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[[Image:Benjamin Wade - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Benjamin Wade]] | [[Image:Benjamin Wade - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Benjamin Wade]] | ||
| − | + | '''Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade''' (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a [[United States|U.S.]] [[lawyer]] and [[United States Senator]]. In the Senate, he was associated with the "Radical Republicans" of that time. | |
| − | '''Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade''' ( | ||
| − | |||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Born in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], Benjamin Wade's first job was as a [[laborer]] on the [[Erie Canal]]. He also taught school before studying [[law]] in [[Ohio]]. After being admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1828, he began practicing law in [[Jefferson, Ohio]]. | Born in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], Benjamin Wade's first job was as a [[laborer]] on the [[Erie Canal]]. He also taught school before studying [[law]] in [[Ohio]]. After being admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1828, he began practicing law in [[Jefferson, Ohio]]. | ||
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Wade formed a partnership with [[Joshua Giddings]], a prominent [[Abolitionist|anti-slavery]] figure. As a member of the [[United States Whig Party|Whig Party]], Wade was elected to the [[Ohio State Senate]], serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge in an Ohio court. | Wade formed a partnership with [[Joshua Giddings]], a prominent [[Abolitionist|anti-slavery]] figure. As a member of the [[United States Whig Party|Whig Party]], Wade was elected to the [[Ohio State Senate]], serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge in an Ohio court. | ||
| − | |||
After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]], and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the [[United States Senate]]. There, he associated with such eventual [[Radical Republican]]s as [[Thaddeus Stevens]] and [[Charles Sumner]]. He fought against the controversial [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850|Fugitive Slave Act]] and the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]]. He was one of the most [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] politicians in America at that time, supporting [[women's suffrage]], [[trade union]] rights, and equality for [[African-Americans]]. He was also critical of [[capitalism]]. | After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]], and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the [[United States Senate]]. There, he associated with such eventual [[Radical Republican]]s as [[Thaddeus Stevens]] and [[Charles Sumner]]. He fought against the controversial [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850|Fugitive Slave Act]] and the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]]. He was one of the most [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] politicians in America at that time, supporting [[women's suffrage]], [[trade union]] rights, and equality for [[African-Americans]]. He was also critical of [[capitalism]]. | ||
| − | |||
==Civil War== | ==Civil War== | ||
In July 1861, Wade, along with other politicians, witnessed the defeat of the [[Union Army]] at the [[1st Battle of Bull Run]]. There, he was almost captured by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate Army]]. After arriving back at [[Washington, DC|Washington]], he was one of those who led the attack on the supposed incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. From 1861 to 1862 he was chairman of the important [[Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]], and in 1862, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, was instrumental in abolishing slavery in the Federal Territories. | In July 1861, Wade, along with other politicians, witnessed the defeat of the [[Union Army]] at the [[1st Battle of Bull Run]]. There, he was almost captured by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate Army]]. After arriving back at [[Washington, DC|Washington]], he was one of those who led the attack on the supposed incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. From 1861 to 1862 he was chairman of the important [[Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]], and in 1862, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, was instrumental in abolishing slavery in the Federal Territories. | ||
| − | |||
During the [[American Civil War]], Wade was highly critical of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery "could only come of one born of poor [[white trash]] and educated in a slave State." He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African-Americans into the armies. | During the [[American Civil War]], Wade was highly critical of President [[Abraham Lincoln]]; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery "could only come of one born of poor [[white trash]] and educated in a slave State." He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African-Americans into the armies. | ||
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Wade was also critical of Lincoln's [[Reconstruction]] Plan; in 1864, he and [[Henry Winter Davis]] sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. | Wade was also critical of Lincoln's [[Reconstruction]] Plan; in 1864, he and [[Henry Winter Davis]] sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. | ||
