Difference between revisions of "Apatani" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Ethnic group| | {{Ethnic group| | ||
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Alternative names:<br/>Apa Tani, Tani | Alternative names:<br/>Apa Tani, Tani | ||
|poptime=60,000 | |poptime=60,000 | ||
| − | |popplace=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]:<br/> | + | |popplace=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]:<br/> 60,000<br/> |
| − | |langs=[[Tani languages|Indigenious languages]], [[English | + | |langs=[[Tani languages|Indigenious languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] |
| − | |rels=[[Donyi-Polo]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Baptist]], other) | + | |rels=[[Donyi-Polo]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]] ([[Baptist]], other) |
|related=[[Nishi (tribe)|Nishi]], [[Adi people|Adi]] | |related=[[Nishi (tribe)|Nishi]], [[Adi people|Adi]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | The | + | The '''Apatani''' or simply '''Tanii''', designate a tribal group of approximately 60,000 in [[Ziro]] in the Apatani plateau in the [[Lower Subansiri]] district of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. Their language belongs to the [[Sino-Tibetian]] family (see [[Tani languages]]). |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | The Apatani, recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a potential [[World Heritage Site]] for their highly efficient agriculture without | + | The Apatani, recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a potential [[World Heritage Site]] for their highly efficient [[agriculture]] without [[animal]]s or [[machine]]s, have been striving to protect their traditional ways in the face of [[modernization]]. Reciting their history orally, lacking written records of their pasts, the Apatani maintain their traditions by remembering their legendary and mythical beginnings. Although many Apatani work professional occupations outside their region, they return to practice traditional ways especially during holiday celebrations. They practice a form of [[shamanism]], although [[Christianity]] has been making inroads recently. |
== History == | == History == | ||
Written records of the history of the Apatani tribe have never been discovered. Oral tradition reveals that throughout their history, the Apatani had a [[democracy|democratic]] system of running the society. The Tanii call their village council the [[Bulyang]]. | Written records of the history of the Apatani tribe have never been discovered. Oral tradition reveals that throughout their history, the Apatani had a [[democracy|democratic]] system of running the society. The Tanii call their village council the [[Bulyang]]. | ||
| − | One of their oral accounts speak of their migration from the extreme north of [[Arunachal Pradesh#Sub-divisions|Subansiri and Siang]] areas following the rivers of [[Kurung]] and [[Kiimey]]. Those oral accounts usually have been transmitted in the form of folk tales such as the ''miji'' and ''migung''. Frequently present day landmarks support the folk tales, marking the migratory paths of the Apatanis. At a small village of Yangte in Kurung Kumey district, for example, a stone stands beside the place Apatanis held high jump competition on their way to the present habitat. The oral accounts often have validity, especially when corroborated with anthropological and scientific evidence. In one such attempt, the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh may participate in [[The Genographic Project]] of the [[National Geographic]]. | + | One of their oral accounts speak of their migration from the extreme north of [[Arunachal Pradesh#Sub-divisions|Subansiri and Siang]] areas following the rivers of [[Kurung]] and [[Kiimey]]. Those oral accounts usually have been transmitted in the form of folk tales such as the ''miji'' and ''migung''. Frequently present day landmarks support the folk tales, marking the migratory paths of the Apatanis. At a small village of Yangte in Kurung Kumey district, for example, a stone stands beside the place Apatanis held a high jump competition on their way to the present habitat. The oral accounts often have validity, especially when corroborated with anthropological and scientific evidence. In one such attempt, the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh may participate in [[The Genographic Project]] of the [[National Geographic]]. |
[[Image:Arunachal Pradesh.png|thumb|left|150px|Arunachal Pradesh]] | [[Image:Arunachal Pradesh.png|thumb|left|150px|Arunachal Pradesh]] | ||
