Difference between revisions of "Badshahi Mosque" - New World Encyclopedia
Dan Davies (talk | contribs) (imported, credited, claimed) |
Rosie Tanabe (talk | contribs) |
||
| (32 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{approved}}{{ready}}{{images OK}}{{Copyedited}} |
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|View from Minto Park]] |
| − | The '''Badshahi Mosque''' ([[Urdu]]: '''بادشاھی مسجد'''), or the 'Emperor's [[Mosque]]', | + | The Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] built the '''Badshahi Mosque''' ([[Urdu]]: '''بادشاھی مسجد'''), or the 'Emperor's [[Mosque]]', in 1673 in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The mosque displays an excellent example of [[Mughal]] era architecture. The second largest mosque in Pakistan, after the [[Faisal Mosque]] in [[Islamabad]], the sanctuary accommodates over 55,000 worshipers. [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]], closely resembles the architecture and design of the Badshahi Masjid. Badshahi Masjid is one of the locations where [[Qari']] [[Abdul Basit]] recited the [[Qur'an]]. |
| − | + | The Badshahi Mosque in [[Lahore]], completed in 1673, had been designed and constructed as the compliment to [[Lahore Fort]]. Lahore Fort had been rebuilt over a century earlier, in 1566, by [[Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]. The symbolism of building the [[aesthetics|aesthetically]] pleasing Badshahi Mosque across from the formidable Lahore Fort gave the combined impression of beauty and grace with strength and power. That combination captures the gist of [[Mughal architecture]]. The Mughals introduced to [[Indian architecture]] that has come to symbolize the beauty and mystique of [[Indian civilization]]. Since [[Pakistan]] split from India in 1947, Pakistan has uplifted the Badshahi Mosque and Fort Lahore as symbols of the nation. | |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | Badshahi | + | The size of Badshahi Mosque is difficult to comprehend. It may have been the largest building in the world during the seventeenth century. Fifty-five-thousand worshipers could gather together for prayers in the mosque. That is the equivalent to many [[sports stadiums]]. The Badshahi Mosque displays the immense power and spirituality of [[Islam]], like [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]] during the sixth to fifteenth centuries did for [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]. |
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | |||
[[Image:Badshahi Masjid at night on July 20 2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Badshahi Masjid at night]] | [[Image:Badshahi Masjid at night on July 20 2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Badshahi Masjid at night]] | ||
| − | + | Built under the patronage of the sixth [[Mughal]] Emperor, [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb Alamgir]], the mosque came to completion in 1673. Aurangzeb's foster brother Muzaffar Hussain (also known as Fidaie Khan Koka), governor of Lahore 1671 to 1675, supervised the building. He also served as Master of Ordnance to the emperor. The construction of the mosque took about two years from May 1671 to April 1673. Built opposite the [[Lahore Fort]], a position that illustrated its importance in the Mughal Empire, Badshahi Mosque took an honored place in the empire. In conjunction with the building of Badshahi, the Emperor had a new gate built at the fort named [[Alamgiri Gate]]. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Badshahi Mosque had badly damaged and misused during [[Sikh]] Rule. When the Sikhs ruled Lahore, they used the mosque for horse stables for the many [[horse]]s, [[camel]]s, and other animals that they used. They also would steal the [[jewel]]s from the mosque, such as [[marble]], [[ruby|rubies]], [[gold]], and other valuables. Sikhs forbade [[Muslim]]s from entering the mosque to worship, the government granting only a small place outside the mosque where they could worship. | |
| − | + | Even when the British took control of [[India]], they used the mosque for military training including rifle and cannon fire range. Sensing Muslim hate for them, the British demolished a large portion of the wall of the mosque, rendering the mosque unusable as a rallying place for anti-British planning. The British later returned the mosque to Muslims as a good will gesture, even though the structure had become dilapidated from misuse and neglect. The Badshahi Mosque Authority restored the holy place to its original glory. | |
