Difference between revisions of "Truck" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Logging truck.jpg|thumb|An Australian [[Tractor unit|prime mover]] [[Kenworth]] and [[Semi-trailer truck|B double trailer]] combination]]
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[[Image:MuncyTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A "straight-job" [[International Harvester|International]] moving truck.]]
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A '''truck''' is a motorized vehicle usually used for transporting bulk goods, materials, or equipment. The word "truck" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''trochos'', meaning "wheel." In [[North America]], the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the [[gasoline]]-engine-driven trucks became available, these were called "motor trucks."
 +
 
 +
'''Lorry''' is a British term for a truck, but it is used only for the medium and heavy types. A [[van]], [[pickup truck]], or [[Jeep]] would not be called a "lorry." Other languages have [[loanword]]s based on these terms, such as the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''lori'' and the [[Mexican Spanish]] ''troca'' (or ''pickup'' in northern [[Mexico]]).
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{{toc}}
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[[Image:truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|DAF [[Tractor unit|tractor]] with an auto-transport [[semi-trailer truck]] carrying [[Škoda Octavia]] cars in [[Cardiff, Wales]]]]
 
[[Image:truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|DAF [[Tractor unit|tractor]] with an auto-transport [[semi-trailer truck]] carrying [[Škoda Octavia]] cars in [[Cardiff, Wales]]]]
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[[Image:P_1217.14_Palencia.JPG|thumb|Spanish [[Pegaso]] 1217.14 [[tank truck]]]]
 
  
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A '''truck''' is a vehicle for carrying goods and materials. The word "truck" comes from the Greek "trochos", meaning "wheel." In [[North America]], the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine driven trucks came into fashion, these were called "motor trucks." '''Lorry''' is a term from the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], but is only used for the medium and heavy types (see below), i.e. a [[van]], a [[pickup truck|pickup]] or a [[Jeep]] would never be regarded as a "lorry." Other languages have [[loanword]]s based on these terms, such as the [[Malay language]] and the [[Spanish language]]
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In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], a small vehicle with an open back is called a '''ute''' (short for "utility vehicle") and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.
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in northern [[Mexico]].
 
  
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In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]] a small vehicle with an open back is called a '''ute''' (short for "utility vehicle") or a '''pick-up''' and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.
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==Anatomy of a truck==
  
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In most countries, a special driver's license is required to drive any type of truck greater than 3.5 tonnes (10,000 lb). {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
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Trucks are complex machines that generally share certain common features. Each truck has a [[chassis]], a [[Cabin (truck)|cab]], an area for placing [[cargo]] or equipment, [[axle]]s, [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] and [[wheel]]s, an [[engine]], and a [[drivetrain]]. It usually has [[pneumatic]], [[hydraulic]], [[water]], and [[electrical]] systems. Many trucks also tow one or more [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] or [[semi-trailer]]s.
 +
 
 +
===Cab===
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[[Image:Scania R470 topline.JPG|thumb|[[Scania AB|Scania]] R470 flat nose truck]]
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 +
The [[Cabin (truck)|cab]] is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A '''sleeper''' is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver may rest while not driving, sometimes seen in [[semi-trailer truck]]s.
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A cab may be built in one of a few possible configurations:
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* In a ''[[cab over]] engine'' (COE) or ''flat nose'', the driver is seated on top of the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in [[Europe]], where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated. They were common in the United States, but they lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of ''tilt-cab''. This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe, where many roads follow the layout of much older paths and trackways that require the additional turning capability of the cab over engine type.
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[[Image:American truck.JPG|thumb|200px| US truck with ''long nose'' and ''sleeper cab'']]
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* ''Conventional'' cabs are the most common in [[North America]] and are known in the UK as ''American cabs''. The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventionals are further divided into large car and aerodynamic designs. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long hood (6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) or more). With their very square shapes, these trucks experience a lot of wind resistance and typically consume more fuel. They also provide somewhat poorer visibility than their aerodynamic or COE counterparts. By contrast, ''aerodynamic'' cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood and other features to lower drag.
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* There are also some ''cab beside engine'' designs, but they are rare.
  
