Difference between revisions of "Astana" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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The current mayor of Astana is [[Imangali Tasmagambetov]], formerly mayor of [[Almaty]]. He was appointed mayor on 4th April 2008.
 
The current mayor of Astana is [[Imangali Tasmagambetov]], formerly mayor of [[Almaty]]. He was appointed mayor on 4th April 2008.
  
−
==Etymology==
+
==Geography==
 +
[[Image:Landsat astana.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Astana from space.]]
 
The word ''Astana'' in [[Kazakh language]] literally means ''Capital city''.<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/astana.html Astana - The new capital of Kazakhstan]</ref> In Kazakh and [[Russian language|Russian]], it is pronounced "As-ta-'''na'''", while in English and many other languages, the common pronunciation is "As-'''ta'''-na".<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Astana www.merriam-webster.com Astana]</ref>
 
The word ''Astana'' in [[Kazakh language]] literally means ''Capital city''.<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/astana.html Astana - The new capital of Kazakhstan]</ref> In Kazakh and [[Russian language|Russian]], it is pronounced "As-ta-'''na'''", while in English and many other languages, the common pronunciation is "As-'''ta'''-na".<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Astana www.merriam-webster.com Astana]</ref>
  
−
In  June 2008, a parliamentary proposal was put forward to change the city's name to "Nursultan", in honor of the current president. The idea was rejected by the president himself, who said the decision of renaming the city will be for future generations.<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jkEXEoJUlSl8KW96q0AVz2FeBHGg Don't name capital after me yet, says Kazakh president] AFP</ref>
+
In  June 2008, a parliamentary proposal was put forward to change the city's name to "Nursultan", in honor of the current president. The idea was rejected by the president himself, who said the decision of renaming the city will be for future generations.
−
 
 
−
==History==
 
−
===Early history===
 
−
A unit of [[Siberia]]n [[cossack]]s from [[Omsk]] founded a huge fortress on the upper [[Ishim River|Ishim]] in [[1824]], which later became the town of "Akmolinsk". During the early 20th Century, the town became a major railway junction, causing a major economic boom that lasted until the [[Russian Civil War]].
 
−
 
 
−
The [[Gulags]] once spread over the Kazakhstan steppe like a thick wreath. Eleven camps housed hundreds of thousands of prisoners and their families. Outside Astana, there once stood the ALZHIR camp,  a Russian acronym for the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, one of the most notorious in the [[Gulag]] archipelago, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people" by [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/Pope_pays_Tribute.html Pope Pays Tribute to Victims of Soviet Atrocities]</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
In [[1961]], it was renamed "Tselinograd" and made capital of the Soviet Virgin Lands Territory (Tselinny Krai). The city was at the centre of the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] led by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the 1950s, in order to turn the state into a second grain producer for the [[Soviet Union]]. The high portion of Russian immigrants in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under [[Joseph Stalin]] at the beginning of World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
 
−
 
 
−
After Kazakhstan gained its independence in [[1991]], the city and the region were renamed "Aqmola". The name was often translated as "White Tombstone," but actually means "Holy Place" or 'Holy Shrine'. The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts.
 
−
 
 
−
===As Kazakhstan's new capital===
 
−
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
 
−
[[Image:Bayterek.jpg|thumb|A symbol of the new Astana for many Kazakhs, [[Bayterek]].]]
 
−
In [[1994]], the city was designated as the future capital of the newly-independent country, and again renamed to the present "Astana" after the capital was officially moved from [[Almaty]] in [[1997]]. Despite the isolated location of the new capital in the centre of the Kazakh [[Steppe]] and the forbidding climate in winter, Kazakhstan simply needed a more central location than its former location of [[Almaty]], which lies on the far southeastern border with [[Kyrgyzstan]].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Some speculate that it was a move to impose more control over the [[Russia]]n-dominated north of the country.{{Who|date=March 2008}} Other reasons include the belief that the new city project is a strategic move to position the capital further from the borders with [[China]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]],{{Fact|date=March 2008}} or that Almaty was limited in its development by mountains,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} or that President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] created a "[[Potemkin village]]", either to present an image of a modern, clean Kazakhstan to entice foreign investment.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Internal political concerns may have played a part:{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Nazarbayev, like most of the Kazakh political establishment, belongs to the [[Great Horde]] (Kazakh, ulı [[jüz]]) in whose territory Almaty lies. The move to the traditional territory of the [[Jüz|Middle Horde]] may have been a gesture to the Middle and [[Jüz|Little Horde]]s' political sensibilities.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
 
