESSOR WINS AMERICAN BOOK AWARD"], September 7 2001. Accessed June 27 2007.</ref> |
* [[Levi Colbert]], Chickasaw language translator | * [[Levi Colbert]], Chickasaw language translator | ||
* [[Tom Cole]], Republican U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma | * [[Tom Cole]], Republican U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma | ||
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* [[Fred Waite]], cowboy | * [[Fred Waite]], cowboy | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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*[http://www.chickasaw.net The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)] | *[http://www.chickasaw.net The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)] | ||
*[http://www.chickasaw.com Chickasaw Nation Industires (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)] | *[http://www.chickasaw.com Chickasaw Nation Industires (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)] | ||
| − | *[http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature40/chickasaw.html "Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People" | + | *[http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature40/chickasaw.html "Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People," a brief history by Greg O’Brien, Ph.D.] |
*[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_006900_chickasaw.htm Encyclopedia of North American Indians] | *[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_006900_chickasaw.htm Encyclopedia of North American Indians] | ||
*[http://www.tolatsga.org/chick.html "Chickasaw History" by Lee Sultzman] | *[http://www.tolatsga.org/chick.html "Chickasaw History" by Lee Sultzman] | ||
Revision as of 16:44, 18 July 2007
| Chickasaw |
|---|
| Total population |
| 38,000 [1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States (Oklahoma, Mississippi, Louisiana) |
| Languages |
| English, Chickasaw |
| Religions |
| Protestantism, other |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Native American, Five Civilized Tribes, Choctaw |
The Chickasaw are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Tennessee and Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. They are related to the Choctaws, who speak a language very similar to the Chickasaw language, both forming the Western Group of the Muskogean languages. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of Chikashsha (IPA: [tʃikaʃːa]), that means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa." The Chickasaw are divided in two groups: the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa." The Chickasaws were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" forcibly removed to the Indian Territory during the era of Indian Removal. The Chickasaw Nation is the thirteenth largest federally-recognized tribe in the United States.
History
The origin of the Chickasaws is uncertain. When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaws were living in villages in what is now Mississippi and western Tennessee, with a smaller number in South Carolina. The Chickasaws may have been immigrants to the area, and perhaps were not descendants of Indians of the pre-historic Mississippian culture.
The first European contact with the Chickasaws was in 1540, when Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto encountered them and stayed in their eponymous town, Chicasa, at present-day Lawrenceburg, Tennessee. After various disagreements, the Chickasaws attacked the De Soto expedition, and the Spanish moved on.
The Chickasaws began to trade with the British after the colony of Carolina was founded in 1670. With British-supplied guns, the Chickasaws raided their enemies the Choctaws, capturing Choctaws and selling them into slavery, a practice that stopped once the Choctaws acquired guns from the French. The Chickasaws were often at war with the French and the Choctaws in the eighteenth century, such as in the Battle of Ackia on May 26, 1736, until France gave up her claims to the region after the Seven Years' War.
The majority of the tribe was deported to Indian Territory (now headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma) in the 1830s. Remnants of the South Carolina Chickasaws, known as the Chaloklowa Chickasaws have reorganized tribal government, and gained official recognition from the state in the summer of 2005, having their tribal headquarters at Indiantown, South Carolina.
During the American Civil War, the Chickasaw Nation allied with the South and it was the last Confederate community to surrender in the U.S.
The Chickasaw Nation Capital (1855-1907) was Tishomingo, Oklahoma. The third capital building was used as the Johnston County Courthouse until recently, when it was reclaimed by the Chickasaw Nation. The present structure is built of red granite in the Victorian Gothic style, and is located in Tishomingo. Most government services are administrated from Ada.
Culture
Pashofa, cracked white hominy boiled with pork, is a main dish which is still eaten. Hogs are not native to the Americas, but escaped and became feral from De Soto's expedition.
Obion is a Chickasaw Indian name meaning "river of many forks."
The suffix "-mingo" (Chickasaw: minko' ) is used to identify a chieftain. For example, "Tishomingo" was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. The town of Tishomingo, Mississippi and Tishomingo County, Mississippi were named after him, as was the town of Tishomingo, Oklahoma. South Carolina's Black Mingo Creek was named after the colonial Chickasaw chief, who controlled the lands around it as a sort of hunting preserve. Sometimes it is spelled "minko," but this most generally occurs in older literary references.
The Chickasaw Nation recently hosted a pre-screening of Mel Gibson's new movie, Apocalypto. Gibson held two pre-screening for two Native American audiences, at the Riverwind Casino in Goldsby, owned by the Chickasaw Nation, and at Cameron University in Lawton.[1]
Notable Chickasaws
- Bill Anoatubby, Governor of the Chickasaw Nation since 1987
- Amanda Cobb, author and professor of American studies[2]
- Levi Colbert, Chickasaw language translator
- Tom Cole, Republican U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma
- Molly Culver, actress
- John Herrington, NASA Astronaut, first Native American in space
- Linda Hogan, author
- Wahoo McDaniel, professional football player and wrestler
- Rodd Redwing, actor
- Fred Waite, cowboy
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ "Gibson takes 'Apocalypto' to Oklahoma", Associated Press, 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-09-24. (written in English)
- ↑ Public Affairs Department, University of New Mexico. "UNM ASSISTANT PROFESSOR WINS AMERICAN BOOK AWARD", September 7 2001. Accessed June 27 2007.
- Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian Country. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
External links
- The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)
- Chickasaw Nation Industires (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)
- "Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People," a brief history by Greg O’Brien, Ph.D.
- Encyclopedia of North American Indians
- "Chickasaw History" by Lee Sultzman
- John Bennett Herrington is First Native American Astronaut (on chickasaw.net)
- Tishomingo
- Pashofa recipe
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