The Wade-Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. It passed in the lower chamber on May 4, 1864 by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; in the upper chamber on July 2, 1864 it passed by a similar percentage of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk. Tradition has it that [[Zachariah Chandler]] asked him directly if 'he plan on signing it or no?’ and Lincoln replied, ‘it was put before him with too little time to be signed in that way’ and on July 4, 1864, he vetoed it. President Lincoln refused to sign it, later stating that he didn't want to be held to one Reconstruction policy.{{cn}} | The Wade-Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. It passed in the lower chamber on May 4, 1864 by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; in the upper chamber on July 2, 1864 it passed by a similar percentage of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk. Tradition has it that [[Zachariah Chandler]] asked him directly if 'he plan on signing it or no?’ and Lincoln replied, ‘it was put before him with too little time to be signed in that way’ and on July 4, 1864, he vetoed it. President Lincoln refused to sign it, later stating that he didn't want to be held to one Reconstruction policy.{{cn}} | ||
| − | |||
==Impeachment of Johnson== | ==Impeachment of Johnson== | ||
[[Image:Benjamin f wade drawing.png|thumb|right|200px|Senator Benjamin F. Wade, 1867]] | [[Image:Benjamin f wade drawing.png|thumb|right|200px|Senator Benjamin F. Wade, 1867]] | ||
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Wade, along with most other Radical Republicans, was highly critical of President [[Andrew Johnson]] (who became President after Lincoln's assassination). At the beginning of the [[Fortieth United States Congress|40th Congress]], Wade became the [[President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate]], which meant that he was the [[Acting Vice President]] and next in line for the presidency (as Johnson had no [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]). | Wade, along with most other Radical Republicans, was highly critical of President [[Andrew Johnson]] (who became President after Lincoln's assassination). At the beginning of the [[Fortieth United States Congress|40th Congress]], Wade became the [[President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate]], which meant that he was the [[Acting Vice President]] and next in line for the presidency (as Johnson had no [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]). | ||
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After many fallouts with the Republican-dominated Congress, the [[U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]] voted to [[impeachment|impeach]] President Johnson (who had been a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]). Although most senators believed that Johnson was guilty of the charges, they did not want the extremely radical Wade to become president. One newspaper wrote, "Andrew Johnson is innocent because Ben Wade is guilty of being his successor." {{cn}} | After many fallouts with the Republican-dominated Congress, the [[U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]] voted to [[impeachment|impeach]] President Johnson (who had been a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]). Although most senators believed that Johnson was guilty of the charges, they did not want the extremely radical Wade to become president. One newspaper wrote, "Andrew Johnson is innocent because Ben Wade is guilty of being his successor." {{cn}} | ||
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According to [[John Roy Lynch]] (R-MS, 1873-76, 1881-82), one of the twenty-two African Americans elected to Congress from the South, during Reconstruction (1861-1901) in his book "Facts Concerning Reconstruction.": | According to [[John Roy Lynch]] (R-MS, 1873-76, 1881-82), one of the twenty-two African Americans elected to Congress from the South, during Reconstruction (1861-1901) in his book "Facts Concerning Reconstruction.": | ||
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"It was believed by many at the time that some of the [moderate] Republican Senators that voted for acquittal [of Andrew Johnson] did so chiefly on account of their antipathy to the man who would succeed to the presidency in the event of the conviction of the [sitting] president. This man was Senator Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, President pro tempore of the U. S. Senate who as the law then stood, would have succeeded to the presidency in the event of a vacancy in the office from any cause. Senator Wade was an able man … He was a strong party man. He had no patience with those who claimed to be [Radical] Republicans and yet refused to abide by the decision of the majority of the party organization [as did Grimes, Johnson, Lincoln, Pratt, and Trumbull] … the sort of active and aggressive man that would be likely to make for himself enemies of men in his own organization who were afraid of his great power and influence, and jealous of him as a political rival. That some of his senatorial Republican associates should feel that the best service they could render their country would be to do all in their power to prevent such a man from being elevated to the Presidency … for while they knew he was an able man, they also knew that, according to his convictions of party duty and party obligations, he firmly believed he who served his party best served his country