−
 
 
−
To some Kazakhs, the move remains controversial. Critics resent the massive expenditure of public funds to build the new government complexes, as well as the continuing cost of airfare and hotel expenses for the many government workers who still live in Almaty.{{Who|date=March 2008}} The lucrative development contracts handed out to companies owned by President Nazarbayev's family members also remain highly suspect.{{Who|date=March 2008}}
 
  
−
==Population/Demographics==
 
−
 
−
By 2007, Astana’s population has more than doubled since the move, to over 600,000, and it is estimated to top 1 million by 2030. Migrant workers – legal and illegal – have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighboring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. This has changed the city’s demographics, bringing more ethnic Kazakhs to a city that formerly had a Slav majority. Astana’s ethnic Kazakh population has risen to some 60 per cent, up from 17 per cent in 1989. <ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070907.shtml Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration]</ref>
 
−
 
−
In 1999, Astana had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 60% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] and 30% [[Russians|Russian]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], and [[Germans|German]].<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Astana/Astana.html www.angelfire.com Astana]</ref>
 
−
 
−
Many argue that a drive to attract ethnic Kazakhs northward was the key factor in shifting the capital, which was officially put down to lack of space for expansion in the former capital, Almaty, and its location in an earthquake zone.
 
−
<ref>[[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070907.shtml Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration]</ref>
 
−
 
−
As of city population count (carried out 5 Nov. - 5 Dec. 2007) preliminary results Astana has 700,000 inhabitants<ref name="Count2007"> [http://www.astana.kz/rus/vlast/informationforsmi/vlastdocladi/ www.astana.kz Astana city population count preliminary results (in Russian)]</ref>.
 
−
 
−
==Geography==
 
−
[[Image:Landsat astana.jpg|thumb|280px|Astana From Space]]
 
 
The city is located in central Kazakhstan on the [[Ishim River]] in a very flat, semi-desert steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. The elevation of Astana is at 347 meters above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transient area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national center, because of the river Ishim. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs were located south of the Ishim.
 
The city is located in central Kazakhstan on the [[Ishim River]] in a very flat, semi-desert steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. The elevation of Astana is at 347 meters above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transient area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national center, because of the river Ishim. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs were located south of the Ishim.
  
−
===Climate===
 
 
Climatically Astana is the second coldest capital in the world (behind Ulaanbataar, Mongolia), with temperatures of -35 to -40 °C common in the late autumn. The new city is also known to regularly freeze for around six months every year. Overall however, Astana has a continental climate, with exceptionally cold winters and moderately hot summers, arid and semiarid.
 
Climatically Astana is the second coldest capital in the world (behind Ulaanbataar, Mongolia), with temperatures of -35 to -40 °C common in the late autumn. The new city is also known to regularly freeze for around six months every year. Overall however, Astana has a continental climate, with exceptionally cold winters and moderately hot summers, arid and semiarid.
  
Line 162: Line 132:
 
|}
 
|}
 
[[Image:Astana SPOT 1110.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Astana seen by Spot satellite ]]
 