The ''miji'' constitutes a collection of religious chants performed by priests who preside over the sacrifices of [[gaur|mithun]]s, cows, chickens and pigs during various rituals. A religious song, which may be sung from ten minutes to twelve hours, accompanies all those ritual performances. They describe the previous interactions with the spirits or gods, locally known as ''wui'', the content of which explains the origin of the myths among others. On the other hand, the ''migung'' take a more realistic form, narrated in prose, relating the stories revealing the mythological origins of the Apatani people. | The ''miji'' constitutes a collection of religious chants performed by priests who preside over the sacrifices of [[gaur|mithun]]s, cows, chickens and pigs during various rituals. A religious song, which may be sung from ten minutes to twelve hours, accompanies all those ritual performances. They describe the previous interactions with the spirits or gods, locally known as ''wui'', the content of which explains the origin of the myths among others. On the other hand, the ''migung'' take a more realistic form, narrated in prose, relating the stories revealing the mythological origins of the Apatani people. | ||
| − | Those folk tales include legendary places, and also recent events, such as the downfall of a | + | Those folk tales include legendary places, and also recent events, such as the downfall of a nineteenth-century never-do-well. In those two folk tales, both the ritual chants and the prose narrations speak of [[Abotani]], reputedly the original ancestor of the Apatani and the other tribes in central [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Those tribes encompass the Tani group, comprising of the Apatanis, [[Nyishis]], [[Sulungs]] or [[Puroiks]], [[Hill Miris]], [[Tagins]], [[Adis]] and [[Mishmis]]. |
| − | The first contact with the | + | The first contact with the [[Europe]]ans occurred in 1897, when [[British Raj|British]] officials stayed in the valley for two days; six similar brief visits later took place between the 1920s and 1930s. In 1944, after an anthropologist-administrator set up a temporary government outpost, the Apatani came in contact with minimal government presence for the first time. When the [[Assam Rifles]] constructed a second but permanent outpost in 1948, with the mission to protect the land, the Apatanis attacked. The officer in charge retaliated by burning two of their villages. |
== Religion == | == Religion == | ||
| Line 31: | Line 32: | ||
Most Apatanis loyally follow of the ''[[Danyi-Piilo]]'' faith, [[Sun worship|praying to the Sun]] ( ''Ayo'' ''Danyii'') and the Moon ''(Atoh Piilo)''. All Apatani and other tribes in the surrounding regions revere Abotani as the founder of their people. When a misfortune occurs, they believe certain spirits cause them, and thus they make appeasement sacrifices of chickens, cows and other domestic animals. They celebrate ''Myoko'', the festival of friendship and prosperity, in a grand manner lasting an entire month in March each year. Dree, celebrated in July represents the main agricultural festival of the Apatanis. | Most Apatanis loyally follow of the ''[[Danyi-Piilo]]'' faith, [[Sun worship|praying to the Sun]] ( ''Ayo'' ''Danyii'') and the Moon ''(Atoh Piilo)''. All Apatani and other tribes in the surrounding regions revere Abotani as the founder of their people. When a misfortune occurs, they believe certain spirits cause them, and thus they make appeasement sacrifices of chickens, cows and other domestic animals. They celebrate ''Myoko'', the festival of friendship and prosperity, in a grand manner lasting an entire month in March each year. Dree, celebrated in July represents the main agricultural festival of the Apatanis. | ||
| − | Currently about 1,000 Apatanis declare themselves | + | Currently about 1,000 Apatanis declare themselves [[Christian]]s, the result of the missionary work by [[Mizo]]s in recent years. The more orthodox Apatanis consider Christians socially inferior. The ongoing conversion in Ziro has led to the formation of a self-preservation organization among the older generation Apatanis, known as ''Danyii Piillo Meder Nello''. That organization, located at Hari Lemba, Ziro, stands to give a properly organized form to the traditional beliefs and values, and to protect the locals against unquestioned and thoughtless conversion to foreign religions. |
<!--Some Christians criticize Danyii Piillo Meder Nello's use of symbolic representations of [[Danyi]] and [[Piilo]], considering that a form of [[idolatry]] {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. They claim ''Danyii Piillo Meder Nello'' has been backed by [[Hinduism|Hindu]] groups, constituting a form of Hindu sub-religion {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Their argument is that the Apatanis have never worshipped idols. This criticism comes predominantly from the Christians. It is important to note that the traditional Apatanis are not Christians and therefore idolatry means nothing to them.—> | <!--Some Christians criticize Danyii Piillo Meder Nello's use of symbolic representations of [[Danyi]] and [[Piilo]], considering that a form of [[idolatry]] {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. They claim ''Danyii Piillo Meder Nello'' has been backed by [[Hinduism|Hindu]] groups, constituting a form of Hindu sub-religion {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Their argument is that the Apatanis have never worshipped idols. This criticism comes predominantly from the Christians. It is important to note that the traditional Apatanis are not Christians and therefore idolatry means nothing to them.—> | ||