| − | On the occasion of the second Islamic Summit held at Lahore on February 22, 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Masjid, led by Maulana Abdul Qadir Azad, the 'Khatib' of the mosque. | + | The Badshahi Mosque Authority supervised only piecemeal repairs beginning in 1852. The Authority carried out extensive repairs from 1939 to 1960, costing 4.8 million rupees. Those repairs brought the mosque back to its original shape and condition. The architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur prepared the blueprint for the repairs. On the occasion of the second Islamic Summit held at Lahore on February 22, 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Masjid, led by Maulana Abdul Qadir Azad, the 'Khatib' of the mosque. In 2000, Saleem Anjum Qureshi supervised the repair work of marble inlay in the main vault. Recently a small museum, containing relics of [[Muhammad]], his cousin Hazrat Ali Razi allah Anho, and his daughter, Hazrat [[Fatima Zahra]]Hazi allah anha, had been added to the mosque complex. |
| − | |||
| − | Recently a small museum | ||
==Design Characteristics== | ==Design Characteristics== | ||
| − | + | In an effort to mirror the character of its founder, architects designed the mosque to exude boldness, vastness and majesty. The mosque had been largest in the world at the time of its building. The interior has rich embellishment in stucco tracery (Manbatkari) and panelling with a fresco touch, all in bold relief, as well as marble inlay. Stone carving, as well as marble inlay on red sandstone, specially of [[loti]] form motifs in bold relief, decorates the exterior. Embellishments on the mosque display Indo-Greek, Central Asian and Indian architectural influence in technique and motifs. | |
| − | |||
| − | The interior has rich embellishment in stucco tracery (Manbatkari) and panelling with a fresco touch, all in bold relief, as well as marble inlay. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
[[Image:BadshahiMasjid Layout BluePrint Dec 9 2005.gif|thumb|right|250px|Layout of the mosque]] | [[Image:BadshahiMasjid Layout BluePrint Dec 9 2005.gif|thumb|right|250px|Layout of the mosque]] | ||
| − | + | Beautiful ornamental merlons, inlaid with marble lining, add grace to the perimeter of the mosque and beautify the skyline. In various architectural features, such as the vast square courtyard, the side aisles (dalans), the four corner [[minar]]s, the projecting central transept of the prayer chamber, and the grand entrance gate, the history of development of mosque architecture of the Muslim world over the thousand years prior to its construction in 1673 culminates. | |
| − | The north enclosure wall of the mosque | + | The north enclosure wall of the mosque had been laid close to the [[Ravi River]] bank, denying the building of a majestic gateway on that side. To ensure the [[symmetry]] of the gate, no majestic gate could be built on the south side, too. Thus a four aiwan plan, like the earlier Delhi Jamia Masjid, had to be abandoned. The walls had been built with small kiln-burnt bricks laid in kankar, lime mortar (a kind of hydraulic lime) but have a veneer of red sandstone. The steps leading to the prayer chamber and its [[plinth]] have been constructed with variegated marble. |
| − | The | + | The prayer chamber, exceptionally deep, divides into seven compartments by rich engraved arches carried on enormously heavy piers. Out of the seven compartments, three double domes finished in marble have artistically superb curvature, while the rest have curvilinear domes with a central rib in their interior and flat roof above. In the eastern front aisle, the ceiling of the compartment runs flat (Qalamdani) with a curved border (ghalatan) at the cornice level. |
| − | The | + | The original floor of the courtyard had been laid with small kiln-burnt bricks set in the Mussalah pattern. The present red sandstone flooring had been laid during the last extensive repairs from 1939 to 1960). Similarly, the original floor of the prayer chamber had been constructed using cut and dressed bricks with marble and Sang-i-Abri lining, forming Mussalah. During the most recent repairs, they had been replaced by marble Mussalah. |
| − | + | Only two inscriptions have been etched into the mosque: | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
* one on the gateway | * one on the gateway | ||
* the other of [[Kalimah]] in the prayer chamber under the main high vault. | * the other of [[Kalimah]] in the prayer chamber under the main high vault. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 39: | ||
==Measurements== | ==Measurements== | ||