best…that he would have given the country an able administration is concurrent opinion of those who knew him best." {{cn}} | "It was believed by many at the time that some of the [moderate] Republican Senators that voted for acquittal [of Andrew Johnson] did so chiefly on account of their antipathy to the man who would succeed to the presidency in the event of the conviction of the [sitting] president. This man was Senator Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, President pro tempore of the U. S. Senate who as the law then stood, would have succeeded to the presidency in the event of a vacancy in the office from any cause. Senator Wade was an able man … He was a strong party man. He had no patience with those who claimed to be [Radical] Republicans and yet refused to abide by the decision of the majority of the party organization [as did Grimes, Johnson, Lincoln, Pratt, and Trumbull] … the sort of active and aggressive man that would be likely to make for himself enemies of men in his own organization who were afraid of his great power and influence, and jealous of him as a political rival. That some of his senatorial Republican associates should feel that the best service they could render their country would be to do all in their power to prevent such a man from being elevated to the Presidency … for while they knew he was an able man, they also knew that, according to his convictions of party duty and party obligations, he firmly believed he who served his party best served his country best…that he would have given the country an able administration is concurrent opinion of those who knew him best." {{cn}} | ||
| − | + | In 1868, then-presidential candidate [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was urged by his fellow Republicans to choose Wade as his vice presidential running mate; but he refused, instead choosing another radical ([[Schuyler Colfax]]). After being defeated in the 1868 elections, Wade returned to his Ohio law practice. He died on March 2, 1878, in [[Jefferson, Ohio]]. | |
| − | In 1868, then-presidential candidate [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was urged by his fellow Republicans to choose Wade as his vice presidential running mate; but he refused, instead choosing another radical ([[Schuyler Colfax]]). After being defeated in the 1868 elections, Wade returned to his Ohio law practice. He died on | ||
<!--Cite | <!--Cite | ||
*According to H. L. Trefousse, | *According to H. L. Trefousse, | ||
"Northerners often appeared at a disadvantage because they refused to meet their adversaries upon what euphemistically called the “field of honor.” For Wade, such a situation was intolerable. While his stern sense of duty forbade him to countenance dueling among public officials, his feelings of personal outrage did not permit him to flinch from a challenge. … he had an altercation with a senator soon after his arrival in Washington and the question of a challenge came up. Would he accept? His answer was clear. “I am here in a double capacity,” he said, “I represent the State of Ohio, and I represent Ben Wade. As a Senator I am opposed to dueling. As Ben Wade, I recognize the code." {{cn}} | "Northerners often appeared at a disadvantage because they refused to meet their adversaries upon what euphemistically called the “field of honor.” For Wade, such a situation was intolerable. While his stern sense of duty forbade him to countenance dueling among public officials, his feelings of personal outrage did not permit him to flinch from a challenge. … he had an altercation with a senator soon after his arrival in Washington and the question of a challenge came up. Would he accept? His answer was clear. “I am here in a double capacity,” he said, “I represent the State of Ohio, and I represent Ben Wade. As a Senator I am opposed to dueling. As Ben Wade, I recognize the code." {{cn}} | ||
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*Congressman [[Albert G. Riddle]] (R-OH) recounts a little known factoid about Wade: | *Congressman [[Albert G. Riddle]] (R-OH) recounts a little known factoid about Wade: | ||
"Armed with Maynard Rifles and Navy Revolvers and expecting a great victory … Their Confidence was misplaced … it had became evident that the Federal Army had been whipped. Men, horses, and wagons were swept back toward Washington. The rout was complete, and nothing seemed capable of stopping the panic-stricken soldiers [from their disorganized retreat]. The sudden disaster infuriated Wade. He loathed cowardice, and when he saw the soldiers running away from the enemy instead of standing up to the Confederates, he sprang into action. Drawing up his carriage across the pike between a fenced-in farm and an impenetrable wood one mile beyond Fairfax Courthouse, he jumped out, rifle in hand. “Boys, we’ll stop this damned run-away,” he shouted. Then supported by his companions, he turned back the fugitives at rifle’s point." {{cn}} | "Armed with Maynard Rifles and Navy Revolvers and expecting a great victory … Their Confidence was misplaced … it had became evident that the Federal Army had been whipped. Men, horses, and wagons were swept back toward Washington. The rout was complete, and nothing seemed capable of stopping the panic-stricken soldiers [from their disorganized retreat]. The sudden disaster infuriated Wade. He loathed cowardice, and when he saw the soldiers running away from the enemy instead of standing up to the Confederates, he sprang into action. Drawing up his carriage across the pike between a fenced-in farm and an impenetrable wood one mile beyond Fairfax Courthouse, he jumped out, rifle in hand. “Boys, we’ll stop this damned run-away,” he shouted. Then supported by his companions, he turned back the fugitives at rifle’s point." {{cn}} | ||