[[Image:Astana SPOT 1110.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Astana seen by Spot satellite ]]
 +
 +
Astana can be divided largely into a few different areas. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east-west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the river Ishim is the city center, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim. Here many large building projects are underway; for example, the construction of a diplomat quarter, and a variety of different government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. The original plans for the new Astana were drawn up by the late [[Japan]]ese architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]]. Astana's current chief planner, [[Vladimir Laptev]], wants to build a [[Berlin]] in a [[Eurasian]] style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as [[Canberra]] is not one of his goals.
 +
 +
==History==
 +
===Early history===
 +
A unit of [[Siberia]]n [[cossack]]s from [[Omsk]] founded a huge fortress on the upper [[Ishim River|Ishim]] in [[1824]], which later became the town of "Akmolinsk". During the early 20th Century, the town became a major railway junction, causing a major economic boom that lasted until the [[Russian Civil War]].
 +
 +
The [[Gulags]] once spread over the Kazakhstan steppe like a thick wreath. Eleven camps housed hundreds of thousands of prisoners and their families. Outside Astana, there once stood the ALZHIR camp,  a Russian acronym for the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, one of the most notorious in the [[Gulag]] archipelago, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people" by [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/Pope_pays_Tribute.html Pope Pays Tribute to Victims of Soviet Atrocities]</ref>
 +
 +
In [[1961]], it was renamed "Tselinograd" and made capital of the Soviet Virgin Lands Territory (Tselinny Krai). The city was at the centre of the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] led by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the 1950s, in order to turn the state into a second grain producer for the [[Soviet Union]]. The high portion of Russian immigrants in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under [[Joseph Stalin]] at the beginning of World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
 +
 +
After Kazakhstan gained its independence in [[1991]], the city and the region were renamed "Aqmola". The name was often translated as "White Tombstone," but actually means "Holy Place" or 'Holy Shrine'. The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts.
 +
 +
===As Kazakhstan's new capital===
 +
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
 +
[[Image:Bayterek.jpg|thumb|A symbol of the new Astana for many Kazakhs, [[Bayterek]].]]
 +
In [[1994]], the city was designated as the future capital of the newly-independent country, and again renamed to the present "Astana" after the capital was officially moved from [[Almaty]] in [[1997]]. Despite the isolated location of the new capital in the centre of the Kazakh [[Steppe]] and the forbidding climate in winter, Kazakhstan simply needed a more central location than its former location of [[Almaty]], which lies on the far southeastern border with [[Kyrgyzstan]].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Some speculate that it was a move to impose more control over the [[Russia]]n-dominated north of the country.{{Who|date=March 2008}} Other reasons include the belief that the new city project is a strategic move to position the capital further from the borders with [[China]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]],{{Fact|date=March 2008}} or that Almaty was limited in its development by mountains,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} or that President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] created a "[[Potemkin village]]", either to present an image of a modern, clean Kazakhstan to entice foreign investment.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Internal political concerns may have played a part:{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Nazarbayev, like most of the Kazakh political establishment, belongs to the [[Great Horde]] (Kazakh, ulı [[jüz]]) in whose territory Almaty lies. The move to the traditional territory of the [[Jüz|Middle Horde]] may have been a gesture to the Middle and [[Jüz|Little Horde]]s' political sensibilities.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
 +
 +
To some Kazakhs, the move remains controversial. Critics resent the massive expenditure of public funds to build the new government complexes, as well as the continuing cost of airfare and hotel expenses for the many government workers who still live in Almaty.{{Who|date=March 2008}} The lucrative development contracts handed out to companies owned by President Nazarbayev's family members also remain highly suspect.{{Who|date=March 2008}}
 +
 +
==Government==
  
 
==Economy==
 
==Economy==
−
[[Image:ClimateAstanaKazakhstan.PNG|right|320px]]
+
[[Image:ClimateAstanaKazakhstan.PNG|thumb|right|250px]]
 
[[Politics]] and government are the main economic activity in the capital, which also forms a [[Special Economic Zone]]. Since the move, Astana has seen one of the world's greatest building projects, as [[Petroleum|oil]] money has been spent on government buildings, a massive home for the president, a mosque, and numerous parks and monuments.  The project is designed to not just make the town the centre of Kazakhstan, but of all [[Central Asia]].
 
[[Politics]] and government are the main economic activity in the capital, which also forms a [[Special Economic Zone]]. Since the move, Astana has seen one of the world's greatest building projects, as [[Petroleum|oil]] money has been spent on government buildings, a massive home for the president, a mosque, and numerous parks and monuments.  The project is designed to not just make the town the centre of Kazakhstan, but of all [[Central Asia]].
  
