Difference between revisions of "Yin Xu" - New World Encyclopedia
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Yinxu won famous for the [[oracle bone]]s, discovered in 1899 by [[Wang Yirong]], director of the Imperial College.<ref>Linfu Dong, ''Cross culture and faith: the life and work of James Mellon Menzies'' (Toronto [u.a.]: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 272.</ref><!--<ref name="yinxuArch3">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site. In 1899, Wang Yirong, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, and enabled him to confirm that Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in Sima Qian’s ‘Shiji’ (Records of the Historian). Thus, the legend of Shang dynasty was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928. }}</ref>—> Director Wang, suffering from malaria at the time, had been prescribed Longgu ''([[dragon bones]])'' at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on those bones and concluded that they could have been some of China’s earliest ideograms. Sending his assistant in search of the source of those bones, he traced to the small village of Xiaotun just outside of [[Anyang]].<ref name="cctv">{{cite web |url =http://www.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20041118/101442.shtml |title = An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty |accessdate = November 30 |accessdaymonth = |accessmonthday = |accessyear = 2008 |author = |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date = |year = |month = |format = |work = |publisher = [[China Central Television]] |pages = |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }}</ref> In 1917, [[Wang Guowei]] deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions, identifyingt the names of the Shang kings and constructing a complete Shang genealogy. That decipher perfectly matched those in the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' by [[Sima Qian]]<ref>Qian Sima and Burton Watson. ''Records of the grand historian. Qin dynasty''. Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 65. (Hong Kong: Renditions-Columbia University Press, 1993) </ref> confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu.<ref> Kwang-chih Chang, Pingfang Xu, Liancheng Lu, and Sarah Allan, ''The formation of Chinese civilization: an archaeological perspective. The culture & civilization of China'' (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 4</ref><!--<ref name="yinxuArch3">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site, In 1899, Wang Yiron, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, which enabled him to confirm that Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in Sima Qian’s ‘Shiji’ (Records of the Historian). Thus, the Shang dynasty legend was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928. }}</ref> —> | Yinxu won famous for the [[oracle bone]]s, discovered in 1899 by [[Wang Yirong]], director of the Imperial College.<ref>Linfu Dong, ''Cross culture and faith: the life and work of James Mellon Menzies'' (Toronto [u.a.]: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 272.</ref><!--<ref name="yinxuArch3">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site. In 1899, Wang Yirong, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, and enabled him to confirm that Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in Sima Qian’s ‘Shiji’ (Records of the Historian). Thus, the legend of Shang dynasty was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928. }}</ref>—> Director Wang, suffering from malaria at the time, had been prescribed Longgu ''([[dragon bones]])'' at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on those bones and concluded that they could have been some of China’s earliest ideograms. Sending his assistant in search of the source of those bones, he traced to the small village of Xiaotun just outside of [[Anyang]].<ref name="cctv">{{cite web |url =http://www.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20041118/101442.shtml |title = An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty |accessdate = November 30 |accessdaymonth = |accessmonthday = |accessyear = 2008 |author = |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date = |year = |month = |format = |work = |publisher = [[China Central Television]] |pages = |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }}</ref> In 1917, [[Wang Guowei]] deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions, identifyingt the names of the Shang kings and constructing a complete Shang genealogy. That decipher perfectly matched those in the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' by [[Sima Qian]]<ref>Qian Sima and Burton Watson. ''Records of the grand historian. Qin dynasty''. Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 65. (Hong Kong: Renditions-Columbia University Press, 1993) </ref> confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu.<ref> Kwang-chih Chang, Pingfang Xu, Liancheng Lu, and Sarah Allan, ''The formation of Chinese civilization: an archaeological perspective. The culture & civilization of China'' (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 4</ref><!--<ref name="yinxuArch3">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site, In 1899, Wang Yiron, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, which enabled him to confirm that Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in Sima Qian’s ‘Shiji’ (Records of the Historian). Thus, the Shang dynasty legend was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928. }}</ref> —> | ||
− | + | [[Li Chi]] of the Institute of History and Philosophy from 1928-1937 led the first excavations at Yinxu.<ref>Bruce G. Trigger, ''A history of archaeological thought'' (Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 265.</ref> <!--<ref name="yinxuArch4">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = Information Panel | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = Since the first excavation in 1928, archaeologists have been working at the Yinxu site for over seventy years. There have been two main periods of excavation: (1) from 1928-1937, when excavations were carried out by the Institute of History and Philosophy; and (2) since 1950, when the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (formerly Chinese Academy of Sciences) have been responsible for excavations have yielded some very important results: evidence of stratification of the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze-and bone-workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huan(g) River. }}</ref>—> They uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 oracle bones that showed the Shang had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs. <ref name="cctv">{{cite web |url =http://www.