—> | —> | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Dudley-Winthrop Family]] | *[[Dudley-Winthrop Family]] | ||
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{{start box}} | {{start box}} | ||
{{U.S. Senator box | {{U.S. Senator box | ||
| Line 53: | Line 37: | ||
title=[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President ''pro tempore'' of the United States Senate]]| | title=[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President ''pro tempore'' of the United States Senate]]| | ||
before=[[Lafayette S. Foster]]| | before=[[Lafayette S. Foster]]| | ||
| − | years= | + | years=March 2, 1867 – March 3, 1869| |
after=[[Henry B. Anthony]]| | after=[[Henry B. Anthony]]| | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{end box}} | {{end box}} | ||
{{USSenPresProTemp}} | {{USSenPresProTemp}} | ||
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==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
<References/> | <References/> | ||
| − | |||
==Sources and further reading== | ==Sources and further reading== | ||
* Thomas Harry Williams, ''Benjamin F. Wade 1864-1869'', 1932, OCLC 57655904 | * Thomas Harry Williams, ''Benjamin F. Wade 1864-1869'', 1932, OCLC 57655904 | ||
| Line 67: | Line 49: | ||
* Reno W Bupp, ''The senatorial career of Benjamin F. Wade to 1861'', 1939, OCLC 61718019 | * Reno W Bupp, ''The senatorial career of Benjamin F. Wade to 1861'', 1939, OCLC 61718019 | ||
* William Henry Seward; Stephen Arnold Douglas; Salmon P Chase; Edward Everett; Truman Smith; George Edmund Badger, ''Speeches in Congress on The compromises of 1850 and Nebraska and Kansas'', Washington, 1854, OCLC 4759295 | * William Henry Seward; Stephen Arnold Douglas; Salmon P Chase; Edward Everett; Truman Smith; George Edmund Badger, ''Speeches in Congress on The compromises of 1850 and Nebraska and Kansas'', Washington, 1854, OCLC 4759295 | ||
| − | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000005 WADE, Benjamin Franklin, (1800 - 1878)], ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress'', Accessed February 3,2007 | * [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000005 WADE, Benjamin Franklin, (1800 - 1878)], ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress'', Accessed February 3,2007 | ||
| Line 73: | Line 54: | ||
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/047/000103735/ Benjamin F. Wade], ''NNDB-Soylent Communications'', Accessed February 3,2007 | * [http://www.nndb.com/people/047/000103735/ Benjamin F. Wade], ''NNDB-Soylent Communications'', Accessed February 3,2007 | ||
* [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/b/benjamin_f_wade.html Brainy Quote], Benjamin F. Wade, Accessed February 3,2007 | * [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/b/benjamin_f_wade.html Brainy Quote], Benjamin F. Wade, Accessed February 3,2007 | ||
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[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
[[Category:Politics]] | [[Category:Politics]] | ||
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{{credit|98756008}} | {{credit|98756008}} | ||
Revision as of 18:33, 23 February 2007
Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the "Radical Republicans" of that time.
Early life
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Benjamin Wade's first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal. He also taught school before studying law in Ohio. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Ohio. Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure. As a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate, serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge in an Ohio court. After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the Republican Party, and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. He fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was one of the most radical politicians in America at that time, supporting women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans. He was also critical of capitalism.
Civil War
In July 1861, Wade, along with other politicians, witnessed the defeat of the Union Army at the 1st Battle of Bull Run. There, he was almost captured by the Confederate Army. After arriving back at Washington, he was one of those who led the attack on the supposed incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. From 1861 to 1862 he was chairman of the important Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, and in 1862, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, was instrumental in abolishing slavery in the Federal Territories. During the American Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery "could only come of one born of poor white trash and educated in a slave State." He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African-Americans into the armies. Wade was also critical of Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan; in 1864, he and Henry Winter Davis sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The Wade-Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate. It passed in the lower chamber on May 4, 1864 by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; in the upper chamber on July 2, 1864 it passed by a similar percentage of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk. Tradition has it that Zachariah Chandler asked him directly if 'he plan on signing it or no?’ and Lincoln replied, ‘it was put before him with too little time to be signed in that way’ and on July 4, 1864, he vetoed it. President Lincoln refused to sign it, later stating that he didn't want to be held to one Reconstruction policy.[citation needed]