* '''Courtyard:''' 528'-8" x 528'-4" (Area: 278,784 ft<sup>2</sup>), divided into two levels: the upper and the lower. In the latter, funeral prayers can also be offered. | * '''Courtyard:''' 528'-8" x 528'-4" (Area: 278,784 ft<sup>2</sup>), divided into two levels: the upper and the lower. In the latter, funeral prayers can also be offered. | ||
| − | * '''Prayer Chamber:''' 275'-8" x 83'-7" x 50'-6" high, with its main vault 37'-3" x 59'-4" high but with the meplons 74'-6" | + | * '''Prayer Chamber:''' 275'-8" x 83'-7" x 50'-6" high, with its main vault 37'-3" x 59'-4" high but with the meplons 74'-6." (Area: 22,825 ft<sup>2</sup>) |
* '''Corner Minars:''' 67' in circumference, 176'-4" high are in four stages and have a contained staircase with 204 steps. | * '''Corner Minars:''' 67' in circumference, 176'-4" high are in four stages and have a contained staircase with 204 steps. | ||
* '''Central Dome:''' Diameter 65' at bottom (at bulging 70'-6"); height 49'; pinnacle 24 ft and neck 15 ft high. | * '''Central Dome:''' Diameter 65' at bottom (at bulging 70'-6"); height 49'; pinnacle 24 ft and neck 15 ft high. | ||
* '''Side Domes:''' Diameter 51'-6" (at bulging 54'-2"); height 32 ft; pinnacle 19 ft; neck 9'-6" high. | * '''Side Domes:''' Diameter 51'-6" (at bulging 54'-2"); height 32 ft; pinnacle 19 ft; neck 9'-6" high. | ||
* '''Gateway:''' 66'-7" x 62'-10" x 65 high including domelets; vault 21'-6" x 32'-6" high. Its three sided approach steps are 22 in number. | * '''Gateway:''' 66'-7" x 62'-10" x 65 high including domelets; vault 21'-6" x 32'-6" high. Its three sided approach steps are 22 in number. | ||
| − | * '''Side aisles (Dalans):''' 80 in number. Height above floor 23'-9"; plinth 2'-7" | + | * '''Side aisles (Dalans):''' 80 in number. Height above floor 23'-9"; plinth 2'-7." |
* '''Central Tank:''' 50' x 50' x 3' deep (Area: 2,500 ft<sup>2</sup>) | * '''Central Tank:''' 50' x 50' x 3' deep (Area: 2,500 ft<sup>2</sup>) | ||
| Line 87: | Line 73: | ||
Image:Shahi_Mosque_12.jpg|[[Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal's mausoleum]] adjacent to gateway | Image:Shahi_Mosque_12.jpg|[[Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal's mausoleum]] adjacent to gateway | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Line 95: | Line 79: | ||
*[[Lahore Fort]] | *[[Lahore Fort]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
*[[Islamic architecture]] | *[[Islamic architecture]] | ||
*[[Timeline of Islamic history]] | *[[Timeline of Islamic history]] | ||
| Line 103: | Line 84: | ||
*[[List of mosques]] | *[[List of mosques]] | ||
| − | == | + | == References == |
| − | + | * Chaghtai, Muhammad Abdulla. 1972. ''The Badshahi Masjid (built by Aurangzeb in 1084/1674): history and architecture''. Lahore: Kitab Khana-i-Nauras. OCLC 69381784. | |
| − | * | + | * Khan, Ahmad Nabi. 1991. ''Development of mosque architecture in Pakistan''. Islamabad, Pakistan: Lok Virsa Pub. House. ISBN 9789694680088. |
| − | * | + | * Nadiem, Ihsan H. 1998. ''Historic mosques of Lahore''. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693509403. |
| − | *[http://www. | + | * Wigg, David. 1994. ''Of mosaics and mosques: a look at the campaign to preserve cultural heritage''. World Bank development essays, 3. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9780821327326 |
| − | *[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Lahore&z=18&ll=31.58831,74.311062&spn=0.002148,0.005128&t=k Satellite image of Badshahi Mosque from Google Maps] | + | |
| + | == External links == | ||
| + | All links retrieved August 26, 2023. | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/lahore/BADSHAHI.htm Pictures and information about Badshahi Masjid]. | ||
| + | *[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Lahore&z=18&ll=31.58831,74.311062&spn=0.002148,0.005128&t=k Satellite image of Badshahi Mosque from Google Maps]. | ||
{{Mughal}} | {{Mughal}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Religion]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Islam]] | ||
| + | |||
{{credits|173553889}} | {{credits|173553889}} | ||
Latest revision as of 05:38, 26 August 2023
.jpg)
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb built the Badshahi Mosque (Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد), or the 'Emperor's Mosque', in 1673 in Lahore, Pakistan. The mosque displays an excellent example of Mughal era architecture. The second largest mosque in Pakistan, after the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, the sanctuary accommodates over 55,000 worshipers. Jama Masjid in Delhi, India, closely resembles the architecture and design of the Badshahi Masjid. Badshahi Masjid is one of the locations where Qari' Abdul Basit recited the Qur'an.