 
===Engine===
 
===Engine===
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Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s or [[pickup truck|pickup]]s, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America and [[Russia]] will use [[gasoline]] engines. Most heavier trucks use [[four stroke cycle|four stroke]] [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[intercooler]] [[diesel]] engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Detroit Diesel]] [[two stroke cycle|two stroke]] engine.
 
  
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North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as [[Caterpillar Inc.|CAT]], [[Cummins]], or [[Detroit Diesel]]. The only exceptions to this are [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and its subsidiary [[Mack Trucks]], which are available with own engines. [[Freightliner]], [[Sterling Trucks]] and [[Western Star]], [[subsidiary|subsidaries]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]], are available with [[Mercedes-Benz]] and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by the [[Navistar International]] can also contain International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the U.S.-market because of this third party tradition.
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Trucks can be equipped with all types of engines. Small trucks such as [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s or [[pickup truck|pickup]]s, and even light, medium-duty trucks in [[North America]] and [[Russia]] use [[gasoline]] engines. Most heavier trucks use [[four stroke cycle|four stroke]] [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[intercooler]] [[diesel]] engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines, such as a [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Detroit Diesel]] [[two stroke cycle|two stroke]] engine.
  
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In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations, the regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.
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North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as [[Caterpillar Inc.|CAT]], [[Cummins]], or [[Detroit Diesel]]. The only exceptions to this are [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and its subsidiary [[Mack Trucks]], which are available with own engines. [[Freightliner]], [[Sterling Trucks]] and [[Western Star]], [[subsidiary|subsidaries]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]], are available with [[Mercedes-Benz]] and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by [[Navistar International]] can also have International engines. The [[Sweden|Swedish]] truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the United States-market because of this third party tradition.
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In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations. The regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.
  
 
===Drivetrain===
 
===Drivetrain===
 
[[Image:Truck.jpg|thumb|left|A logging truck]]
 
[[Image:Truck.jpg|thumb|left|A logging truck]]
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Small trucks use the same type of [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] as almost all [[automobile|cars]] which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with [[synchromesh|synchroniser]]s. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisers which have less bulk and weight although  synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronisers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize, so that a smooth shift can be made e.g. when upshifting, accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved in to neutral, clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next highest gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain required engine rpms. Although this is a relatively fast movement perhaps a second or so while transmission is in neutral it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion except the engine speed is now required to increase (while transmission is in neutral) just a right amount in order to achieve the synchronisation for the smooth non-crunching gearchange. The so called skip changing is also widely used, in principle operation is the same but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gearchange.
 
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Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] and [[semi-automatic transmission]]s for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10 and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy trucks transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern ) and split" type where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection. 
 
  
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In Europe more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a [[manual transmission]] is damaging to their knees {{Fact|date=February 2007}}and the fuel consumption can be lowered and truck durability improved.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The primary reason perhaps is the fact that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions.
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Small trucks use the same types of [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] as most [[automobile|cars]] that have either an [[automatic transmission]] or a [[manual transmission]] with [[synchromesh|synchronizer]]s. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers that have less bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating"—a method of changing gears that doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. The so-called skip changing is also widely used—in principle, the operation is the same, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gear change.
 +
 
 +
Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] and [[semi-automatic transmission]]s for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission may have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern) and split" type, where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection.
 +
 
 +
In Europe, more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. The primary reason may be that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions. Also, some drivers are claiming that driving a manual transmission can damage their knees.
  
 
===Chassis===
 
===Chassis===
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[[Image:Polski Fiat 621 L Warsaw.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] [[1936]]-built Fiat 621 L [[fire truck]] in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]]]
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[[Image:Polski Fiat 621 L Warsaw.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] 1936-built Fiat 621 L [[fire truck]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland]].
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The [[chassis]] or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two [[beam (structure)|beams]], and several [[crossmembers]]. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of [[steel]], but can be made (whole or in part) of [[aluminium]] for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition ([[carbon]], [[molybdenum]], etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicenced persons. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A [[Drawbar (haulage)|tow bar]] may be found attached at one or both ends.
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 +
The [[chassis]] or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two [[beam (structure)|beams]], and several [[crossmembers]]. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of [[steel]], but can be made (whole or in part) of [[aluminum]] for a lighter weight.
 +
 
 +
The integrity of the chemical composition and structure of the beams is of utmost importance to maintain its strength, to help prevent cracking or breaking of the beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame. Welding, drilling, and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicensed individuals. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A [[Drawbar (haulage)|tow bar]] may be found attached at one or both ends.
  