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20041118/101442.shtml |title = An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty |accessdate = November 30 |accessdaymonth = |accessmonthday = |accessyear = 2008 |author = |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date = |year = |month = |format = |work = |publisher = [[China Central Television]] |pages = |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }}</ref> Since 1950 ongoing excavations by the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Social Sciences Academy have uncovered evidence of stratification at the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the [[Yellow River|Huang River]].<ref>Lamberg Karlovsky, Clifford Charles, and Jeremy Arac Sabloff, ''The rise and fall of civilizations: modern archaeological approaches to ancient cultures ; selected readings'' (Menlo Park, Calif: Cummings, 1974), p. 449</ref><!--<ref name="yinxuArch4">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = Information Panel | url = | format = | work = | publisher = The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = Since the first excavation in 1928, archaeologists have been working at the Yinxu site for over seventy years. There have been two main periods of excavation: (1) from 1928-1937, when excavations were carried out by the Institute of History and Philosophy; and (2) since 1950, when the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (formerly Chinese Academy of Sciences) have been responsible for excavations have yielded some very important results: evidence of stratification of the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huan(g) River. }}</ref>—> One of the largest and oldest sites of Chinese archaeology, excavations in Yin Xu laid the foundation for work across the country. | |
==Excavation sites== | ==Excavation sites== |
Revision as of 15:16, 1 December 2008
Coordinates:
Yin Xu* | |
---|---|
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
![]() | |
State Party | ![]() |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | ii, iii, iv, vi |
Reference | 1114 |
Region** | Asia-Pacific |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2006 (30th Session) |
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. |
Yinxu (Chinese: 殷墟; pinyin: Yīnxū; literally "Ruins of Yin") is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (1766 B.C.E. - 1050 B.C.E.). The capital served 255 years for twelve kings in eight generations. Located in the central Henan province, near the modern city of Anyang, the Garden Museum of Yin Xu is open to the public. Rediscovered in 1899, Yin Xu numbers among the oldest and largest archaeological sites in China. The site became famous as the original source of oracle bones and oracle bone script, the earliest recorded form of Chinese writing. The People's Republic of China declared Yinxu one of the Historical capitals of China while UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site in 2006.
History
At the beginning of the fourteenth century B.C.E. King Pangeng of the Shang Dynasty established his capital on the banks of the Huan River. The city, known as Yin, also gave it's name to the dynasty of that time, the Yin Dynasty.[1] King Wu Ding continued to use Yin as his capital, from that base launching numerous military campaigns against surrounding tribes securing Shang rule. Fu Hao), his wife, led many of the campaigns. King Wu Ding and Fu Hao took the dynasty to its zenith.
Later rulers, pleasure-seekers, took little interest in state affairs. Internal strife escalated as social differences within the slave-owning society increased. King Zhòu (紂), the last of the Shang dynasty kings, especially earned a reputation as a ruthless and debauched ruler. His increasingly autocratic laws alienated the nobility until King Wu of the Zhōu Dynasty (周) overthrew the Shang dynasty with popular support from the people. The Zhōu (周) established their capital in Feng and Hao near modern day Xi'an, Yin abandoned to fall into ruin. Sima Qian, in his Records of the Grand Historian,[2] mentioned those ruins, but soon they were lost and their location forgotten. The once-great city of Yin had been relegated to legend along with the dynasty that founded it.
Archaeological discoveries
Yinxu won famous for the oracle bones, discovered in 1899 by Wang Yirong, director of the Imperial College.[3] Director Wang, suffering from malaria at the time, had been prescribed Longgu (dragon bones) at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on those bones and concluded that they could have been some of China’s earliest ideograms. Sending his assistant in search of the source of those bones, he traced to the small village of Xiaotun just outside of Anyang.[4] In 1917, Wang Guowei deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions, identifyingt the names of the Shang kings and constructing a complete Shang genealogy. That decipher perfectly matched those in the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian[5] confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu.[6]
Li Chi of the Institute of History and Philosophy from 1928-1937 led the first excavations at Yinxu.[7] They uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 oracle bones that showed the Shang had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs. [4] Since 1950 ongoing excavations by the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Social Sciences Academy have uncovered evidence of stratification at the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huang River.[8] One of the largest and oldest sites of Chinese archaeology, excavations in Yin Xu laid the foundation for work across the country.
Excavation sites
At 30km² this is the largest archaeological site in China and excavations have uncovered over 80 rammed-earth foundation sites including palaces, shrines, tombs and workshops. From these remains archaeologists have been able to confirm that this was the spiritual and cultural center of the Yin Dynasty.[9]
The best preserved of the Shang Dynasty royal tombs unearthed at Yinxu is the Tomb of Fu Hao. The extraordinary Lady Hao was a military leader and the wife of Shang King Wu Ding. The tomb was discovered in 1976 and has been dated to BCE 1250. It was completely undisturbed, having escaped the looting that had damaged the other tombs on the site, and in addition to the remains of the Queen the tomb was discovered to contain 6 dog skeletons, 16 human slave skeletons, and numerous grave goods of huge archaeological value. The tomb was thoroughly excavated and extensively restored and is now open to the public.