The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, completed in 1673, had been designed and constructed as the compliment to Lahore Fort. Lahore Fort had been rebuilt over a century earlier, in 1566, by Mughal emperor Akbar. The symbolism of building the aesthetically pleasing Badshahi Mosque across from the formidable Lahore Fort gave the combined impression of beauty and grace with strength and power. That combination captures the gist of Mughal architecture. The Mughals introduced to Indian architecture that has come to symbolize the beauty and mystique of Indian civilization. Since Pakistan split from India in 1947, Pakistan has uplifted the Badshahi Mosque and Fort Lahore as symbols of the nation.
The size of Badshahi Mosque is difficult to comprehend. It may have been the largest building in the world during the seventeenth century. Fifty-five-thousand worshipers could gather together for prayers in the mosque. That is the equivalent to many sports stadiums. The Badshahi Mosque displays the immense power and spirituality of Islam, like Hagia Sophia in Constantinople during the sixth to fifteenth centuries did for Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
History
Built under the patronage of the sixth Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb Alamgir, the mosque came to completion in 1673. Aurangzeb's foster brother Muzaffar Hussain (also known as Fidaie Khan Koka), governor of Lahore 1671 to 1675, supervised the building. He also served as Master of Ordnance to the emperor. The construction of the mosque took about two years from May 1671 to April 1673. Built opposite the Lahore Fort, a position that illustrated its importance in the Mughal Empire, Badshahi Mosque took an honored place in the empire. In conjunction with the building of Badshahi, the Emperor had a new gate built at the fort named Alamgiri Gate.
Badshahi Mosque had badly damaged and misused during Sikh Rule. When the Sikhs ruled Lahore, they used the mosque for horse stables for the many horses, camels, and other animals that they used. They also would steal the jewels from the mosque, such as marble, rubies, gold, and other valuables. Sikhs forbade Muslims from entering the mosque to worship, the government granting only a small place outside the mosque where they could worship.
Even when the British took control of India, they used the mosque for military training including rifle and cannon fire range. Sensing Muslim hate for them, the British demolished a large portion of the wall of the mosque, rendering the mosque unusable as a rallying place for anti-British planning. The British later returned the mosque to Muslims as a good will gesture, even though the structure had become dilapidated from misuse and neglect. The Badshahi Mosque Authority restored the holy place to its original glory.
The Badshahi Mosque Authority supervised only piecemeal repairs beginning in 1852. The Authority carried out extensive repairs from 1939 to 1960, costing 4.8 million rupees. Those repairs brought the mosque back to its original shape and condition. The architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur prepared the blueprint for the repairs. On the occasion of the second Islamic Summit held at Lahore on February 22, 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Masjid, led by Maulana Abdul Qadir Azad, the 'Khatib' of the mosque. In 2000, Saleem Anjum Qureshi supervised the repair work of marble inlay in the main vault. Recently a small museum, containing relics of Muhammad, his cousin Hazrat Ali Razi allah Anho, and his daughter, Hazrat Fatima ZahraHazi allah anha, had been added to the mosque complex.
Design Characteristics
In an effort to mirror the character of its founder, architects designed the mosque to exude boldness, vastness and majesty. The mosque had been largest in the world at the time of its building. The interior has rich embellishment in stucco tracery (Manbatkari) and panelling with a fresco touch, all in bold relief, as well as marble inlay. Stone carving, as well as marble inlay on red sandstone, specially of loti form motifs in bold relief, decorates the exterior. Embellishments on the mosque display Indo-Greek, Central Asian and Indian architectural influence in technique and motifs.
Beautiful ornamental merlons, inlaid with marble lining, add grace to the perimeter of the mosque and beautify the skyline. In various architectural features, such as the vast square courtyard, the side aisles (dalans), the four corner minars, the projecting central transept of the prayer chamber, and the grand entrance gate, the history of development of mosque architecture of the Muslim world over the thousand years prior to its construction in 1673 culminates.