 
==Environmental effects==
 
==Environmental effects==
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Trucks contribute to air, noise, and [[water pollution]] in a similar fashion to [[automobile]]s.  In the case of [[air pollution]] emissions, trucks may actually emit lower emissions than autos on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher and diesel soot is especially problematic for health.<ref>[http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency]</ref> With respect to [[noise pollution]] trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles; this contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/  C. Michael Hogan, '' Analysis of Highway Noise'', Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, Sept., 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979]</ref>
 
  
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Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on [[global warming]]. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.<ref>http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ''U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector''</ref>
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Trucks contribute to air, noise, and [[water pollution]] in a manner similar to [[automobile]]s. In the case of [[air pollution]] emissions, a truck's emissions may actually be lower than that of an automobile on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher, and [[diesel]] soot is especially problematic for health.<ref>[http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency], Eco Point. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref>
  
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In 2005, Transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.<ref>http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions''</ref>
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With respect to [[noise pollution]], trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles. This contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/ C. Michael Hogan], SpringerLink. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref>
  
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Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%,
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Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on [[global warming]]. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20 percent, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.<ref>[http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html Table 4-49: U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector] U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref> In 2005, transportation accounted for 27 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.<ref>[http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf ''Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions''], Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref> Between 1985 and 2004 in the United States, energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53 percent, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43 percent.
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while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.<ref>http://intensityindicators.pnl.gov/delivered_transportation.stm U.S. Department of Energy ''Transportation Sector - Delivered Energy''</ref>
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According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks, and nearly 20,000 for air transport.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation 5. Transportation Sector] U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref> Many environmental advocacy organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.<ref> How Government policy can realise rail freight’s role in reducing carbon emissions, Freight on Rail. </ref>
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"Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines."
 
  
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According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks and nearly 20,000 for air transport.<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 'Energy Efficiency'</ref> and many environment organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.<ref>http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ConsultationsEnvironmentalAuditCommittee.htm Freight on Rail Website</ref>
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==Quality and sales==
  
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==Quality and sales==
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The quality of vehicles among all heavy truck manufacturers is generally improving. However, according to some industry insiders, the industry has a long way to go before achieving the quality levels reached by [[automobile]] manufacturers. Part of the reason for this is that 75 percent of all trucks are custom built. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line.
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Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by [[automobile]] manufacturers{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line.  
 
  
 
===Heavy trucks market worldwide===
 
===Heavy trucks market worldwide===
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[[Image:CementTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer", or a "transit mixer".]]
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[[Image:MuncyTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A "straight-job" [[International Harvester|International]] moving truck.]]
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
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|+Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 tonnes GVW in 2005.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS127c_Motor_Vehicle_industry/The_Motor_Vehicle_Industry_in_Sweden_FS127c.pdf The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden] PUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH INSTITUTE SEPTEMBER 2006 FS 127 C. Retrieved [[6 January]] 2007.</ref>
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|+Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 metric tons GVW in 2005.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS127c_Motor_Vehicle_industry/The_Motor_Vehicle_Industry_in_Sweden_FS127c.pdf The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden] The Swedish Institute. Retrieved May 22, 2008.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Pos. !! Make !! Units  
 
! Pos. !! Make !! Units  
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|-
 
|-
 
! 2
 
! 2
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|  [[Volvo]] ([[Volvo]],[[Mack]],[[Renault]],[[UD Nissan Diesel]])|| 177,106  
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|  [[Volvo]] (Volvo,[[Mack]],[[Renault]],[[UD Nissan Diesel]])|| 177,106  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 3
 
