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| − | [[ | + | {{Infobox Royalty |
| + | | image = King Bimbisara and the Buddha.jpg | ||
| + | | image_size = 400px | ||
| + | | birth_date = 558 B.C.E. | ||
| + | | birth_place = | ||
| + | | death_date = 491 B.C.E. | ||
| + | | death_place = | ||
| + | | dynasty = [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka]] | ||
| + | | caption = King Bimbisara, depicted in Burmese art, offering his kingdom to the Buddha. | ||
| + | | succession = Founder of [[Haryanka dynasty]] | ||
| + | | reign = {{circa|544|492 B.C.E.}} (52 years) | ||
| + | | predecessor = Bhattiya | ||
| + | | successor = [[Ajatashatru]] | ||
| + | | father = Bhattiya | ||
| + | | spouse = [[Kosala Devi|Kosala Devī]]<br/>Chellanā<br/>Dharini<br> | ||
| + | [[Khema|Kṣemā / Khemā]]<br>Nandā<br>Padmāvatī / Padumavatī<br>[[Amrapali|Ambapālī]] | ||
| + | | issue = [[Ajatashatru]] | ||
| + | | religion = [[Buddhism]] | ||
| + | [[Hinduism]] | ||
| + | [[Jainism]] | ||
| + | | regent = [[Haryanka]] | ||
| + | | reg-type = [[Clan]] and [[noble family]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| − | '''Bimbisara''' (ruled 544-491 B.C.E.) was a king of the [[Magadha empire]] and belonged to Haryanaka dynasty, which ruled until approximately 326 B.C.E. when [[Alexander the Great]] invaded [[India]]. He ruled an area of what is now Bihar and Bengal with his capital at modern day Rajgir. In [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources, he is recorded as having been a close friend of | + | '''Bimbisara''' (ruled 544-491 B.C.E.) was a king of the [[Magadha empire]] and belonged to Haryanaka dynasty, which ruled until approximately 326 B.C.E. when [[Alexander the Great]] invaded [[India]]. He ruled an area of what is now Bihar and Bengal with his capital at modern day Rajgir. In [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources, he is recorded as having been a close friend of King Suddhodana, father of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical [[Buddha]]. He and his son, [[Ajatashatru]], became patrons of Buddhism. He is also said to have been a friend of [[Mahavira]], or Jina, the great teacher of the [[Jain]] tradition. |
| + | Bimbisara was 15 when he became king and 52 when he was [[murder]]ed. He expanded his territory but also enjoyed peaceful relations with most if not all of his peers. He is legendary for the justness of his rule and for his spirit of generosity. It is possible that, without the royal patronage provided by Bimbisara, the Buddha might have been killed (there were several attempts on his life) or that Buddhism would not have spread as successfully as it did. Some of those who opposed the Buddha said that he tricked people into following him. Opposition tended to stem from his rejection of some commonly accepted religious and philosophical dogmas and because there was no place for privilege of birth or of wealth in his system. There is little doubt that Bimbisara played no small role in helping to give the gift of Buddha's teaching to the world. | ||
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | Later, [[Ashoka the Great]] would take royal patronage of Buddhism a step further by renouncing military expansion. Bimbisara may have laid two foundations on which Ashoka could build—a territory that provided the basis of the larger Mauryan empire that Ashoka inherited, and the survival of the faith that Ashoka, like Bimbisara, embraced. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Life== |
| − | Bimbisara | + | Bimbisara was the son of Bhattiya, a chieftain. He ascended to throne at the age of 15 in 543 B.C.E.<ref name=Sen112>Sailendra Nath Sen, ''Ancient Indian History and Civilization'' (New Age International Publishers, 1999, ISBN 8122411983), 112.</ref> He established the [[Haryanka dynasty]] and laid the foundations of [[Magadha]] with the fortification of a village, which later became the city of [[Pataliputra]].<ref>Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (ed.), ''Age of the Nandas and Mauryas'' (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, ISBN 8120804651), 11.</ref> |
| + | [[File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|thumb|350px|Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara]] | ||
| + | Bimbisara's first capital was at ''Girivraja'' (identified with [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]]). He led a military campaign against [[Anga]], perhaps to avenge his father's earlier defeat at the hands of its king, ''[[Brahmadatta of Anga |Brahmadatta]]''. The campaign was successful, Anga was annexed, and prince ''Kunika'' ([[Ajatashatru]]) was appointed governor at [[Champa Village|Champa]].<ref>Upinder Singh, ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century'' (Pearson Education, 2009, ISBN 978-8131711200), 269.</ref> His conquest of Anga gave Magadha control over the routes to the [[Ganges Delta]], which had important ports that gave access to the eastern coast of India.<ref>Romila Thapar, ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300'' (University of California Press, 2004, ISBN 0520242254), 152–154.</ref> [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusati]], the king of [[Gandhara]], sent Bimbisara an embassy.<ref name=Sen112/> | ||