−
==People and culture==
+
[[Astana International Airport]] was, like the plan for the whole new city, designed by the late [[Japan]]ese architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]].
−
===Town planning===
+
The [[Astana Metro]] is a planned [[Rapid transit|underground]] construction in Astana.
−
Astana can be divided largely into a few different areas. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east-west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the river Ishim is the city center, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim. Here many large building projects are underway; for example, the construction of a diplomat quarter, and a variety of different government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. The original plans for the new Astana were drawn up by the late [[Japan]]ese architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]]. Astana's current chief planner, [[Vladimir Laptev]], wants to build a [[Berlin]] in a [[Eurasian]] style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as [[Canberra]] is not one of his goals.
+
 
 +
==Demographics==
 +
By 2007, Astana’s population has more than doubled since the move, to over 600,000, and it is estimated to top 1 million by 2030. Migrant workers – legal and illegal – have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighboring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. This has changed the city’s demographics, bringing more ethnic Kazakhs to a city that formerly had a Slav majority. Astana’s ethnic Kazakh population has risen to some 60 per cent, up from 17 per cent in 1989. <ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070907.shtml Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration]</ref>
 +
 
 +
In 1999, Astana had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 60% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] and 30% [[Russians|Russian]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], and [[Germans|German]].<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Astana/Astana.html www.angelfire.com Astana]</ref>
 +
 
 +
Many argue that a drive to attract ethnic Kazakhs northward was the key factor in shifting the capital, which was officially put down to lack of space for expansion in the former capital, Almaty, and its location in an earthquake zone.
 +
<ref>[[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav070907.shtml Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration]</ref>
 +
 
 +
As of city population count (carried out 5 Nov. - 5 Dec. 2007) preliminary results Astana has 700,000 inhabitants<ref name="Count2007"> [http://www.astana.kz/rus/vlast/informationforsmi/vlastdocladi/ www.astana.kz Astana city population count preliminary results (in Russian)]</ref>.
  
−
===Architecture===
+
==Of interest==
−
[[Image:Astana.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Communication in Astana]]
+
[[Image:Astana.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ministry of Communication in Astana.]]
 
The architectural quality of the new buildings is, by the standards of almost all critics, quite high.
 
The architectural quality of the new buildings is, by the standards of almost all critics, quite high.
  
 
In December 2006, Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] unveiled plans to build [[Khan Shatyry]], a "giant, transparent tent", over an area of the city. The tent will be 150 metres high, and was designed by [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|British architect Norman Foster]].<ref>[http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1438/Default.aspx Foster + Partners<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> It is expected to take around a year to build.<ref name=TENT>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6165267.stm Giant tent to be built in Astana] BBC News Online</ref> Foster has also designed two other buildings in the city.
 
In December 2006, Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] unveiled plans to build [[Khan Shatyry]], a "giant, transparent tent", over an area of the city. The tent will be 150 metres high, and was designed by [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|British architect Norman Foster]].<ref>[http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1438/Default.aspx Foster + Partners<!-- Bot generated title —>]</ref> It is expected to take around a year to build.<ref name=TENT>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6165267.stm Giant tent to be built in Astana] BBC News Online</ref> Foster has also designed two other buildings in the city.
  
−
===Sightseeing===
 
 
Today there are many construction works under way, such as embassy buildings, representative riversides along the Ishim River, and some infrastructure for transportation and communication. In the centre of town, the '''Avenue of the Republic''' acts as the main hub of activity. It is bordered by many stores, coffee houses, restaurants, discotheques and even some casinos. Worth a visit are the:
 
Today there are many construction works under way, such as embassy buildings, representative riversides along the Ishim River, and some infrastructure for transportation and communication. In the centre of town, the '''Avenue of the Republic''' acts as the main hub of activity. It is bordered by many stores, coffee houses, restaurants, discotheques and even some casinos. Worth a visit are the:
 
*Modern governmental quarter
 
*Modern governmental quarter
Line 187: Line 186:
 