! 3
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|-
 
|-
 
! 8
 
! 8
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| [[Iveco]] ([[Iveco]],[[Magirus]],[[Astra]],[[Seddon Atkinson]],[[Yuejin]]) || 43,364
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| [[Iveco]] (Iveco,[[Magirus]],[[Astra]],[[Seddon Atkinson]],[[Yuejin]]) || 43,364
 
|-
 
|-
 
! 9
 
! 9
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| [[Volkswagen]] || 22,684
 
| [[Volkswagen]] || 22,684
 
|}
 
|}
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====Europe====
 
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[[Image:Scania_porteur_benne_tp.jpeg‎|thumb|A heavy [[Scania]] dump truck in France]]
 
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*[[Acmat]] ([[France]])
 
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*[[Alexander Dennis]] ([[UK]])
 
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*[[BMC (Turkey)]]
 
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*[[Carmichael]] ([[UK]])
 
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*[[DAF Trucks]] ([[Netherlands]]) (division of [[PACCAR]])
 
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*[[Dennis Eagle]] ([[UK]])
 
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*[[ELBO]] ([[Greece]])
 
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*[[Ford]]
 
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*[[Ginaf]] ([[Netherlands]])
 
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*[[Iveco]] ([[Italy]])
 
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*[[MAN AG]] ([[Germany]])
 
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*[[Mercedes-Benz]] ([[Germany]])
 
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*[[Namco]] ([[Greece]])
 
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* [[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]])
 
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*[[Panhard]] ([[France]])
 
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*[[Renault Trucks]] ([[France]])
 
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*[[Sides]] ([[France]])
 
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*[[Sisu Auto]] ([[Finland]])
 
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*[[Scania AB|Scania]] ([[Sweden]])
 
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*[[Temax]] ([[Greece]])
 
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*[[Uro (trucks)|URO]] ([[Spain]])
 
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*[[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles]] ([[Germany]])
 
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*[[Volvo Trucks]] ([[Sweden]]) (not to be confused with [[Volvo cars]], which is part of [[Ford Motor Company]])
 
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*[[Zil]] ([[Russia]])
 
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*[[Avia Trucks]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
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*[[BelAZ]] ([[Russia]])
 
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*[[Fabrika Automobila Priboj]] ([[Serbia]])
 
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*[[Kamaz]] ([[Russia]])
 
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*[[KrAZ]] ([[Ukraine]])
 
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*[[MAZ]] ([[Belarus]])
 
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*[[Roman (vehicle manufacturer)|Roman]] ([[Romania]])
 
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*[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
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*[[Liberecké automobilové závody|LIAZ]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
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*[[Tatra cars|Tatra]] ([[Czech Republic]])
 
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*[[GAZ]] ([[Russia]])
 
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*[[Zastava Trucks]] ([[Serbia]])
 
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*[[FCS Star|Star]] ([[Poland]])
 
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*[[Jelcz]] ([[Poland]])
 
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====Asia====
 
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[[Image:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg|thumb|A truck stop in [[Ladakh]], India]]
 
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Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically):
 
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* [[Ashok Leyland]] ([[India]])
 
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* Askam Kamyon (Fargo, De Soto) ([[Turkey]])
 
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* [[Asia Motorworks]] ([[India]])
 
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* [[AIL]] ([[Israel]])
 
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* [[BMC]] ([[Turkey]])
 
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* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] ([[Peoples Republic of China|China]], Under joint ventures with [[Nissan Diesel]] as [[Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company|Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel]], and with [[Cummins]] as [[Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited|DFAC]].)
 
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* [[Eicher Motors]] ([[India]])
 
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* [[Force Motors Ltd|Force Motors]] ([[India]]), Under joint venture with [[MAN AG]]
 
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* [[Hino Motors]] ([[Japan]]) in joint venture with [[Scania]]
 
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* [[HinoPak motors]] ([[Pakistan]])
 
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* [[Isuzu]] ([[Japan]])
 
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* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] ([[India]])
 
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* [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi]] ([[Japan]])
 
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* [[New Sentosa CV]] ([[Indonesia]])
 
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* [[Nissan Diesel]] ([[Japan]])
 
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* [[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]])
 
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* [[Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle|TATA Daewoo Commercial Vehicle]] ([[South Korea]]) (subsidiary of TATA Motors, India)
 
−
* [[TATA Motors]] ([[India]])
 