The north enclosure wall of the mosque had been laid close to the Ravi River bank, denying the building of a majestic gateway on that side. To ensure the symmetry of the gate, no majestic gate could be built on the south side, too. Thus a four aiwan plan, like the earlier Delhi Jamia Masjid, had to be abandoned. The walls had been built with small kiln-burnt bricks laid in kankar, lime mortar (a kind of hydraulic lime) but have a veneer of red sandstone. The steps leading to the prayer chamber and its plinth have been constructed with variegated marble.
The prayer chamber, exceptionally deep, divides into seven compartments by rich engraved arches carried on enormously heavy piers. Out of the seven compartments, three double domes finished in marble have artistically superb curvature, while the rest have curvilinear domes with a central rib in their interior and flat roof above. In the eastern front aisle, the ceiling of the compartment runs flat (Qalamdani) with a curved border (ghalatan) at the cornice level.
The original floor of the courtyard had been laid with small kiln-burnt bricks set in the Mussalah pattern. The present red sandstone flooring had been laid during the last extensive repairs from 1939 to 1960). Similarly, the original floor of the prayer chamber had been constructed using cut and dressed bricks with marble and Sang-i-Abri lining, forming Mussalah. During the most recent repairs, they had been replaced by marble Mussalah.
Only two inscriptions have been etched into the mosque:
- one on the gateway
- the other of Kalimah in the prayer chamber under the main high vault.
Measurements
- Courtyard: 528'-8" x 528'-4" (Area: 278,784 ft2), divided into two levels: the upper and the lower. In the latter, funeral prayers can also be offered.
- Prayer Chamber: 275'-8" x 83'-7" x 50'-6" high, with its main vault 37'-3" x 59'-4" high but with the meplons 74'-6." (Area: 22,825 ft2)
- Corner Minars: 67' in circumference, 176'-4" high are in four stages and have a contained staircase with 204 steps.
- Central Dome: Diameter 65' at bottom (at bulging 70'-6"); height 49'; pinnacle 24 ft and neck 15 ft high.
- Side Domes: Diameter 51'-6" (at bulging 54'-2"); height 32 ft; pinnacle 19 ft; neck 9'-6" high.
- Gateway: 66'-7" x 62'-10" x 65 high including domelets; vault 21'-6" x 32'-6" high. Its three sided approach steps are 22 in number.
- Side aisles (Dalans): 80 in number. Height above floor 23'-9"; plinth 2'-7."
- Central Tank: 50' x 50' x 3' deep (Area: 2,500 ft2)
Gallery
Gateway to Masjid
Hazuri Bagh Baradari in foreground
All architectural elements in harmony
Beautifully embellished main archway
View towards north-west
Cusped arch frames a minaret
Pietra dura trellis' in mihrab
Inlay detail
White marble inlay in red sandstone
Minar-e-Pakistan richly framed by an aisle arch
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh behind a minaret
Iqbal's mausoleum adjacent to gateway
See also
- Lahore Fort
- Islamic architecture
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Islamic art
- List of mosques
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Chaghtai, Muhammad Abdulla. 1972. The Badshahi Masjid (built by Aurangzeb in 1084/1674): history and architecture. Lahore: Kitab Khana-i-Nauras. OCLC 69381784.
- Khan, Ahmad Nabi. 1991. Development of mosque architecture in Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: Lok Virsa Pub. House. ISBN 9789694680088.
- Nadiem, Ihsan H. 1998. Historic mosques of Lahore. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693509403.
- Wigg, David. 1994. Of mosaics and mosques: a look at the campaign to preserve cultural heritage. World Bank development essays, 3. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9780821327326
External links
All links retrieved August 26, 2023.
- Pictures and information about Badshahi Masjid.
- Satellite image of Badshahi Mosque from Google Maps.
.jpg){kind=small} Mughal Empire (1526 - 1857) 
| |
|---|---|
| Emperors: | Babur - Humayun - Akbar - Jahangir - Shah Jahan - Aurangzeb - Lesser Mughals |
| Events: | First battle of Panipat - Second battle of Panipat - Third battle of Panipat |
| Architecture: | Humayun's Tomb - Agra Fort - Badshahi Mosque - Lahore Fort - Red Fort - Taj Mahal - Shalimar Gardens - Pearl Mosque - Bibi Ka Maqbara - See also |
| Adversaries: | Ibrahim Lodhi - Sher Shah Suri - Hemu - Shivaji - Guru Gobind Singh |
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