| − | ==Bimbisara and the [[Buddha]] | + | His court is said to have included Sona Kolivisa, Sumana (flower gatherer), Koliya (minister), Kumbhaghosaka (treasurer) and Jivaka (physician).<ref>Singh, 270.</ref> |
| − | There are many accounts of Bimbisara in the Buddhist ''Jatakas'' (one of the three scriptures of the Pali canon), since he was a contemporary of Gautama [[Buddha]]. Before Siddhartha attained enlightenment but while he was practicing | + | |
| + | ==Marriage alliances== | ||
| + | Bimbisara used marriage alliances to strengthen his position. His first wife was the sister of Prasenajit, king of Kosala. His bride brought him Kashi, which was then a mere village, as [[dowry]]. This marriage also ended the hostility between Magadha and Kosala and gave him a free hand in dealing with the other states. Bimbisara's second wife, Chellana, was a Lachchhavi princess from Vaishali and a relative of Mahavira's mother. His third wife was a daughter of the chief of the Madra clan of Punjab. Bimbisara is said to have enjoyed friendly relations with all his contemporary peers. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Bimbisara and the Buddha== | ||
| + | [[File:Bimbisar welcoming Buddha Roundel 30 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|300px|Bimbisara welcomes the Buddha]] | ||
| + | There are many accounts of Bimbisara in the Buddhist ''Jatakas'' (one of the three scriptures of the Pali canon), since he was a contemporary of Gautama [[Buddha]]. Before Siddhartha attained [[enlightenment]] but while he was practicing ascetism, he is said to have arrived at the gates of Bimbisara's city, Rajagaha, where he went begging food from door to door. No one called him 'prince' but as soon as King Bimisara saw him, he recognized him as Suddhodana's son, a prince. Assuming that the prince must have quarreled with his father, the king invited him to stay and to accept half of his kingdom. Siddhartha replied that it was because he loved his wife, his son, his parents, King Bimbisara, and everyone else that he had to continue his search for the way to stop old age, suffering, and death. He promised that when he has achieved this he would return and teach the king. | ||
| + | |||
| + | After his Enlightenment, the Buddha did return, this time with a large number of disciples. Hearing of this, Bimbisara, now about 30 years old and five years younger than the Buddha, went out of the city to greet the now famous teacher. Some of the subjects of the king were uncertain which of the visiting monks was actually the Buddha, mistaking one of his disciples for him. That disciple immediately pointed to the real Buddha, who started to teach. King Bimbisara, so the story goes, attained then and there the first stage of awakening and became the Buddha's first royal patron.<ref>[http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/2_3lbud.htm King Bimbisara, Royal Patron] ''Life of the Buddha''. Retrieved December 7, 2022.</ref> He fed the Buddha and the disciples and presented them with his own pleasure garden or park, Veluvana, where they could stay as long as they liked. | ||
| + | |||
| + | For the rest of his life, Bimbisara would take the eight precepts of the ''Uposatha'' for six days each month. His capital was the location of the first Convocation, or Buddhist Council, convened after the Buddha's death. The Pali or Buddhist canon was determined at this Council. Bimbisara's wife, Khema, became the Buddha's first female convert. Taking her precepts as a nun, or bhikkhuni, she was later described by the Buddha as a perfect disciple. On one occasion, she answered questions posed by another local king exactly as the Buddha had answered the same questions, although she was unaware of his reply. She was known as "Khedma of Great Wisdom." | ||
==Bimbisara and Mahavira== | ==Bimbisara and Mahavira== | ||
| − | + | Bimbisara frequently visited [[Samavasarana]] of Lord [[Mahavira]] seeking answers to his queries, such as asking about the [[Ramayana]].<ref>Roshen Dalal, ''Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide'' (Penguin, 2011, ISBN 978-0143414216).</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Per Jain scripture, Bimbisara killed himself in a fit of passion, after his son had imprisoned him. Consequently, he was reborn in hell, where he is currently residing, until the [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] which led to his birth there comes to an end.<ref name=Dundas>Paul Dundas, ''The Jains'' (Routledge, 2002, ISBN 978-0415266055).</ref> | ||
| − | + | Jains say that because of Bimbisara's friendship with Mahavira, he will himself be a [[Tirthankara]] (a fully realized being) in the next cycle of existence. It is written | |