== Dress == | == Dress == | ||
| − | [[Image:Apatani tribal woman.jpg|thumb|An Apatani woman with a basket going to field]] | + | [[Image:Apatani tribal woman.jpg|thumb|An Apatani woman with a basket going to field.]] |
| − | The Apatanis wear elaborate and colorful, yet simple in style, traditional dress. [[Tattoo]]ing and the stuffing of large nose plugs''(Yaping hullo)'', once popular among the women, has gradually declined in recent years. That practice reportedly started because the women wanted to look unattractive to males from neighboring tribes. Apatani women have been considered the most beautiful among the Arunachal tribes. Younger members of that community have that traditional practice altogether. | + | The Apatanis wear elaborate and colorful, yet simple in style, traditional dress. [[Tattoo]]ing and the stuffing of large nose plugs'' (Yaping hullo)'', once popular among the women, has gradually declined in recent years. That practice reportedly started because the women wanted to look unattractive to males from neighboring tribes. Apatani women have been considered the most beautiful among the Arunachal tribes. Younger members of that community have that traditional practice altogether. |
| − | Traditionally, the men tie their hair in a knot just above the forehead (locally called as ''piiding'') using a brass rod''(Piiding Khotu)'' measuring twelve inches, placed horizontally. They wear strips of fine cane belt painted in red ''(Yari)'', and bent into the shape of a horse-collar with an elongated end. Those strips of cane loosely fastened together, with the loop of the horse-collar being tied round the waist. The men tattoo ''(Tiippe)'' their chin, in the shape of a 'T' under the lower lip. The women tattoo themselves with broad blue lines from the forehead to the tip of the nose, and five vertical stripes under the lower lip in the chin. The women bundle up their tresses, rolled into a ball''(Dilling)'' on the top of the head. They occasionally insert a brass skewer''(Ading Akh)'' horizontally. | + | Traditionally, the men tie their hair in a knot just above the forehead (locally called as ''piiding'') using a brass rod ''(Piiding Khotu)'' measuring twelve inches, placed horizontally. They wear strips of fine cane belt painted in red ''(Yari)'', and bent into the shape of a horse-collar with an elongated end. Those strips of cane are loosely fastened together, with the loop of the horse-collar being tied round the waist. The men tattoo ''(Tiippe)'' their chin, in the shape of a 'T' under the lower lip. The women tattoo themselves with broad blue lines from the forehead to the tip of the nose, and five vertical stripes under the lower lip in the chin. The women bundle up their tresses, rolled into a ball ''(Dilling)'' on the top of the head. They occasionally insert a brass skewer ''(Ading Akh)'' horizontally. |
== Customs and lifestyle == | == Customs and lifestyle == | ||
Apatanis trace their descent [[patrilineal]]ly. While the status of men has been considered higher than that of women (he acts as the head of family), the sexes share responsibilities in the house and the family. Apatani women carry out the household chores of gathering both wild and kitchen garden vegetables, cooking, fetching of water, pounding of rice, cleaning of houses, washing of clothes and utensils, nursing, looking after infants and children, preparation of the [[tsampa]], ginning and spinning of cotton and other jobs associated with the household. In the field, the Apatani woman carries out the tasks that include gardening, seeding, transplanting of paddy and millet, padding, weeding of fields and other activities. At home, women control the internal family income. The man also has his part in the farming work. | Apatanis trace their descent [[patrilineal]]ly. While the status of men has been considered higher than that of women (he acts as the head of family), the sexes share responsibilities in the house and the family. Apatani women carry out the household chores of gathering both wild and kitchen garden vegetables, cooking, fetching of water, pounding of rice, cleaning of houses, washing of clothes and utensils, nursing, looking after infants and children, preparation of the [[tsampa]], ginning and spinning of cotton and other jobs associated with the household. In the field, the Apatani woman carries out the tasks that include gardening, seeding, transplanting of paddy and millet, padding, weeding of fields and other activities. At home, women control the internal family income. The man also has his part in the farming work. | ||