*Market hall
 
*Market hall
 
*[[Bayterek]] Tower
 
*[[Bayterek]] Tower
 +
 +
Astana is home to [[FC Astana]], a [[Soccer|football]] (soccer) team in the [[Kazakhstan Premier League]], which won the national championship in 2000, 2001 and 2006. The city is also home to the [[Astana-Tigers]] [[basketball]] team who successfully took the 2004/2005 season title, as well as [[Barys Astana]] of the [[Kazakh Ice Hockey League]].  In addition, [[Team Astana]] is a professional [[cycling team]] that competes on the [[UCI ProTour]]. They participated in the 2007 Tour de France wearing blue national uniforms, but were excluded during the race after the conviction of [[Alexander Vinokourov]] for illegal doping practises, and have since been banned from the 2008 race.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=cycling&id=3243633 Tour de France organizers exclude Astana team; Alberto Contador may not defend title]</ref>
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
Line 198: Line 199:
 
Image:S640x480.jpeg
 
Image:S640x480.jpeg
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
−
 
−
==Sport==
 
−
Astana is home to [[FC Astana]], a [[Soccer|football]] (soccer) team in the [[Kazakhstan Premier League]], which won the national championship in 2000, 2001 and 2006. The city is also home to the [[Astana-Tigers]] [[basketball]] team who successfully took the 2004/2005 season title, as well as [[Barys Astana]] of the [[Kazakh Ice Hockey League]].  In addition, [[Team Astana]] is a professional [[cycling team]] that competes on the [[UCI ProTour]]. They participated in the 2007 Tour de France wearing blue national uniforms, but were excluded during the race after the conviction of [[Alexander Vinokourov]] for illegal doping practises, and have since been banned from the 2008 race.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=cycling&id=3243633 Tour de France organizers exclude Astana team; Alberto Contador may not defend title]</ref>
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
−
! Club
 
−
! Sport
 
−
! Founded
 
−
! League
 
−
! Venue
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[FC Astana]]
 
−
| [[Football (soccer)|Soccer]]
 
−
| [[1964]]
 
−
| [[Kazakhstan Premier League]]
 
−
| [[Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium (Astana)|K.Munaitpasov Stadium]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Team Astana]]
 
−
| [[Cycling]]
 
−
| [[2006]]
 
−
| [[UCI ProTour]]
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
| Astana-Tigers
 
−
| [[Basketball]]
 
−
| &ndash;
 
−
| Kazakh Basketball League
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Barys Astana]]
 
−
| [[Ice hockey]]
 
−
| [[1999]]
 
−
| Kazakh Ice Hockey League, [[Kontinental Hockey League]]
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
==Transport==
 
−
[[Astana International Airport]] was, like the plan for the whole new city, designed by the late [[Japan]]ese architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]].
 
−
The [[Astana Metro]] is a planned [[Rapid transit|underground]] construction in Astana.
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 00:10, 14 July 2008

Astana
Астана
File:S640x480.jpeg
Flag of Astana
Flag		 Official seal of Astana
Seal
Astana (Kazakhstan)
Astana
Astana
Location in Kazakhstan
Coordinates: {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord}}{{#coordinates:51|10|0|N|71|26|0|E|type:city
name= }}
Country ‎ Flag of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Province Akmola Province
Founded 1830
Government
 - Akim (mayor) Imangali Tasmagambetov
Area
 - Total 710.2 km² (274.2 sq mi)
Elevation 347 m (1,138 ft)
Population (1 Dec 2007)
 - Total 600,200
 - Density 841/km² (2,178.2/sq mi)
Time zone BTT (UTC+6)
Postal code 010000 - 010015
Area code(s) +7 7172[1]
ISO 3166-2 AST
License plate Z
Website: http://www.astana.kz

Astana (Kazakh: Астана; former names include Akmola, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Aqmola), is the capital and second largest city (behind Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population (1 Dec. 2007) of 600,200 [2] . It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, although it is politically separate from the rest of the province, which has its own capital.

The current mayor of Astana is Imangali Tasmagambetov, formerly mayor of Almaty. He was appointed mayor on 4th April 2008.