| − | Bimbisara | + | that he will be reborn as ''Mahapadma'' (sometimes called ''Padmanabha''), the first in the chain of future [[tirthankara]]s who are to rise at the beginning of the upward motion (''Utsarpini'') of the next era of time.<ref name=Dundas/> |
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| − | + | Tradition tells us that Bimbisara was imprisoned by his son [[Ajatashatru]] who is said to have starved him to death. This is reported to have taken place around 492 B.C.E. Bimbisara's murder resulted in a war between the king of Kosala, on behalf of his grieving sister, and Ajatashatru. Eventually, a peace treaty ended the war. The treaty was sealed by another marriage between the two dynasties, this time between the King of Kosala's daughter and Ajatashatru. At a mid-point in the hostilities, the Buddha gave wise counsel: | |
| − | Tradition tells us that Bimbisara was imprisoned by his son Ajatashatru | ||
<blockquote>Winning gives birth to hostility. | <blockquote>Winning gives birth to hostility. | ||
:Losing, one lies down in pain. | :Losing, one lies down in pain. | ||
| Line 26: | Line 64: | ||
:winning & losing | :winning & losing | ||
:aside. | :aside. | ||
| − | (SN 3.14''Sangama Sutta'')<ref>[ | + | (SN 3.14''Sangama Sutta'')<ref>[https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/SN/SN3_14.html Sangama Sutta] Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Retrieved December 7, 2022.</ref></blockquote> |
| − | Ajatashatru further expanded the Kingdom. He also engaged in a 16 year long war against the Vriji to the far North of the Sub-continent. Ironically, perhaps, he was also a patron | + | Ajatashatru further expanded the Kingdom. He also engaged in a 16-year long war against the Vriji to the far North of the Sub-continent. Ironically, perhaps, he was also a patron of Buddhism, continuing his father's example. |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 34: | Line 72: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| + | * Dalal, Roshen. ''Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide''. Penguin, 2011. ISBN 978-0143414216 | ||
| + | * Dundas, Paul. ''The Jains''. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0415266055 | ||
* Earhart, Byron H. ''Religious Traditions of the World: A journey Through Africa, Mesoamerica, North America, Judaism, Christianity, Islam''. NY: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 006062115X | * Earhart, Byron H. ''Religious Traditions of the World: A journey Through Africa, Mesoamerica, North America, Judaism, Christianity, Islam''. NY: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 006062115X | ||
* Pine, Red. ''The Heart Sutra''. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2004. ISBN 1593760094 | * Pine, Red. ''The Heart Sutra''. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2004. ISBN 1593760094 | ||
| − | *Siff, Jason. ''King | + | * Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (ed.). ''Age of the Nandas and Mauryas''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996. ISBN 8120804651 |
| + | * Sen, Sailendra Nath. ''Ancient Indian History and Civilization''. New Age International Publishers, 1999. ISBN 8122411983 | ||
| + | * Siff, Jason. ''King Bimbisara's Chronicler''. Sri Lanka: Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha, 2001. {{ASIN|B001H1IHOM}} | ||
| + | * Singh, Upinder. ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''. Pearson Education, 2009. ISBN 978-8131711200 | ||
| + | * Thapar, Romila. ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300''. University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0520242254 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved October 31, 2023. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [https://www.worldhistory.org/Bimbisara/ Bimbisara] ''World History Encyclopedia'' | ||
| + | * [https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/2_3lbud.htm King Bimbisara, Royal Patron] ''Life of the Buddha'' | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
| + | [[Category:History]] | ||
{{credit1|Bimbisara|65072095}} | {{credit1|Bimbisara|65072095}} | ||
Latest revision as of 17:43, 31 October 2023
| Bimbisara, King | |
|---|---|
| |
| King Bimbisara, depicted in Burmese art, offering his kingdom to the Buddha. | |
| Founder of Haryanka dynasty | |
| Reign | c. 544 (52 years) |
| Predecessor | Bhattiya |
| Clan and noble family | Haryanka |
| Successor | Ajatashatru |
| Spouse | Kosala Devī Chellanā Dharini Kṣemā / Khemā |
| Issue | Ajatashatru |
| Father | Bhattiya |
| Religion | Buddhism |
Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 B.C.E.) was a king of the Magadha empire and belonged to Haryanaka dynasty, which ruled until approximately 326 B.C.E. when Alexander the Great invaded India. He ruled an area of what is now Bihar and Bengal with his capital at modern day Rajgir. In Buddhist sources, he is recorded as having been a close friend of King Suddhodana, father of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. He and his son, Ajatashatru, became patrons of Buddhism. He is also said to have been a friend of Mahavira, or Jina, the great teacher of the Jain tradition.