| − | Their wet rice cultivation system requires intensive labor, performed without farm animals or machines. <!--So is their sustainable social forestry system.—> [[UNESCO]] has the Apatani valley under consideration as a [[World Heritage Site]] for its "extremely high productivity" and "unique" way of preserving the ecology.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050617/asp/northeast/story_4877612.asp "Unique Apatani impresses Unesco"] | + | Their wet rice cultivation system requires intensive labor, performed without farm animals or machines. <!--So is their sustainable social forestry system.—> [[UNESCO]] has the Apatani valley under consideration as a [[World Heritage Site]] for its "extremely high productivity" and "unique" way of preserving the ecology.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050617/asp/northeast/story_4877612.asp "Unique Apatani impresses Unesco"] Rajeev Bhattacharyya, [[The Telegraph]], June 17, 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2007.</ref> In July, the Apatani celebrate the harvest festival of Dree with the harvest dance Pakhu-Itu.<ref>[http://www.nezccindia.org/arunachalpradesh/StateFestival.asp?State=Arunachal North East Zone Cultural Centre] Retrieved November 29, 2007.</ref> |
== The Apatani today == | == The Apatani today == | ||
Scholars consider much of the information regarding the Apatani tribe in books or on the Internet outdated, based on observations made by Professor [[Christopher von Furer-Haimendorf]] in the 1940s. The Apatani have shown an impressive rate of progress since their first contact with the modern world, sometimes dubbed "Japatani" by their neighboring tribes, presumably as an allusion to the fast-paced technological evolution of [[Japan]]. | Scholars consider much of the information regarding the Apatani tribe in books or on the Internet outdated, based on observations made by Professor [[Christopher von Furer-Haimendorf]] in the 1940s. The Apatani have shown an impressive rate of progress since their first contact with the modern world, sometimes dubbed "Japatani" by their neighboring tribes, presumably as an allusion to the fast-paced technological evolution of [[Japan]]. | ||
| − | Still, their traditional culture and customs still retain an importance in their culture. Many serve as high-level Government employees, doctors and engineers, working far from their native villages around Ziro. Even so, they return to their villages during important festivals, notable [[Myoko]] in March and [[Murung]] in January every year. The Apatanis celebrate [[Dree]], another important festival observed in the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh and in some cities outside the state. As in any other developing countries, teenagers have been influenced the culture of modernization, but the traditional customs still continue. | + | Still, their traditional culture and customs still retain an importance in their culture. Many serve as high-level Government employees, doctors and engineers, working far from their native villages around Ziro. Even so, they return to their villages during important festivals, notable [[Myoko]] in March and [[Murung]] in January every year. The Apatanis celebrate [[Dree]], another important festival observed in the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh and in some cities outside the state. As in any other developing countries, teenagers have been influenced by the culture of modernization, but the traditional customs still continue. |
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 64: | Line 65: | ||
* Kani, Takhe. Socio-Religious Ceremonies of the Apatanis of Arunachal. Itanagar: Frontier Publisher & Distributor, 1996. OCLC: 41143442 | * Kani, Takhe. Socio-Religious Ceremonies of the Apatanis of Arunachal. Itanagar: Frontier Publisher & Distributor, 1996. OCLC: 41143442 | ||
* Simon, Ivan Martin. An Introduction to Apatani. [Shillong]: Director of Information and Public Relations on behalf of the Arunachal Pradesh Administration, 1973. OCLC: 2799387 | * Simon, Ivan Martin. An Introduction to Apatani. [Shillong]: Director of Information and Public Relations on behalf of the Arunachal Pradesh Administration, 1973. OCLC: 2799387 | ||
| + | |||
| + | == External links == | ||
| + | All links retrieved August 11, 2023. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/haimendorf/apatani.php Fürer-Haimendorf's Apa Tani films] | ||
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| − | + | [[Category:Politics and social sciences]] | |
| + | [[Category:Ethnic group]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Anthropology]] | ||
{{credits|160992762}} | {{credits|160992762}} | ||
Latest revision as of 05:57, 11 August 2023
| Apatani |
|---|
Alternative names: |
| Total population |
| 60,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Arunachal Pradesh, India: 60,000 |
| Languages |
| Indigenious languages, English, Hindi |
| Religions |
| Donyi-Polo, Hinduism, Christianity (Baptist, other) |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Nishi, Adi |
The Apatani or simply Tanii, designate a tribal group of approximately 60,000 in Ziro in the Apatani plateau in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetian family (see Tani languages).