Geography

File:Landsat astana.jpg
Astana from space.

The word Astana in Kazakh language literally means Capital city.[3] In Kazakh and Russian, it is pronounced "As-ta-na", while in English and many other languages, the common pronunciation is "As-ta-na".[4]

In June 2008, a parliamentary proposal was put forward to change the city's name to "Nursultan", in honor of the current president. The idea was rejected by the president himself, who said the decision of renaming the city will be for future generations.

The city is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-desert steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. The elevation of Astana is at 347 meters above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transient area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national center, because of the river Ishim. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs were located south of the Ishim.

Climatically Astana is the second coldest capital in the world (behind Ulaanbataar, Mongolia), with temperatures of -35 to -40 °C common in the late autumn. The new city is also known to regularly freeze for around six months every year. Overall however, Astana has a continental climate, with exceptionally cold winters and moderately hot summers, arid and semiarid.

The average annual temperature in Astana is 1 degree Celsius. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of -16 °C. July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20 °C.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly average
Avg High Temperature °C (°F) -12 (10) -11 (12) -4 (24) 9 (48) 19 (66) 25 (77) 27 (80) 24 (75) 18 (64) 8 (46) -2 (28) -9 (15) 7 (44)
Avg Low Temperature °C (°F) -21 (-5) -21 (-5) -15 (5) -2 (28) 5 (41) 11 (51) 13 (55) 11 (51) 5 (41) -1 (30) -11 (12) -18 (0) -3 (26)
Precipitation mm (in) 22 (0.70) 14 (0.50) 19 (0.60) 21 (0.90) 31 (1.30) 40 (1.40) 50 (2.00) 37 (1.60) 26 (0.90) 27 (1.20) 20 (0.90) 22 (0.70) 32.7 (18.9)
Astana seen by Spot satellite

Astana can be divided largely into a few different areas. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east-west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the river Ishim is the city center, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim. Here many large building projects are underway; for example, the construction of a diplomat quarter, and a variety of different government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. The original plans for the new Astana were drawn up by the late Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. Astana's current chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build a Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals.

History

Early history

A unit of Siberian cossacks from Omsk founded a huge fortress on the upper Ishim in 1824, which later became the town of "Akmolinsk". During the early 20th Century, the town became a major railway junction, causing a major economic boom that lasted until the Russian Civil War.

The Gulags once spread over the Kazakhstan steppe like a thick wreath. Eleven camps housed hundreds of thousands of prisoners and their families. Outside Astana, there once stood the ALZHIR camp, a Russian acronym for the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, one of the most notorious in the Gulag archipelago, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people" by Joseph Stalin.[5]

In 1961, it was renamed "Tselinograd" and made capital of the Soviet Virgin Lands Territory (Tselinny Krai). The city was at the centre of the Virgin Lands Campaign led by Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s, in order to turn the state into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union. The high portion of Russian immigrants in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin at the beginning of World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, the city and the region were renamed "Aqmola". The name was often translated as "White Tombstone," but actually means "Holy Place" or 'Holy Shrine'. The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts.

As Kazakhstan's new capital

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File:Bayterek.jpg
A symbol of the new Astana for many Kazakhs, Bayterek.

In 1994, the city was designated as the future capital of the newly-independent country, and again renamed to the present "Astana" after the capital was officially moved from Almaty in 1997. Despite the isolated location of the new capital in the centre of the Kazakh Steppe and the forbidding climate in winter, Kazakhstan simply needed a more central location than its former location of Almaty, which lies on the far southeastern border with Kyrgyzstan.[citation needed] Some speculate that it was a move to impose more control over the Russian-dominated north of the country.[attribution needed] Other reasons include the belief that the new city project is a strategic move to position the capital further from the borders with China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan,[citation needed] or that Almaty was limited in its development by mountains,[citation needed] or that President Nursultan Nazarbayev created a "Potemkin village", either to present an image of a modern, clean Kazakhstan to entice foreign investment.[citation needed] Internal political concerns may have played a part:[citation needed] Nazarbayev, like most of the Kazakh political establishment, belongs to the Great Horde (Kazakh, ulı jüz) in whose territory Almaty lies. The move to the traditional territory of the Middle Horde may have been a gesture to the Middle and Little Hordes' political sensibilities.[citation needed]