Bimbisara was 15 when he became king and 52 when he was murdered. He expanded his territory but also enjoyed peaceful relations with most if not all of his peers. He is legendary for the justness of his rule and for his spirit of generosity. It is possible that, without the royal patronage provided by Bimbisara, the Buddha might have been killed (there were several attempts on his life) or that Buddhism would not have spread as successfully as it did. Some of those who opposed the Buddha said that he tricked people into following him. Opposition tended to stem from his rejection of some commonly accepted religious and philosophical dogmas and because there was no place for privilege of birth or of wealth in his system. There is little doubt that Bimbisara played no small role in helping to give the gift of Buddha's teaching to the world.
Later, Ashoka the Great would take royal patronage of Buddhism a step further by renouncing military expansion. Bimbisara may have laid two foundations on which Ashoka could build—a territory that provided the basis of the larger Mauryan empire that Ashoka inherited, and the survival of the faith that Ashoka, like Bimbisara, embraced.
Life
Bimbisara was the son of Bhattiya, a chieftain. He ascended to throne at the age of 15 in 543 B.C.E.[1] He established the Haryanka dynasty and laid the foundations of Magadha with the fortification of a village, which later became the city of Pataliputra.[2]
_at_Rajagriha,_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg)
Bimbisara's first capital was at Girivraja (identified with Rajagriha). He led a military campaign against Anga, perhaps to avenge his father's earlier defeat at the hands of its king, Brahmadatta. The campaign was successful, Anga was annexed, and prince Kunika (Ajatashatru) was appointed governor at Champa.[3] His conquest of Anga gave Magadha control over the routes to the Ganges Delta, which had important ports that gave access to the eastern coast of India.[4] Pukkusati, the king of Gandhara, sent Bimbisara an embassy.[1]
His court is said to have included Sona Kolivisa, Sumana (flower gatherer), Koliya (minister), Kumbhaghosaka (treasurer) and Jivaka (physician).[5]
Marriage alliances
Bimbisara used marriage alliances to strengthen his position. His first wife was the sister of Prasenajit, king of Kosala. His bride brought him Kashi, which was then a mere village, as dowry. This marriage also ended the hostility between Magadha and Kosala and gave him a free hand in dealing with the other states. Bimbisara's second wife, Chellana, was a Lachchhavi princess from Vaishali and a relative of Mahavira's mother. His third wife was a daughter of the chief of the Madra clan of Punjab. Bimbisara is said to have enjoyed friendly relations with all his contemporary peers.
Bimbisara and the Buddha
There are many accounts of Bimbisara in the Buddhist Jatakas (one of the three scriptures of the Pali canon), since he was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. Before Siddhartha attained enlightenment but while he was practicing ascetism, he is said to have arrived at the gates of Bimbisara's city, Rajagaha, where he went begging food from door to door. No one called him 'prince' but as soon as King Bimisara saw him, he recognized him as Suddhodana's son, a prince. Assuming that the prince must have quarreled with his father, the king invited him to stay and to accept half of his kingdom. Siddhartha replied that it was because he loved his wife, his son, his parents, King Bimbisara, and everyone else that he had to continue his search for the way to stop old age, suffering, and death. He promised that when he has achieved this he would return and teach the king.