The Apatani, recognized by UNESCO as a potential World Heritage Site for their highly efficient agriculture without animals or machines, have been striving to protect their traditional ways in the face of modernization. Reciting their history orally, lacking written records of their pasts, the Apatani maintain their traditions by remembering their legendary and mythical beginnings. Although many Apatani work professional occupations outside their region, they return to practice traditional ways especially during holiday celebrations. They practice a form of shamanism, although Christianity has been making inroads recently.
History
Written records of the history of the Apatani tribe have never been discovered. Oral tradition reveals that throughout their history, the Apatani had a democratic system of running the society. The Tanii call their village council the Bulyang.
One of their oral accounts speak of their migration from the extreme north of Subansiri and Siang areas following the rivers of Kurung and Kiimey. Those oral accounts usually have been transmitted in the form of folk tales such as the miji and migung. Frequently present day landmarks support the folk tales, marking the migratory paths of the Apatanis. At a small village of Yangte in Kurung Kumey district, for example, a stone stands beside the place Apatanis held a high jump competition on their way to the present habitat. The oral accounts often have validity, especially when corroborated with anthropological and scientific evidence. In one such attempt, the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh may participate in The Genographic Project of the National Geographic.
The miji constitutes a collection of religious chants performed by priests who preside over the sacrifices of mithuns, cows, chickens and pigs during various rituals. A religious song, which may be sung from ten minutes to twelve hours, accompanies all those ritual performances. They describe the previous interactions with the spirits or gods, locally known as wui, the content of which explains the origin of the myths among others. On the other hand, the migung take a more realistic form, narrated in prose, relating the stories revealing the mythological origins of the Apatani people.
Those folk tales include legendary places, and also recent events, such as the downfall of a nineteenth-century never-do-well. In those two folk tales, both the ritual chants and the prose narrations speak of Abotani, reputedly the original ancestor of the Apatani and the other tribes in central Arunachal Pradesh. Those tribes encompass the Tani group, comprising of the Apatanis, Nyishis, Sulungs or Puroiks, Hill Miris, Tagins, Adis and Mishmis.
The first contact with the Europeans occurred in 1897, when British officials stayed in the valley for two days; six similar brief visits later took place between the 1920s and 1930s. In 1944, after an anthropologist-administrator set up a temporary government outpost, the Apatani came in contact with minimal government presence for the first time. When the Assam Rifles constructed a second but permanent outpost in 1948, with the mission to protect the land, the Apatanis attacked. The officer in charge retaliated by burning two of their villages.
Religion
Most Apatanis loyally follow of the Danyi-Piilo faith, praying to the Sun ( Ayo Danyii) and the Moon (Atoh Piilo). All Apatani and other tribes in the surrounding regions revere Abotani as the founder of their people. When a misfortune occurs, they believe certain spirits cause them, and thus they make appeasement sacrifices of chickens, cows and other domestic animals. They celebrate Myoko, the festival of friendship and prosperity, in a grand manner lasting an entire month in March each year. Dree, celebrated in July represents the main agricultural festival of the Apatanis.
