Catherine Booth
Catherine Booth (January 17, 1829 – October 4, 1890) was the wife of William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, and was considered the "Mother" of the organization. As a lay preacher in her own right, she helped to pioneer the role of leadership positions for women in the Church. In Victorian England, appalled by the masses of poor: prostitutes, alcoholics and homeless, she sought to bring Christianity to the people. She was not only a strong supporter of her husband's mission to begin the Salvation Army, but many times she was at the helm, preaching, organizing, and making decisions that would help build the Christian social group into a worldwide movement.
Early Life
She was born Catherine Mumford in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England, the daughter of John Mumford and Sarah Milward. Her father was a coach builder. Her family later moved to Boston, Lincolnshire, and later lived in Brixton, London.
Her mother, pious and strict in her beliefs, did not allow her daughter to 'play with other children, read fiction or learn French'. (bio ref.) Her severe upbringing prepared Catherine, nonetheless, for the life of faith that was to come. Catherine was a serious and sensitive girl and displayed strong moral convictions at a tender age. She read her Bible through eight times before the age of 12, and even went so far as to give up eating sugar because of its link to African slavery.
At age 14, she was ill with an undiagnosed malady, and spent a great deal of time in bed. During her enforced confinement she read theology beginning with The Pilgrim's Progress. She began to develop a view - which would later correspond with her husband's - that rejected the Calvinistic teaching of the doctrine of the elect, which states that only certain people are predestined to be saved. This was to be an important point of departure from traditional theological arguments of the time, as the Booths sought ultimately to bring salvation to the poor and downtrodden and - in theory at least - to every last man, woman and child. D- unconditional election link should work? -E
Catherine also became a strong advocate of the Temperance Movement which saw alcohol as the root of evil. Later, the Salvation Army would go so far as to discontinue the Holy Sacrament of Communion due to its necessity of dispensing wine. Catherine was a member of the local Band of Hope - band music was to be another Hallmark of Salvation Army "camp-style" open air meetings.
Marriage and Ministry
She met William Booth, a Methodist minister, when he came to preach at her church in 1852. They soon became engaged, and during their three year engagement, they were often separated due to William's itinerant preaching. Catherine lent support and strength to her future husband through letters she wrote to him, often on a daily basis.
They were married June 16, 1855 at Stockwell Green Congregational Church in London. Their wedding was very simple, as they wanted to use their time and money for his ministry. Even on their honeymoon, William was asked to speak at meetings. Together they accepted this challenge of living a public life on the front line of Christian ministry.
Catherine began to be more active in the work of the church at Brighouse. There, while her husband traveled as a circuit preacher she learned about the lives of the Northern poor. She was horrified by the lives of "mill girls"; those who began work at age seven or eight years of age to help support a family often headed by an alcoholic father. The effects of the Industrial Revolution were being felt by a formerly agrarian society, and although many people had jobs more often than not they were the working poor, often without benefit of medical care or education. Catherine would begin a lifelong campaign against the affects of alcohol consumption.
Although, timid by nature, when the opportunity presented itself to give a testimony at Gateshead, Catherine boldy came forth. From that day forward, Catherine became a speaker and a preacher in her own right. It was to be the beginning of a tremendous ministry, as people were drawn to her preaching, at least partly intrigued by a female preacher. At that time, it was nearly unheard of for women to speak openly in a public setting.
Catherine, supported her views on the role of women in the church with Biblical quotes from St. Paul. From his Letter to the Galtians: 'There is neither male nor female for ye are all one in Christ Jesus' is a refrain she used often, not only to convince her husband of the need for equality for women in the church, but as an argument with other male leaders of the church, as well, in order to support her position.
Salvation Army and overseas work
The Booths had eight children: Bramwell, Ballington, Kate, Emma, Herbert, Marie, Evangeline and Lucy, Two of their offspring, Bramwell and Evangeline, later became Generals of The Salvation Army. Kate Booth was the first missionary to France and Herbert to Australia. Kate Booth, who also began a chapter in Switzerland, was put on trial there and imprisoned shortly for the Salvation Army's alleged disregard of laws relating to street preaching. However, Kate was soon acquitted. In times of adversity the Booth family forged ahead with even greater proslyetizing activity.
After leaving the Methodist New Connexion in 1865, the Booths began the work of The Christian Mission in earnest with a "Soup Kitchen and Poor Man's Dining Hall" at The People's Hall in Whitechapel. They also began the publication of the Christian Mission Magazine which warned - somewhat ahead of its time - of the dangers of tobacco. (Their later publication would be called The War Cry) William and Catherine were a powerful couple whose roles naturally evolved: William preached to the poor and Catherine spoke to the wealthy, gaining support for their financially demanding ministry. She eventually began to hold her own campaigns, even writing letters to Queen Victoria with pleas for better laws to protect women from the lure of prostitution.
When the name was changed in 1878 to The Salvation Army, William Booth became known as the General, and Catherine became known as its Mother. She was behind many of the important developments in the new organization, such as designing the flag and the 'Hallelujah Bonnets' worn by the women. At annual conferences she contributed many important ideas regarding the belief and practices of the newly established Salvation Army.
The new group adopted uniforms in order to bolster morale, but also to help make Salvation Army members more recognizable to one another on the streets. Fashion of the day was considered one more temptation to be eschewed by pious Christians. Interestingly, in hot climates, such as India, members dressed like local natives by wearing turbans and veils and going barefoot, partly in an effort to more closely identify with the local population that they were attempting to witness to.
End of life
Catherine Booth died at age 61 in Clacton-on-Sea. The Booths had rented a small villa in sight of the sea that she loved, and on 4 October 1890 she passed away in William's arms with her family around her. She is interred with her husband in Abney Park Cemetery, London.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Booth, Catherine, Aggressive Christianity, Diggory Press (2005) ISBN 1905363117
- Booth-Tucker, Frederick St. George de Lautour, The Short Life of Catherine Booth, the Mother of the Salvation Army, Adamant Media Corporation (2000) ISBN 1421266652
- Booth, Catherine, Godliness, Kessinger Publishing (2004) ISBN 1419122029
- Hattersley, Roy, Blood and Fire: William and Catherine Booth and the Salvation Army Little Brown (1999) ISBN 0316851612
External links
- Works at The Victorian Women Writers Project
- Works by Catherine Mumford Booth. Project Gutenberg
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