Stendhal

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Template:French literature (small)

Marie-Henri Beyle (January 23, 1783 – March 23, 1842), better known by his penname Stendhal, was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology and for the dryness of his writing-style. He is considered one of the foremost and earliest practioners of the realistic form, and his best novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (1830; The Red and the Black) and La Chartreuse de Parme (1839; The Charterhouse of Parma).

Biography

Born in Grenoble, France, he had a miserable childhood in stifling provincial France but blossomed in the military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire. He travelled extensively in Germany and visited Russia (as part of Napoleon's army), but formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career, serving as French consul and writing.

Beyle used the pseudonym "Stendhal", supposedly chosen as an anagram of "Shetland" (although Georges Perec may have invented this explanation - references to Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black) feature extensively in Perec's unfinished last novel 53 jours). Alternatively, some scholars believe he borrowed his nom de plume from the German city of Stendal as a homage for Johann Joachim Winckelmann.

Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the Romantic period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few", referring to those who would one day recognise his own genius. Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical aspects.

Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the composers Cimarosa, Mozart, and Rossini, the latter of whom he wrote an extensive biography, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical accuracy.

He died in Paris in 1842 and is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.

Stendhal's brief, saucy memoir, Souvenirs d'Egotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist) was published posthumously in 1892.

Works

Novels:

• Armance (1827)
• Le Rouge et le Noir (1830) (variously translated as Scarlet and Black, Red and Black, The Red and the Black)
• La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) (The Charterhouse of Parma)
• Lucien Leuwen (1835-) (unfinished, published 1894)
• Lamiel (1840-) (unfinished, published 1889)
• The Life of Henry Brulard (1835-1836) (published 1890)

Novellas:

• L'Abbesse de Castro (1832)
• The Duchess of Palliano
• Vittoria Accoramboni
• Vanina Vanini
• The Cenci

Nonfiction

• De L'Amour (1822) (On Love)
• Souvenirs d'Égotisme (published 1892) (Memoirs of an Egotist)

His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them Rome, Naples et Florence and Promenades dans Rome), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, critical essays on Racine and Shakespeare, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, and Metastasio.

See also

• Stendhal syndrome

External links

• French site on Stendhal
• Le Rouge et le Noir
• Works by Stendhal from Project Gutenberg
• The Red and the Black English translation

bg:Стендал cs:Stendhal de:Stendhal es:Stendhal fr:Stendhal he:סטנדל ko:스탕달 it:Stendhal pl:Stendhal pt:Stendhal sr:Стендал fi:Stendhal sv:Stendhal zh:司汤达

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