Also located on site is the Exhibition Hall of Chariot Pits where the earliest samples of animal-driven carts discovered by Chinese archaeology are on display.[10] These artifacts were excavated by the Anyang Working Station of the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Social Science Academy and the Historical Relics Working Team of Anyang Municipality in the northern and southern lands of Liujiazhuang village and the eastern land of Xiaomintun village and put on display within the hall.[11] The six pits each contain the remains of a carriage and two horses. Five of the pits were also found to contain the remains of a human sacrifice (four adult males and one child). Also on display are the remains of an 8.35 meter wide Shang Dynasty road discovered at Anyang Aero Sports School in 2000.[12]
In 1988 after archaeologists' proposal Yinxu became the listed as the oldest of the seven Historical capitals of China and in 2006 the site was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.[13]
Gallery
- Shang Dynasty Pit.jpg
Shang Dynasty Pit, Anyang, Henan, China
- Oracle Bone Inscriptions.jpg
Oracle Bone inscriptions corresponding to modern Chinese surnames at Yin Xu site, Anyang, Henan, China
- Yin Xu Ruins Historical Site.jpg
Yin Xu historical site entrance, Anyang, Henan, China
- Oracle Bone Inscriptions on display.jpg
Oracle Bone Inscriptions on display, Yin Xu site, Anyang, Henan, China
- Human Sacrifices.jpg
Sacrificial remains have been recovered from several localities at Yin Xu, Anyang, Henan, China
- Oracle bone pit no. yh127.jpg
The oracle bone pit no. yh127 has been called as "the earliest archive of oracle inscriptions of China".
See also
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
- List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia
- Oracle bone
- China
- History of China
Notes
External links retrieved November 30, 2008.
- ↑ Bai, Shouyi (2002). An Outline History of China. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
- ↑ Qian Sima and Burton Watson. Records of the grand historian. Qin dynasty. Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 65. (Hong Kong: Renditions-Columbia University Press, 1993)
- ↑ Linfu Dong, Cross culture and faith: the life and work of James Mellon Menzies (Toronto [u.a.]: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 272.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty. China Central Television. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
- ↑ Qian Sima and Burton Watson. Records of the grand historian. Qin dynasty. Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 65. (Hong Kong: Renditions-Columbia University Press, 1993)
- ↑ Kwang-chih Chang, Pingfang Xu, Liancheng Lu, and Sarah Allan, The formation of Chinese civilization: an archaeological perspective. The culture & civilization of China (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 4
- ↑ Bruce G. Trigger, A history of archaeological thought (Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 265.
- ↑ Lamberg Karlovsky, Clifford Charles, and Jeremy Arac Sabloff, The rise and fall of civilizations: modern archaeological approaches to ancient cultures ; selected readings (Menlo Park, Calif: Cummings, 1974), p. 449
- ↑ Li Liu, The Chinese neolithic trajectories to early states. New studies in archaeology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 6.
- ↑ William Watson, The arts of China, Yale University Press Pelican history of art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.), p. 11
- ↑ Donald B. Wagner, Iron and steel in ancient China. Handbuch der Orientalistik, 9. Bd. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1993), p. 519
- ↑ Peter Hessler, Oracle bones: a journey between China's past and present (New York: HarperCollins, 2006). p. 3.
- ↑ Yin Xu. UNESCO. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bai, Shouyi, and Zhao Yang. 2002. An outline history of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 9787119023472.
- Chang, Kwang-chih, Pingfang Xu, Liancheng Lu, and Sarah Allan. 2003. The formation of Chinese civilization: an archaeological perspective. The culture & civilization of China. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300093827.
- Dong, Linfu. 2005. Cross culture and faith: the life and work of James Mellon Menzies. Toronto [u.a.]: Univ. of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802038692.
- Hessler, Peter. 2006. Oracle bones: a journey between China's past and present. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060826581.
- Liu, Li. 2004. The Chinese neolithic trajectories to early states. New studies in archaeology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511080562.
- Trigger, Bruce G. 2006. A history of archaeological thought. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521840767.
- Sima, Qian, and Burton Watson. 1993. Records of the grand historian. Qin dynasty. Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 65. Hong Kong: Renditions-Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231081641.
- Wagner, Donald B. 1993. Iron and steel in ancient China. Handbuch der Orientalistik, 9. Bd. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004096325.
- Watson, William. 1995. The arts of China. Yale University Press Pelican history of art. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300059892.
External Links
Links retrieved November 30, 2008.
- UNESCO Yin Xu World Heritage citation
- Yin Xu Ruins
- Picture Gallery Yin Xu
- Ruins Shine With Pristine Beauty
Preceded by: ' |
Capital of China 1350 B.C.E.-1046 B.C.E. |
Succeeded by: Hao |
|
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