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====South America====
 
−
Registrations of heavy trucks in South America
 
−
(2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):
 
−
* [[Aeolus]]([[Uruguay]])
 
−
* [[Agrale]]([[Brasil]])
 
−
* [[Chevrolet]](commercial vehicules for the Colombian market only)
 
−
* DaimlerChrysler
 
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* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Truck]]([[Brasil]])(cargo line)
 
−
* [[Libertad]]([[Uruguay]])
 
−
* [[Mack Trucks]]
 
−
* [[Matra]]([[Brasil]])
 
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* [[Orejano]]([[Uruguay]])
 
−
* [[Randon]]([[Brasil]])
 
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* [[Renault]]([[Uruguay]])
 
−
* [[Troller]]([[Brasil]])
 
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* [[Volvo Trucks]]([[Brasil]])
 
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* [[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles|Volkswagen Truck & Bus]]([[Brasil]])
 
−
 
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====North America====
 
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[[Image:American truck blue.JPG|thumb|right|U.S. [[Peterbilt]] truck - California]]
 
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[[Image:Truck_VolvoVN780.jpg|thumb|right|[[Volvo_Trucks|Volvo]] VNL780, [[United_States|U.S.A.]]]]
 
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[[Image:Truck_convoy-08.jpg|thumb|A convoy of trucks]]
 
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*[[American LaFrance]]
 
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*[[Autocar Company]]([[USA]])
 
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*[[Crane Carrier Corporation]]([[USA]])
 
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*[[Chevrolet]]
 
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*[[Colet]]
 
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*[[Dodge]]
 
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*[[E-One]]
 
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*[[Freightliner LLC]]
 
−
*[[Ford]]
 
−
*[[General Motors|GMC]]
 
−
*[[Hino]] (different models for U.S. market)
 
−
*[[Isuzu]]
 
−
*[[Kenworth]] 
 
−
*[[Mack Trucks]]
 
−
*[[Navistar International|International]]
 
−
*[[Nissan]]
 
−
*[[Oshkosh]]
 
−
*[[Ottawa (Truck)]]
 
−
*[[Peterbilt]]
 
−
*[[Pierce]]
 
−
*[[Sterling Trucks]]
 
−
*[[UD Nissan Diesel]]
 
−
*[[Volvo Trucks]] (different models for U.S. market)
 
−
*[[Western Star]]
 
−
On the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in [[California]] in the early [[1960s]], with long-haul trucking company [[Consolidated Freightways]]. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter, [[aluminium]] cab and frame, and traveled longer distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks.
 
−
 
−
====Africa====
 
−
* [[TBCO]]([[Libya]])
 
−
 
−
====Oceania====
 
−
[[Image:Hydraulic_Platform-ACTFB.jpg|thumb|Hydraulic Platform fire truck, [[Canberra]] [[Australia]]]]
 
−
*[[Volvo]] (Australia)
 
−
*[[Mack]] (Australia)
 
−
*[[Iveco]] (different models for Australian market)
 
−
*[[Kenworth]] (different models for Australian market)
 
  
 
== Insuring trucks for commercial hauling ==
 
== Insuring trucks for commercial hauling ==
  
−
Primary Liability Insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Insurance coverage limits range from $35,000 to $1,000,000. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.
+
Primary Liability Insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Insurance coverage limits range from $35,000 to $1,000,000. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.
  
 
Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.
 
Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.
  
−
==Truck Shows==
+
== Gallery ==
  
−
In the UK, three truck shows are incredibly popular - '''Shropshire Truck Show''' [http://www.shropshiretruckshow.co.uk] in Oswestry Showground during May, '''The UK Truck Show''' [http://www.uktruckshow.co.uk] held in June at Santa Pod Raceway and FIA European Drag Racing Championships from the home of European Drag-Racing. The UK Truck Show features drag-racing with 6-ton trucks from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment.
+
<gallery>
 +
Image:CementTruck.jpg|A "cement mixer" (concrete transport truck) or "transit mixer."
 +
Image:Scania_porteur_benne_tp.jpeg‎|A heavy [[Scania]] dump truck in France.
 +
Image:American truck blue.JPG|U.S. [[Peterbilt]] truck - California.
 +
Image:Truck_VolvoVN780.jpg|[[Volvo_Trucks|Volvo]] VNL780, U.S.A.
 +
Image:Truck_convoy-08.jpg|A convoy of trucks.
 +
</gallery>
  