After his Enlightenment, the Buddha did return, this time with a large number of disciples. Hearing of this, Bimbisara, now about 30 years old and five years younger than the Buddha, went out of the city to greet the now famous teacher. Some of the subjects of the king were uncertain which of the visiting monks was actually the Buddha, mistaking one of his disciples for him. That disciple immediately pointed to the real Buddha, who started to teach. King Bimbisara, so the story goes, attained then and there the first stage of awakening and became the Buddha's first royal patron.[6] He fed the Buddha and the disciples and presented them with his own pleasure garden or park, Veluvana, where they could stay as long as they liked.
For the rest of his life, Bimbisara would take the eight precepts of the Uposatha for six days each month. His capital was the location of the first Convocation, or Buddhist Council, convened after the Buddha's death. The Pali or Buddhist canon was determined at this Council. Bimbisara's wife, Khema, became the Buddha's first female convert. Taking her precepts as a nun, or bhikkhuni, she was later described by the Buddha as a perfect disciple. On one occasion, she answered questions posed by another local king exactly as the Buddha had answered the same questions, although she was unaware of his reply. She was known as "Khedma of Great Wisdom."
Bimbisara and Mahavira
Bimbisara frequently visited Samavasarana of Lord Mahavira seeking answers to his queries, such as asking about the Ramayana.[7]
Per Jain scripture, Bimbisara killed himself in a fit of passion, after his son had imprisoned him. Consequently, he was reborn in hell, where he is currently residing, until the karma which led to his birth there comes to an end.[8]
Jains say that because of Bimbisara's friendship with Mahavira, he will himself be a Tirthankara (a fully realized being) in the next cycle of existence. It is written that he will be reborn as Mahapadma (sometimes called Padmanabha), the first in the chain of future tirthankaras who are to rise at the beginning of the upward motion (Utsarpini) of the next era of time.[8]
Death
Tradition tells us that Bimbisara was imprisoned by his son Ajatashatru who is said to have starved him to death. This is reported to have taken place around 492 B.C.E. Bimbisara's murder resulted in a war between the king of Kosala, on behalf of his grieving sister, and Ajatashatru. Eventually, a peace treaty ended the war. The treaty was sealed by another marriage between the two dynasties, this time between the King of Kosala's daughter and Ajatashatru. At a mid-point in the hostilities, the Buddha gave wise counsel:
Winning gives birth to hostility.
- Losing, one lies down in pain.
- The calmed lie down with ease,
- having set
- winning & losing
- aside.
(SN 3.14Sangama Sutta)[9]
Ajatashatru further expanded the Kingdom. He also engaged in a 16-year long war against the Vriji to the far North of the Sub-continent. Ironically, perhaps, he was also a patron of Buddhism, continuing his father's example.
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sailendra Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization (New Age International Publishers, 1999, ISBN 8122411983), 112.
- ↑ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (ed.), Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, ISBN 8120804651), 11.
- ↑ Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (Pearson Education, 2009, ISBN 978-8131711200), 269.
- ↑ Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (University of California Press, 2004, ISBN 0520242254), 152–154.
- ↑ Singh, 270.
- ↑ King Bimbisara, Royal Patron Life of the Buddha. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ↑ Roshen Dalal, Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide (Penguin, 2011, ISBN 978-0143414216).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Paul Dundas, The Jains (Routledge, 2002, ISBN 978-0415266055).
- ↑ Sangama Sutta Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dalal, Roshen. Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin, 2011. ISBN 978-0143414216
- Dundas, Paul. The Jains. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0415266055
- Earhart, Byron H. Religious Traditions of the World: A journey Through Africa, Mesoamerica, North America, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. NY: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 006062115X
- Pine, Red. The Heart Sutra. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2004. ISBN 1593760094
- Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (ed.). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996. ISBN 8120804651
- Sen, Sailendra Nath. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International Publishers, 1999. ISBN 8122411983
- Siff, Jason. King Bimbisara's Chronicler. Sri Lanka: Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha, 2001. ASIN B001H1IHOM
- Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education, 2009. ISBN 978-8131711200
- Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0520242254
External links
All links retrieved October 31, 2023.
- Bimbisara World History Encyclopedia
- King Bimbisara, Royal Patron Life of the Buddha
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