Currently about 1,000 Apatanis declare themselves Christians, the result of the missionary work by Mizos in recent years. The more orthodox Apatanis consider Christians socially inferior. The ongoing conversion in Ziro has led to the formation of a self-preservation organization among the older generation Apatanis, known as Danyii Piillo Meder Nello. That organization, located at Hari Lemba, Ziro, stands to give a properly organized form to the traditional beliefs and values, and to protect the locals against unquestioned and thoughtless conversion to foreign religions.
Dress
The Apatanis wear elaborate and colorful, yet simple in style, traditional dress. Tattooing and the stuffing of large nose plugs (Yaping hullo), once popular among the women, has gradually declined in recent years. That practice reportedly started because the women wanted to look unattractive to males from neighboring tribes. Apatani women have been considered the most beautiful among the Arunachal tribes. Younger members of that community have that traditional practice altogether.
Traditionally, the men tie their hair in a knot just above the forehead (locally called as piiding) using a brass rod (Piiding Khotu) measuring twelve inches, placed horizontally. They wear strips of fine cane belt painted in red (Yari), and bent into the shape of a horse-collar with an elongated end. Those strips of cane are loosely fastened together, with the loop of the horse-collar being tied round the waist. The men tattoo (Tiippe) their chin, in the shape of a 'T' under the lower lip. The women tattoo themselves with broad blue lines from the forehead to the tip of the nose, and five vertical stripes under the lower lip in the chin. The women bundle up their tresses, rolled into a ball (Dilling) on the top of the head. They occasionally insert a brass skewer (Ading Akh) horizontally.
Customs and lifestyle
Apatanis trace their descent patrilineally. While the status of men has been considered higher than that of women (he acts as the head of family), the sexes share responsibilities in the house and the family. Apatani women carry out the household chores of gathering both wild and kitchen garden vegetables, cooking, fetching of water, pounding of rice, cleaning of houses, washing of clothes and utensils, nursing, looking after infants and children, preparation of the tsampa, ginning and spinning of cotton and other jobs associated with the household. In the field, the Apatani woman carries out the tasks that include gardening, seeding, transplanting of paddy and millet, padding, weeding of fields and other activities. At home, women control the internal family income. The man also has his part in the farming work.
Their wet rice cultivation system requires intensive labor, performed without farm animals or machines. UNESCO has the Apatani valley under consideration as a World Heritage Site for its "extremely high productivity" and "unique" way of preserving the ecology.[1] In July, the Apatani celebrate the harvest festival of Dree with the harvest dance Pakhu-Itu.[2]
The Apatani today
Scholars consider much of the information regarding the Apatani tribe in books or on the Internet outdated, based on observations made by Professor Christopher von Furer-Haimendorf in the 1940s. The Apatani have shown an impressive rate of progress since their first contact with the modern world, sometimes dubbed "Japatani" by their neighboring tribes, presumably as an allusion to the fast-paced technological evolution of Japan.
Still, their traditional culture and customs still retain an importance in their culture. Many serve as high-level Government employees, doctors and engineers, working far from their native villages around Ziro. Even so, they return to their villages during important festivals, notable Myoko in March and Murung in January every year. The Apatanis celebrate Dree, another important festival observed in the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh and in some cities outside the state. As in any other developing countries, teenagers have been influenced by the culture of modernization, but the traditional customs still continue.
Notes
- ↑ "Unique Apatani impresses Unesco" Rajeev Bhattacharyya, The Telegraph, June 17, 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2007.
- ↑ North East Zone Cultural Centre Retrieved November 29, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Emako Apatani modern songs. Itanagar: Tage Taping, Tage Apa, 2002. OCLC: 53880060
- Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von. The Tribes of the Subansiri Region. S.l: s.n, 1947. OCLC: 4218460
- Kani, Takhe. Socio-Religious Ceremonies of the Apatanis of Arunachal. Itanagar: Frontier Publisher & Distributor, 1996. OCLC: 41143442
- Simon, Ivan Martin. An Introduction to Apatani. [Shillong]: Director of Information and Public Relations on behalf of the Arunachal Pradesh Administration, 1973. OCLC: 2799387
External links
All links retrieved August 11, 2023.
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