−
Truck Shows provide operators with an opportunity to win prestigious awards for their trucks.
+
==See also==
  
−
 
−
==See also==
 
−
{{commons|Truck}}
 
−
{{col-begin}}
 
−
{{col-2}}
 
 
* [[Air brake (road vehicle)]]
 
* [[Air brake (road vehicle)]]
−
* [[Animal transporter]]
+
* [[Automobile]]
−
* [[Ballast tractor]]
 
−
* [[Battery electric truck]]
 
 
* [[Brake]]
 
* [[Brake]]
 
* [[Bus]]
 
* [[Bus]]
−
* [[Campervan]]
 
−
* [[Cutaway van chassis]]
 
−
* [[Dekotora]]; Japanese decorated trucks
 
 
* [[Dump truck]]
 
* [[Dump truck]]
−
* [[Euro IV]] and [[Euro V]]
 
 
* [[Flatbed truck]]
 
* [[Flatbed truck]]
 
* [[Forklift]]
 
* [[Forklift]]
 
* [[Hybrid truck]]
 
* [[Hybrid truck]]
−
* [[List of truck types]]
+
* [[Pickup truck]]
−
* [[Noise regulation]]
 
 
* [[Refrigerator truck]]
 
* [[Refrigerator truck]]
−
{{col-2}}
 
−
* [[Panel truck]]
 
−
* [[Panel van]]
 
−
* [[Pickup truck]]
 
−
* [[Road train]]
 
−
* [[Roadway air dispersion model|Air pollution from trucks]]
 
−
* [[Roadway noise]]
 
−
* [[Sedan delivery]]
 
 
* [[Semi-trailer truck]]; this article covers large trucks such as [[road train]]s and [[articulated]] lorries.
 
* [[Semi-trailer truck]]; this article covers large trucks such as [[road train]]s and [[articulated]] lorries.
−
* [[Sport Tractor]]
 
−
* [[Tail lift]]
 
−
* [[Tank truck]]
 
−
* [[Tractor unit]]
 
 
* [[Trailer (vehicle)]]
 
* [[Trailer (vehicle)]]
−
* [[Truck and trailer bodies]]
+
 
−
* [[Truck driver]]
+
== Notes ==
−
* [[Trucking industry in the United States]]
+
<references />
−
* [[Weigh station]]
 
−
{{col-end}}
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
+
 
−
  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
+
* Adams, Ronald G. 2007. ''Big Rigs of the 1970s.'' St. Paul, MN: MBI Pub. ISBN 9780760325483.
−
  discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
+
 
−
  footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and  <reference /> tags
+
* Garber, Bette S. 2005. ''Custom Semi.'' St. Paul, MN: MBI Pub. ISBN 9780760321331.
−
----------------------------------------------------------- —>
+
 
−
<div class="references-small">
+
* Holtzman, Stan. 2005. ''Big Rigs: The Complete History of the American Semi Truck.'' [S.l.]: Voyageur Pr. ISBN 9780896587373.
−
<references />
+
 
−
*''Conduire un véhicule lourd'', Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5
+
* Mike Byrnes & Associates. 2003. ''Bumper to Bumper: The Complete Guide to Tractor-Trailer Operations.'' 4th ed. Corpus Christi, TX: Mike Byrnes and Associates. ISBN 9780962168765.
−
</div>
+
 
 +
* Mittendorf, John. 1998. ''Truck Company Operations.'' Saddle Brook, NJ: Fire Engineering. ISBN 0912212640.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*{{dmoz|Business/Transportation_and_Logistics/Trucking/}}
+
All links retrieved May 2, 2023.
−
*[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration]
 
−
*[http://www.truckinfo.net/ Truckinfo.net]
 
−
 
 
−
<!-- Notice that fi: writes "Suomi" in the language board, so alphabetically fi comes just before sv —>
 
  
−
[[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]]
+
*[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.]  
−
[[Category:Trucks| ]]
 