Impeachment of Johnson
Wade, along with most other Radical Republicans, was highly critical of President Andrew Johnson (who became President after Lincoln's assassination). At the beginning of the 40th Congress, Wade became the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, which meant that he was the Acting Vice President and next in line for the presidency (as Johnson had no vice president). After many fallouts with the Republican-dominated Congress, the Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Johnson (who had been a Democrat). Although most senators believed that Johnson was guilty of the charges, they did not want the extremely radical Wade to become president. One newspaper wrote, "Andrew Johnson is innocent because Ben Wade is guilty of being his successor." [citation needed] According to John Roy Lynch (R-MS, 1873-76, 1881-82), one of the twenty-two African Americans elected to Congress from the South, during Reconstruction (1861-1901) in his book "Facts Concerning Reconstruction.": "It was believed by many at the time that some of the [moderate] Republican Senators that voted for acquittal [of Andrew Johnson] did so chiefly on account of their antipathy to the man who would succeed to the presidency in the event of the conviction of the [sitting] president. This man was Senator Benjamin Wade, of Ohio, President pro tempore of the U. S. Senate who as the law then stood, would have succeeded to the presidency in the event of a vacancy in the office from any cause. Senator Wade was an able man … He was a strong party man. He had no patience with those who claimed to be [Radical] Republicans and yet refused to abide by the decision of the majority of the party organization [as did Grimes, Johnson, Lincoln, Pratt, and Trumbull] … the sort of active and aggressive man that would be likely to make for himself enemies of men in his own organization who were afraid of his great power and influence, and jealous of him as a political rival. That some of his senatorial Republican associates should feel that the best service they could render their country would be to do all in their power to prevent such a man from being elevated to the Presidency … for while they knew he was an able man, they also knew that, according to his convictions of party duty and party obligations, he firmly believed he who served his party best served his country best…that he would have given the country an able administration is concurrent opinion of those who knew him best." [citation needed] In 1868, then-presidential candidate Ulysses S. Grant was urged by his fellow Republicans to choose Wade as his vice presidential running mate; but he refused, instead choosing another radical (Schuyler Colfax). After being defeated in the 1868 elections, Wade returned to his Ohio law practice. He died on March 2, 1878, in Jefferson, Ohio.
See also
- Dudley-Winthrop Family
| Preceded by: Thomas Ewing |
United States Senator (Class 1) from Ohio 1851–1869 |
Succeeded by: Allen G. Thurman |
| Preceded by: Lafayette S. Foster |
President pro tempore of the United States Senate March 2, 1867 – March 3, 1869 |
Succeeded by: Henry B. Anthony |
| Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate | 
|
|---|---|
| Langdon • Lee • Langdon • Izard • H Tazewell • Livermore • Bingham • Bradford • Read • Sedgwick • Laurance • Ross • Livermore • Tracy • Howard • Hillhouse • Baldwin • Bradley • Brown • Franklin • Anderson • Smith • Bradley • Milledge • Gregg • Gaillard • Pope • Crawford • Varnum • Gaillard • Barbour • Gaillard • Macon • Smith • L Tazewell • White • Poindexter • Tyler • W R King • Southard • Mangum • Sevier • Atchison • W R King • Atchison • Cass • Bright • Stuart • Bright • Mason • Rusk • Fitzpatrick • Bright • Fitzpatrick • Foot • Clark • Foster • Wade • Anthony • Carpenter • Anthony • Ferry • Thurman • Bayard • Davis • Edmunds • Sherman • Ingalls • Manderson • Ransom • Harris • Frye • (Special: Bacon • Curtis • Gallinger • Brandegee • Lodge) • Clarke • Saulsbury • Cummins • Moses • Pittman • W H King • Harrison • Glass • McKellar • Vandenberg • McKellar • Bridges • George • Hayden • Russell • Ellender • Eastland • Magnuson • Young • Magnuson • Thurmond • Stennis • Byrd • Thurmond • Byrd • Thurmond • Byrd • Stevens • Byrd
Emeritus: Thurmond • Byrd • Stevens |
Footnotes
Sources and further reading
- Thomas Harry Williams, Benjamin F. Wade 1864-1869, 1932, OCLC 57655904
- B F Wade, The papers of Benjamin F. Wade. 1832-1878, Washington, D.C., The Library of Congress, 1938, OCLC 30501168
- Reno W Bupp, The senatorial career of Benjamin F. Wade to 1861, 1939, OCLC 61718019
- William Henry Seward; Stephen Arnold Douglas; Salmon P Chase; Edward Everett; Truman Smith; George Edmund Badger, Speeches in Congress on The compromises of 1850 and Nebraska and Kansas, Washington, 1854, OCLC 4759295
External links
- WADE, Benjamin Franklin, (1800 - 1878), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Accessed February 3,2007
- Benjamin F. Wade (1800-1878), Mr. Lincoln's White House, Accessed February 3,2007
- Benjamin F. Wade, NNDB-Soylent Communications, Accessed February 3,2007
- Brainy Quote, Benjamin F. Wade, Accessed February 3,2007
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