To some Kazakhs, the move remains controversial. Critics resent the massive expenditure of public funds to build the new government complexes, as well as the continuing cost of airfare and hotel expenses for the many government workers who still live in Almaty.[attribution needed] The lucrative development contracts handed out to companies owned by President Nazarbayev's family members also remain highly suspect.[attribution needed]

Government

Economy

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Politics and government are the main economic activity in the capital, which also forms a Special Economic Zone. Since the move, Astana has seen one of the world's greatest building projects, as oil money has been spent on government buildings, a massive home for the president, a mosque, and numerous parks and monuments. The project is designed to not just make the town the centre of Kazakhstan, but of all Central Asia.

Astana International Airport was, like the plan for the whole new city, designed by the late Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. The Astana Metro is a planned underground construction in Astana.

Demographics

By 2007, Astana’s population has more than doubled since the move, to over 600,000, and it is estimated to top 1 million by 2030. Migrant workers – legal and illegal – have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighboring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. This has changed the city’s demographics, bringing more ethnic Kazakhs to a city that formerly had a Slav majority. Astana’s ethnic Kazakh population has risen to some 60 per cent, up from 17 per cent in 1989. [6]

In 1999, Astana had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 60% Kazakh and 30% Russian, Ukrainian, and German.[7]

Many argue that a drive to attract ethnic Kazakhs northward was the key factor in shifting the capital, which was officially put down to lack of space for expansion in the former capital, Almaty, and its location in an earthquake zone. [8]

As of city population count (carried out 5 Nov. - 5 Dec. 2007) preliminary results Astana has 700,000 inhabitants[9].

Of interest

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Ministry of Communication in Astana.

The architectural quality of the new buildings is, by the standards of almost all critics, quite high.

In December 2006, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev unveiled plans to build Khan Shatyry, a "giant, transparent tent", over an area of the city. The tent will be 150 metres high, and was designed by British architect Norman Foster.[10] It is expected to take around a year to build.[11] Foster has also designed two other buildings in the city.

Today there are many construction works under way, such as embassy buildings, representative riversides along the Ishim River, and some infrastructure for transportation and communication. In the centre of town, the Avenue of the Republic acts as the main hub of activity. It is bordered by many stores, coffee houses, restaurants, discotheques and even some casinos. Worth a visit are the:

  • Modern governmental quarter
  • Ishim banks
  • "Oceanarium"
  • Astana Central National Mosque
  • Islamic Center
  • Roman Catholic Cathedral
  • Market hall
  • Bayterek Tower

Astana is home to FC Astana, a football (soccer) team in the Kazakhstan Premier League, which won the national championship in 2000, 2001 and 2006. The city is also home to the Astana-Tigers basketball team who successfully took the 2004/2005 season title, as well as Barys Astana of the Kazakh Ice Hockey League. In addition, Team Astana is a professional cycling team that competes on the UCI ProTour. They participated in the 2007 Tour de France wearing blue national uniforms, but were excluded during the race after the conviction of Alexander Vinokourov for illegal doping practises, and have since been banned from the 2008 race.[12]

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References
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  1. ↑ CODE OF ACCESS
  2. ↑ Astana city official site
  3. ↑ Astana - The new capital of Kazakhstan
  4. ↑ www.merriam-webster.com Astana
  5. ↑ Pope Pays Tribute to Victims of Soviet Atrocities
  6. ↑ Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration
  7. ↑ www.angelfire.com Astana
  8. ↑ [Kazakhstan’s Capital Holds A Lavish Anniversary Celebration
  9. ↑ www.astana.kz Astana city population count preliminary results (in Russian)
  10. ↑ Foster + Partners
  11. ↑ Giant tent to be built in Astana BBC News Online
  12. ↑ Tour de France organizers exclude Astana team; Alberto Contador may not defend title

External links

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