−
[[Category:Sport Tractor]]
 
  
−
{{Link FA|it}}
+
[[Category:Physical sciences]]
 +
[[Category:Transportation technology]]
  
−
[[ar:شاحنة]]
+
{{credits|Truck|213827856|Truck|173112668}}
−
[[bs:Kamion]]
 
−
[[bg:Камион]]
 
−
[[cs:Nákladní automobil]]
 
−
[[da:Lastbil]]
 
−
[[de:Lastkraftwagen]]
 
−
[[es:Camión]]
 
−
[[eo:Kamiono]]
 
−
[[fr:Camion]]
 
−
[[ko:트럭]]
 
−
[[hi:ट्रक]]
 
−
[[hr:Kamion]]
 
−
[[id:Truk]]
 
−
[[is:Vörubíll]]
 
−
[[it:Autocarro]]
 
−
[[he:משאית]]
 
−
[[lv:Kravas automašīna]]
 
−
[[lt:Sunkvežimis]]
 
−
[[hu:Tehergépkocsi]]
 
−
[[ms:Lori]]
 
−
[[nl:Vrachtauto]]
 
−
[[ja:貨物自動車]]
 
−
[[no:Lastebil]]
 
−
[[pl:Samochód ciężarowy]]
 
−
[[pt:Camião]]
 
−
[[ro:Autocamion]]
 
−
[[ru:Грузовой автомобиль]]
 
−
[[simple:Truck]]
 
−
[[fi:Kuorma-auto]]
 
−
[[sv:Lastbil]]
 
−
[[ta:சுமையுந்து]]
 
−
[[vi:Xe tải]]
 
−
[[tr:Kamyon]]
 
−
[[uk:Вантажний автомобіль]]
 
−
[[yi:לאסט אויטא]]
 
−
[[zh:载货汽车]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:25, 2 May 2023

"Lorry" redirects here.
A "straight-job" International moving truck.


A truck is a motorized vehicle usually used for transporting bulk goods, materials, or equipment. The word "truck" comes from the Greek word trochos, meaning "wheel." In North America, the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine-driven trucks became available, these were called "motor trucks."

Lorry is a British term for a truck, but it is used only for the medium and heavy types. A van, pickup truck, or Jeep would not be called a "lorry." Other languages have loanwords based on these terms, such as the Malay lori and the Mexican Spanish troca (or pickup in northern Mexico).

DAF tractor with an auto-transport semi-trailer truck carrying Škoda Octavia cars in Cardiff, Wales

In Australia and New Zealand, a small vehicle with an open back is called a ute (short for "utility vehicle") and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.

Anatomy of a truck

Trucks are complex machines that generally share certain common features. Each truck has a chassis, a cab, an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles, suspension and wheels, an engine, and a drivetrain. It usually has pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electrical systems. Many trucks also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers.

Cab

Scania R470 flat nose truck

The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A sleeper is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver may rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks.

A cab may be built in one of a few possible configurations:

  • In a cab over engine (COE) or flat nose, the driver is seated on top of the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated. They were common in the United States, but they lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of tilt-cab. This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe, where many roads follow the layout of much older paths and trackways that require the additional turning capability of the cab over engine type.
US truck with long nose and sleeper cab
  • Conventional cabs are the most common in North America and are known in the UK as American cabs. The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventionals are further divided into large car and aerodynamic designs. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long hood (6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) or more). With their very square shapes, these trucks experience a lot of wind resistance and typically consume more fuel. They also provide somewhat poorer visibility than their aerodynamic or COE counterparts. By contrast, aerodynamic cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood and other features to lower drag.
  • There are also some cab beside engine designs, but they are rare.

Engine

Trucks can be equipped with all types of engines. Small trucks such as SUVs or pickups, and even light, medium-duty trucks in North America and Russia use gasoline engines. Most heavier trucks use four stroke turbo intercooler diesel engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines, such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine.

North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel. The only exceptions to this are Volvo and its subsidiary Mack Trucks, which are available with own engines. Freightliner, Sterling Trucks and Western Star, subsidaries of DaimlerChrysler, are available with Mercedes-Benz and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by Navistar International can also have International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the United States-market because of this third party tradition.

In the European union all truck engines must comply with Euro 4 regulations. The regulations will become more severe in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5.

Drivetrain

A logging truck

Small trucks use the same types of transmissions as most cars that have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchronizers. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers that have less bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating"—a method of changing gears that doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. The so-called skip changing is also widely used—in principle, the operation is the same, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gear change.

Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and semi-automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission may have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern) and split" type, where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection.

In Europe, more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. The primary reason may be that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions. Also, some drivers are claiming that driving a manual transmission can damage their knees.

Chassis

A Polish 1936-built Fiat 621 L fire truck in Warsaw, Poland

.

The chassis or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two beams, and several crossmembers. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminum for a lighter weight.

The integrity of the chemical composition and structure of the beams is of utmost importance to maintain its strength, to help prevent cracking or breaking of the beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame. Welding, drilling, and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicensed individuals. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends.

Environmental effects

Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution in a manner similar to automobiles. In the case of air pollution emissions, a truck's emissions may actually be lower than that of an automobile on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher, and diesel soot is especially problematic for health.[1]

With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles. This contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.[2]

Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on global warming. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20 percent, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.[3] In 2005, transportation accounted for 27 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.[4] Between 1985 and 2004 in the United States, energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53 percent, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43 percent. According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one mile averages 514 Btu for water, 337 Btu for rail, 3,100 for trucks, and nearly 20,000 for air transport.[5] Many environmental advocacy organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.[6]

Quality and sales

The quality of vehicles among all heavy truck manufacturers is generally improving. However, according to some industry insiders, the industry has a long way to go before achieving the quality levels reached by automobile manufacturers. Part of the reason for this is that 75 percent of all trucks are custom built. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line.

Heavy trucks market worldwide

Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 metric tons GVW in 2005.[7]
Pos. Make Units
1 Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz,Freightliner,Sterling,Unimog,Western Star,Fuso) 241,515
2 Volvo (Volvo,Mack,Renault,UD Nissan Diesel) 177,106
3 PACCAR (DAF Trucks,Kenworth,Peterbilt,Leyland Trucks) 124,406
4 Navistar International Corporation (International,Workhorse 61,066
5 MAN 53,379
6 Scania 53,365
7 Hino Motors (Toyota Group) 44,494
8 Iveco (Iveco,Magirus,Astra,Seddon Atkinson,Yuejin) 43,364
9 Nissan Diesel 25,852
10 Volkswagen 22,684

Insuring trucks for commercial hauling

Primary Liability Insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Insurance coverage limits range from $35,000 to $1,000,000. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.

Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.

Gallery

  • A "cement mixer" (concrete transport truck) or "transit mixer."

  • A heavy Scania dump truck in France.

  • U.S. Peterbilt truck - California.

  • Volvo VNL780, U.S.A.

  • A convoy of trucks.

See also

  • Air brake (road vehicle)
  • Automobile
  • Brake
  • Bus
  • Dump truck
  • Flatbed truck
  • Forklift
  • Hybrid truck
  • Pickup truck
  • Refrigerator truck
  • Semi-trailer truck; this article covers large trucks such as road trains and articulated lorries.
  • Trailer (vehicle)

Notes

  1. ↑ Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Eco Point. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  2. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, SpringerLink. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  3. ↑ Table 4-49: U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  4. ↑ Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  5. ↑ 5. Transportation Sector U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
  6. ↑ How Government policy can realise rail freight’s role in reducing carbon emissions, Freight on Rail.
  7. ↑ The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden The Swedish Institute. Retrieved May 22, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Holtzman, Stan. 2005. Big Rigs: The Complete History of the American Semi Truck. [S.l.]: Voyageur Pr. ISBN 9780896587373.
  • Mike Byrnes & Associates. 2003. Bumper to Bumper: The Complete Guide to Tractor-Trailer Operations. 4th ed. Corpus Christi, TX: Mike Byrnes and Associates. ISBN 9780962168765.
  • Mittendorf, John. 1998. Truck Company Operations. Saddle Brook, NJ: Fire Engineering. ISBN 0912212640.

External links

All links retrieved May 2, 2023.

Credits

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